Test Bank Docx The Self And Identity Chapter 12

Student name:__________

1) The author of the text uses the movie The Hunger Games to reflect a growing trend in society of

A) females demonstrating a nurturing side to win over the attention of the males.
B) females feeling desperate to find a male to help raise their children.
C) entertainment representations of females reflecting less stereotyped notions of gender roles.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

2) Which best defines gender?

A) a person’s biological sex
B) the characteristics of people as males and females
C) reproductive distinctions between males and females
D) male or female assignment made on the basis of external and internal genitalia

3) Sets of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel are referred to as

A) gender roles.
B) gender identities.
C) gender constancy.
D) gender.

4) The expectation that a woman should be nurturing and compliant is an example of a gender

A) role.
B) identity.
C) prescription.
D) constancy.

5) While visiting a foreign country, James notices that it appears socially appropriate for females to always begin a conversation and for males to always have the last word. This discovery gives insight into the culture’s

A) sex differences.
B) gender identities.
C) value system.
D) gender roles.

6) Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is gender

A) role.
B) identity.
C) typing.
D) casting.

7) Recent research has shown that infants are aware of their own gender

A) at about 6 months.
B) about 2½ years of age.
C) before 2 years of age.
D) at around 36 months.

8) The identification of the existence of human sex chromosomes, which are called X and Y chromosomes, occurred in the

A) 1920s.
B) 1940s.
C) 1970s.
D) 1990s.

9) Both estrogens and androgens are present

A) in both females and males in different concentrations.
B) only in males.
C) only in females.
D) in both females and males in the exact same concentration.

10) What is the main class of female sex hormones?

A) androgens
B) estrogens
C) progesterone
D) testosterone

11) What is the main class of male sex hormones?

A) androgens
B) estrogens
C) progesterone
D) testosterone

12) Which of the following does NOT belong?

A) XX
B) female
C) high estrogen influence
D) high androgen influence

13) Ashley is an XY child that as a newborn was diagnosed with pelvic field defect. Although Ashley’s parents have raised Ashley as a girl, Ashley insists that he is a boy. What is proving to be the strongest influence on Ashley’s sense that he is a boy?

A) his prenatal exposure to normal amounts of male androgens
B) the actions and perceptions of his peers
C) failure of the genital surgery performed at birth
D) a rising amount of estrogens in his blood

14) Some girls have a condition caused by a genetic defect resulting in an abnormally high level of androgens. The girls vary in how much their genitals look like male or female genitals. This condition is referred to as

A) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
B) CAH.
C) Both are correct: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or CAH.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

15) ________ are XY and do not have androgen receptors in their cells because of a genetic error.

A) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia females
B) Pelvic field defect males and females
C) Androgen-insensitive males
D) CAH males

16) ________ is present in a small number of newborns, and in boys it involves a missing penis. The children have typically been castrated just after being born and raised as females.

A) Androgen insensitivity
B) Pelvic field defect
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

17) ________ emphasize that evolutionary adaptations produced psychological sex differences. They argue that women and men faced different evolutionary pressures in primeval environments when the human species was evolving.

A) Developmentalists
B) Evolutionary psychologists
C) Feminists
D) Historians

18) Critics of the evolutionary psychology view argue that

A) humans do not have the decision-making abilities to change their gender behavior and therefore are locked into their evolutionary past.
B) humans have the decision-making abilities to change their gender behavior and therefore are not locked into their evolutionary past.
C) the evolutionary psychology view pays little attention to cultural and individual variations in gender differences.
D) although humans have the decision-making abilities to change their gender behavior and are therefore not locked into their evolutionary past, the evolutionary psychology view pays little attention to cultural and individual variations in gender differences.

19) Many social scientists, such as Eagly, locate the cause of psychological sex differences not in biologically evolved dispositions but in

A) the contrasting positions and social roles of women and men.
B) evolutionary pressures.
C) hormonal differences.
D) All answer choices are correct.

20) According to social role theory, which of the following has had the most influence on the modern status of women?

A) time spent in domestic or child-rearing tasks
B) weaker physical makeup
C) the need to secure resources for their offspring
D) observation and imitation of other women

21) Which of the following do some consider evidence that the classroom is biased against boys?

A) lower self-esteem among boys in middle school
B) emphasis on compliance and following rules
C) falling rates of ADHD
D) more frequent criticism of girls, which leads to improved performance

22) Which of the following is true of single-sex education?

A) It initially gained popularity because of studies that proved its benefits.
B) It has increased graduation and college-acceptance numbers dramatically.
C) Single-sex schools have been declining in number.
D) In the highest-quality studies, no benefit over mixed-sex education was shown.

23) There has been a special call for same-sex education schools for ________, for whom such schools have shown a particularly high success rate.

A) African American girls
B) African American boys
C) girls
D) Latino boys

24) Which of the following is true of media influences on gender identity and development?

A) Studies have shown that 10- to 15-year-old girls who internalized sexualized images from the media were more likely to wear sexualized clothing.
B) Adolescent boys are rarely or never exposed to idealized male body images.
C) Men are portrayed as less moral than women on most TV shows.
D) Media influences on adolescents’ body images have not been found to have any major gender differences.

25) Which of the following is NOT emphasized in the social cognitive theory of gender?

A) Sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent occurs around 5 years of age.
B) Observation and imitation of gender behavior occurs.
C) Children are rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior.
D) Children are punished for gender-inappropriate behavior.

26) Which of the following does NOT belong?

A) imitation
B) attraction anxiety
C) social cognitive theory of gender
D) reward

27) The observation that a child is experiencing rewards and/or punishments when he/she displays gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior is best associated with ________ theory.

A) psychoanalytic
B) humanistic
C) social cognitive
D) cognitive developmental

28) Your instructor assigns an article titled “Imitation and Punishment as Methods of Females’ Acquisition of Submissive Behavior.” This article was likely written by a

A) social cognitive learning theorist.
B) gender schema theorist.
C) cognitive developmental theorist.
D) neo-Piagetian.

29) One day a mother and father put their 3-month-old son in a pink jumper and went for a stroll in Central Park in New York City. Which comment should they expect to hear from strangers?

A) “Your baby looks just like his father.”
B) “He’s going to grow up and be a big bruiser.”
C) “She looks like a delicate little angel.”
D) “Is your baby adopted?”

30) What is a criticism of the social cognitive theory of gender?

A) Children become gender-typed much earlier than 5 years of age.
B) Gender development is not as passively acquired as the theory indicates.
C) Children become masculine or feminine even when the same-sex parent is not present in the family.
D) Parents often reward gender-inappropriate behavior and punish gender-appropriate behavior.

31) As a typical father in the United States, John would be more likely than his wife to

A) engage in rough play with his daughter.
B) provide physical care to his daughter.
C) be unconcerned about gender-role development in his daughter.
D) increase parenting time if he has a son.

32) In terms of parental and family influences, when does the family start treating the child like a boy or a girl?

A) at birth
B) around 6 months old
C) around 1 year old
D) around 2 years old

33) Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a mother’s socialization strategy?

A) encouraging obedience among her daughters
B) encouraging daughters to be responsible
C) encouraging daughters’ autonomy
D) teaching daughters to be feminine

34) Which of the following is true of peer influence on gender identity development?

A) In studies, the more time preschool girls spent interacting with other girls, the more their activity level increased.
B) In studies, the more time preschool boys spent interacting with other boys, the more their sex-typed choice of games and toys decreased.
C) The preference for interacting in same-gender dyads is more pronounced for girls than for boys.
D) Children show a clear preference for being with and liking opposite-sex peers.

35) Which of the following would be considered an “instrumental” trait?

A) task-oriented
B) easily surprised
C) empathetic
D) nurturing

36) Peer approval from both genders becomes especially important during

A) early childhood.
B) middle childhood.
C) late childhood.
D) adolescence.

37) In the United States, of the following 7-year-olds, who is most likely to be ridiculed and lose status with peers?

A) a male who wants to be on the track team
B) a female who wants to be the captain of the football team
C) a male who wants to play with dolls
D) a female who wants to play house

38) Which theory states that an individual’s attention and behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to gender-based sociocultural standards and stereotypes?

A) identification theory
B) gender schema theory
C) cognitive developmental theory
D) humanistic theory

39) ________ is a cognitive structure, or network of associations, that organizes and guides a child’s perceptions.

A) A schema
B) Cognition
C) An identity
D) Influence

40) A cognitive structure that organizes the world in terms of female and male is called a(n) ________ schema.

A) sex
B) gender
C) identity
D) androgyny

41) Children are motivated to act in ways that conform with their ________, fueling gender typing.

A) identity bias
B) gender schemas
C) persona
D) gender constancy

42) Which represents a gender stereotype?

A) Most math majors at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are female.
B) Women tend to be slightly shorter than men.
C) Males are more achievement-oriented than females.
D) The average male American worker earns more than the average female American worker.

43) A classic study in the 1970s found that females and males were associated with certain characteristics, categorized as either

A) independent or powerful.
B) warm or sensitive.
C) aggressive or independent.
D) instrumental or expressive.

44) At the societal level, there is evidence that women and men who live in societies with more gender equality

A) take great pains to prevent the formation of gender stereotypes in their children.
B) lack awareness of gender stereotypes.
C) have less stereotypical gender roles within the family.
D) have more stereotypical gender roles within the family.

45) In Gelman, Taylor, and Nguyen’s 2004 study on gender stereotyping, they found that it was present even at ________ year(s) of age and showed considerable increase by the time the child was ________ years of age.

A) 1; 2
B) 2; 7
C) 2; 4
D) 5; 9

46) In a recent study of children’s ability to resist gender stereotypes (Mulvey & Killen, 2015), the researchers found that

A) in recent decades, boys and girls have become equally likely to draw both male and female scientists.
B) children believed it would be easier for girls than boys to challenge gender stereotypes.
C) at the age of 6, girls continue to believe that girls and boys are equally likely to be “really, really smart.”
D) children had little confidence that they would be personally able to resist such stereotypes.

47) Which one of the following statements is NOT a concern when studying the research on differences between the sexes?

A) The differences are average—not every female versus every male.
B) Even when differences are reported, there is considerable overlap between the sexes.
C) When differences are reported, there will not be any overlap.
D) The differences may be due primarily to biological factors, sociocultural factors, or both.

48) Which of the following statements regarding physical differences between the sexes is true?

A) Females are less likely to suffer from coronary disease than males.
B) Females are more likely than males to develop physical disorders.
C) Females are more likely than males to develop mental disorders.
D) Females are more likely to be taller than males.

49) Compared to women, men’s hormonal makeup

A) encourages greater resistance to infection.
B) causes higher blood pressure.
C) causes greater blood vessel elasticity.
D) encourages lower stress levels.

50) Researchers have found some differences in the brains of males and females. Which of the following statements does NOT represent a valid finding on differences?

A) Female brains are smaller.
B) Most brain gender differences are either small or inconsistently supported by research.
C) An area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger in females than in males.
D) Some specific regions of the brain are larger in females.

51) Which of the following statements about school achievement is NOT true?

A) Recent evidence suggests that boys predominate in the academic bottom half of high-school classes.
B) Females are more likely to be engaged with academic material.
C) Females are more likely than males to be assigned to special/remedial education classes.
D) Strong evidence shows that females outperform males in reading and writing.

52) Recent studies have revealed that females are more likely than males to

A) put forth more academic effort.
B) engage in obtaining better grades.
C) have negative attitudes toward math.
D) All answer choices are correct.

53) As a day-care worker, Jessica has ample opportunity to see young children interacting. Chances are that even in the 2-year-olds she supervises, she would have observed a consistent sex difference involving

A) male physical aggression.
B) female verbal abilities.
C) male leadership.
D) female gullibility.

54) Harming someone by manipulating a relationship is called relational

A) aggression.
B) teasing.
C) frustration.
D) All answer choices are correct.

55) ________ talk is the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.

A) Report
B) Rapport
C) Self-regulation
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

56) ________ talk is talk that gives information. Public speaking is an example of this type of talk. Males hold center stage through this talk with such verbal performances as storytelling, joking, and lecturing with information.

A) Report
B) Rapport
C) Self-regulation
D) Report-rapport

57) In terms of preference or characteristics, rapport talk is to report talk as

A) males are to females.
B) females are to males.
C) the previous generation is to the current generation.
D) elderly males are to elderly females.

58) A statistical analysis that combines the results of many different studies is called a meta-________.

A) connection
B) combination
C) analysis
D) addition

59) A person who exhibits both masculine and feminine characteristics is described as

A) androgynous.
B) a hermaphrodite.
C) gender stereotypic.
D) lacking gender identity.

60) Walcott is a professional bar bouncer who is described by his coworkers as being both sensitive and aggressive. Walcott is also a caring and nurturing husband and father. Walcott could be said to

A) be androgynous.
B) have a poor gender identity.
C) be sexually undifferentiated.
D) need to work on his expressive traits.

61) The Bem Sex-Role Inventory assesses

A) sexism.
B) androgyny.
C) gender discrimination.
D) gender stereotypes.

62) Sandra Bem is a leading early proponent of

A) androgyny.
B) gender-schema theory.
C) gender-role transcendence.
D) identification theory.

63) One instrument to assess androgyny is the

A) Stanford and Binet Intelligence Test.
B) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
C) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults.
D) Bem Sex-Role Inventory.

64) Gender experts like Sandra Bem would likely argue that an individual with what gender-role orientation is the most mentally healthy?

A) masculine
B) feminine
C) androgynous
D) undifferentiated

65) In which of the following ways has research shown that girls differ from boys in terms of relational aggression?

A) Girls utilize relational aggression to a moderate degree; it is rarely seen among boys.
B) Boys show more relational aggression than girls.
C) Girls show more relational aggression than boys.
D) Relational aggression makes up a greater percentage of girl’s overall aggression.

66) Which of the following does Janet Shibley Hyde argue about gender differences?

A) Females and males show the least differences in sexuality.
B) Gender differences are large in most areas of functioning.
C) Females and males show the least differences in motor skills.
D) Females and males are similar on most psychological factors.

67) How did Janet Shibley Hyde arrive at her conclusions about gender differences?

A) through observational research on adolescent activities
B) by conducting experimental research with elementary school children
C) through a review of meta-analyses
D) through voluntary survey and interview responses

68) The fact that males are sometimes more likely than females to help others shows the importance of

A) advocating for gender-role transcendence.
B) studying gender differences when there is no opposite-sex interaction.
C) testosterone as a motivating physical component of males.
D) considering gender differences in context.

69) It has been argued (Pleck, 2018) that the idea of androgyny should be replaced with the idea of

A) gender constancy.
B) asexuality.
C) gender-role stereotypes.
D) gender-role transcendence.

70) Tim does not evaluate others in terms of “masculinity” or “femininity,” but rather on the basis of who they are. His thinking exemplifies

A) gender identity.
B) androgyny.
C) sex-typing.
D) gender-role transcendence.

71) ________ is the view that when an individual’s competence is at issue, it should be conceptualized on a personal basis, rather than on the basis of masculinity, femininity, or androgyny.

A) Gender identity
B) Gender constancy
C) Gender-role transcendence
D) Gender stereotyping

72) Based on recent research, which statement is NOT true of emotional differences between males and females?

A) Males show more anger towards strangers than females do.
B) Males are more likely to show their anger through aggressive actions.
C) Males are more likely to discuss emotions than females are.
D) Females express sadness and fear more than males do.

73) In a number of Middle Eastern countries,

A) the division of labor between males and females is dramatic.
B) males are socialized to work in the public sphere, females in the home.
C) Both are correct: the division of labor between males and females is dramatic; and while males are socialized to work in the public sphere, females are socialized to work in the home.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

74) In terms of education around the world,

A) boys receive on average 4.4 years less education than girls.
B) boys and girls on average receive a comparable education.
C) girls have higher rates of school completion than boys.
D) boys receive on average 4.4 years more education than girls.

75) Compare and contrast gender identity, roles, and typing.

76) Describe the timing and characteristics of early emergence of gender identity.

77) What do higher testosterone levels correlate with in terms of human behavior?

78) What is gender stereotyping?

79) When do children begin to engage in gender stereotyping?

80) There are many physical similarities and differences between males and females. Identify a few of these.

81) Identify methods of guiding gender development in both boys and girls.

82) Compare and contrast how androgynous characteristics might be expressed in a girl and a boy.

83) Describe some of the research conclusions about transgender children.