Hoefnagels Ch.13 Evidence Of Evolution Exam Questions

Chapter 13

Evidence of Evolution

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The discovery of the fossilized remains of Archaeopteryx in 1860 set forth the hypothesis of birds being closely related to
2. dinosaurs.
3. salamanders.
4. bats.
5. butterflies.
6. bees.
7. As recently as 2007, researchers found evidence of , that was/were shared by chickens and Tyrannosaurus rex.
8. amino acids in the collagen proteins
9. brain structures in the skulls
10. gene sequences on chromosomes
11. 35 body features
12. None of the answer choices is correct.
13. Some dinosaurs and birds share characteristics that make flight possible such as
14. a short tail.
15. a horizontal back.
16. an upright stance.
17. All of the answer choices are correct.
18. hollow bones.
19. is the specialized field of study that examines fossils and other clues to past life or environmental conditions.
20. Astrology
21. Genetics
22. Geology
23. Microevolution
24. Paleontology
25. In the geologic timescale, the sequence of eons and eras beginning with the earliest era and proceeding forward to the most recent era is

A. Cenozoic - Archean - Mesozoic - Paleozoic - Proterozoic.

B. Mesozoic - Cenozoic - Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Archean.

1. Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Archean - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.
2. Archean - Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Cenozoic - Mesozoic.
3. Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.
4. The large geologic time period that includes eons that predate life on Earth and eons in which the earliest life on Earth began is the
5. Phanerozoic eon.
6. Hadean eon.
7. Archaean eon.
8. Cenozoic era.
9. Precambrian supereon.
10. The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the era.
11. Mesozoic
12. Cenozoic
13. Archean
14. Proterozoic
15. Paleozoic
16. According to fossil records, mammals
17. first appeared in the same geologic era, the Mesozoic, as dinosaurs.
18. first appeared in the current Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era.
19. lived in the same era, the Paleozoic, as reptiles, amphibians, and bony fishes.
20. did not appear until the Cenozoic era, after dinosaurs were extinct.
21. None of the answer choices is correct.
22. In the Proterozoic eon, accumulated in the atmosphere that supported the first eukaryotes and multicellular organisms.
23. oxygen
24. sulfur
25. nitrogen
26. hydrogen
27. carbon dioxide
28. A fossil is defined as any evidence of an organism from more than years ago.

A. 10,000

B. 25,000

C. 1,000

D. 500

E. 100,000

1. The abundant remains of ammonites in Oklahoma indicate that Oklahoma was
2. always a semi-arid grassland.
3. once a vast desert with almost no rainfall.
4. once a part of a mountain range that has now eroded.
5. once covered by a shallow ocean.
6. part of a vast tropical forest.
7. Fossils may be
8. formed when plant resin or tar preserves the specimen.
9. formed when organic matter is replaced by minerals, turning to stone.
10. All of the answer choices are correct.
11. from impressions left after an organism decays.
12. casts from footprints that have filled with mud and then turned to stone.
13. Petrification occurs when
14. a leaf sinks into water and fine sediment covers the leaf and compresses.
15. All of the answer choices are correct.
16. the imprint of an animal fills with mud that later hardens to rock.
17. a whole organism is trapped in a plant resin.
18. minerals replace the organic material left by a decaying organism.
19. Relative dating uses to estimate the age of a fossil.
20. radioactive isotopes
21. depth within rock layers
22. embryonic structures
23. a molecular clock
24. structural features
25. Absolute dating uses to estimate the age of a fossil.
26. radioactive isotopes
27. embryonic structures
28. structural features
29. a molecular clock
30. depth within rock layers
31. If an isotope's half-life is 100 years
32. in 50 years, only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.
33. that isotope will no longer exist in 50 years.
34. that isotope will no longer exist in 200 years.
35. in 200 years, only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.
36. in 100 years, only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.
37. In biology lab, your instructor informs you that carbon-14 dating will demonstrate the use of determining the age of a fossil. Using only this information, you estimate that the age of the fossil must be less than about years old.

A. 75,000

B. 1.3 billion C. 40,000

D. 100,000

E. 300,000

1. Potassium-40 is useful in determining the age of a fossil in samples
2. 300,000 years of age and older.
3. aged between 100,000 and 250,000 years.
4. aged between 50,000 and 100,000 years.
5. less than 50,000 years of age.
6. less than 25,000 years of age.
7. According to the plate tectonics theory, Earth once consisted of a single, large landmass named
8. Gondwana.
9. Laurasia.
10. Pangaea.
11. Panthalassa.
12. Ultima Continenta.
13. The large, rigid layers of Earth's surface that are moving in response to forces deep within Earth, are called
14. petrifactions.
15. Wallace's lines.
16. radioisotopes.
17. paleontologic units.
18. tectonic plates.
19. If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect common ancestry, these structures are
20. analogous.
21. heterologous.
22. vestigial.
23. homologous.
24. homeotic.
25. If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect independent evolution, these structures are
26. analogous.
27. vestigial.
28. homeotic.
29. homologous.
30. heterologous.
31. If a structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species, this structure is termed
32. homeotic.
33. analogous.
34. homologous.
35. heterologous.
36. vestigial.
37. A gene that, when mutated, leads to organisms with structures in abnormal places is termed
38. vestigial.
39. dominant.
40. homeotic.
41. parsimonious.
42. homologous.
43. Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a fossil?
44. a complete large organism
45. an organ like an eye or lung
46. an organism that died on land
47. a leaf or stem
48. a bone or shell
49. Which of the following is least likely to be preserved as a fossil?
50. an organ like an eye or lung
51. a bone or shell
52. an organism that died on land
53. a complete large organism
54. a leaf or stem
55. The half-life of 14C is 5,730 years. If, after 11,460 years, an organism dies, what percent of the initial 14C will still be present in the organism's bones?

A. 75%

B. 0%

C. 25%

D. 100%

E. 50%

1. The half-life of 14C is 5,730 years. If you test a fossilized bone and find that it has 1/8th the 14C as a modern bone, you could conclude that it is approximately years old.

A. 5,730 × 3 = 17,190

B. 5,730 × 2 = 11,460

C. 5,730 × 1 = 5,730

D. 5,730 / 8 = 716

E. 5,730 × 8 = 42,960

1. Marsupials are mammals that
2. do not bear live young.
3. lay eggs.
4. carry their young in a pouch.
5. breathe through gills.
6. have evolved recently.
7. Within the country of Indonesia, the island of Sumatra has tigers and rhinos, while to the East, the island of Sulawesi has cockatoos and tree kangaroos. What is the best explanation for this observation?
8. The climates on the two islands are very different, allowing some species to survive, and others not.
9. Animals in Sumatra came from Asia, while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.
10. Animals in Sumatra and Sulawesi both came from Asia, but those in Sulawesi migrated farther.
11. Some species can migrate between islands and others cannot.
12. Sumatra separated from Sulawesi millions of years ago, and the Sumatran animals have since become dissimilar to their ancestors in Australia.
13. The forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a bird are examples of structures.
14. homeotic
15. analogous
16. homologous
17. vestigial
18. heterologous
19. The wing of a bat and an insect are examples of structures.
20. vestigial
21. analogous
22. heterologous
23. homologous
24. homeotic
25. The femur in a snake and pelvis in a whale are examples of structures.
26. analogous
27. homeotic
28. vestigial
29. heterologous
30. homologous
31. The observation that most aquatic vertebrates (e.g., fish, penguins, and whales) have streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of
32. artificial selection.
33. convergent evolution.
34. analogous selection.
35. vestigial selection.
36. sexual evolution.
37. Amphibians, birds, and mammals look the most similar as
38. embryos.
39. adults.
40. newborns.
41. juveniles.
42. fossils.
43. In a fruit fly embryo, the end that becomes the head will contain a protein called bicoid. What would happen if you injected additional bicoid in the other end of the embryo?
44. It would not grow legs.
45. It would not have segments.
46. It would develop two heads.
47. It would fail to develop a head.
48. Legs would grow out of its head.
49. In a fruit fly embryo, a homeotic gene Antp determines where legs grow. When the promoter of Antp is mutated, a fly ends up with legs growing out of its head in place of antennae. In this mutation
50. antennae grow where the legs would normally be found.
51. Antp must be turned off in all of the fly cells.
52. Antp must be turned on in the head.
53. the Antp gene, and its transcription factor, and enhancer sequence are turned on in the head.
54. the Antp enhancer sequence, or transcription factor, is not functional.
55. The number of differences between human cytochrome c and cytochrome c of some other organisms is as follows: rhesus monkey - 1 difference; pigeon - 12 differences; and fruit fly - 24 differences. The order in which these species are most similar to humans is
56. rhesus monkey, fruit fly, pigeon.
57. rhesus monkey, pigeon, fruit fly.
58. pigeon, fruit fly, rhesus monkey.
59. fruit fly, pigeon, rhesus monkey.
60. pigeon, rhesus monkey, fruit fly.
61. One line of evidence that humans arose in Africa is the observation that Africans have
62. the most diverse mitochondrial DNA sequences.
63. rRNA sequences that place them in the domain Archaea.
64. fewer genes.
65. slower molecular clocks.
66. the most diverse nuclear DNA sequences.
67. If many human genes differ in about 10% of their bases from another species' same genes and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 2% per 1 million years, then about million years have passed since the two species diverged.

A. 20

B. 200,000

1. 3
2. 10
3. 5
4. If many genes from two species differ in about 5% of their bases and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 5% per 1 million years, then about million years have passed since the two species diverged.
5. 10
6. 1
7. 50
8. 5
9. 20
10. Why do different mutations accumulate in two species once they diverge?
11. They can no longer mate and swap the mutation.
12. The molecular clock runs at different speeds in different species.
13. The mutations make the species different.
14. convergent evolution
15. Natural selection favors mutations in one species over another.

1. Fossil evidence shows that Tiktaalik had both lungs and gills, indicating that it could
2. absorb oxygen only from the water.
3. take in food for nutrition from the air or the water.
4. absorb oxygen from both air and water.
5. absorb oxygen only from the air.
6. take in food for nutrition through the gills, but breath the air for oxygen.
7. According to fossil evidence, Tiktaalik either crawled or paddled in shallow, tropical streams, approximately 380 mya. These streams may have occasionally become anaerobic, but fossil structures in Tiktaalik indicate it could have what adaptation or selective advantage in these conditions?
8. It could easily crawl long distances to find new water habitats when needed.
9. All of the answer choices are correct.
10. It could swim better than fish with the adaptation for both gills and lungs.
11. It could lift and support its head to breath air with its lungs.
12. It could feed equally well on aquatic foods and terrestrial foods.
13. Because of age estimates of the Tiktaalik fossil species, at approximately 380 mya, it lived
14. in the Devonian era, before dinosaurs and mammals appeared.
15. None of the answer choices is correct.
16. during the Precambrian, when only primitive species were found in the fossil record.
17. in the Mesozoic era, with early dinosaurs, mammals, and conifer trees.
18. in the Cenozoic era after dinosaurs.

1. Najash is an extinct fossil species that has distinct functional pelvis and hindlimbs. Choose the best answer which explains this in evolutionary theory.
2. Najash hindlimbs and pelvis bones represent vestigial structures in that species.
3. Najash was an evolutionary dead end, since no other snake species has anything but vestigial structures.
4. Najash shares homologous features with other vertebrates, such as reptiles.
5. Najash is a transitional species, that has not yet lost its pelvis and hindlimbs.
6. Najash is both a transitional species, and shares homologous structures with other vertebrates, such as reptiles.
7. A phylogenetic tree is shown in part (b) of the image above. Phylogenetic trees visually represent hypotheses of the evolutionary relationships and ancestry of species or species groups. In this case, Najash is placed in proposed context with other snake species, representing different groups of snakes around the world. What can you conclude about the evolution of sea snakes and the Najash species?
8. The phylogenetic tree shows that Najash, lower in the diagram, had the fossil marine snakes in its ancestry.
9. Najash diverged separately and earlier than the three fossil marine snakes, indicating only a weak evolutionary relationship.
10. All of these answer options are correct, except that Najash did not have fossil marine snakes in its ancestry.
11. Najash is proposed as a separate group from other snakes, while the three fossil marine snakes are more similar to living snakes.
12. Both Najash and the three fossil marine snakes have ancestry traced back to an original snake species.
13. If, according to one hypothesis, Najash evolved from terrestrial, burrowing snakes, which of the following best reflects the adaptive or selective benefit for other snakes to have lost their pelvis and hindlimbs?
14. In situations of flooded burrows and land surface, the snakes could swim better without hindlimbs and pelvis.
15. Grasping prey would have been easier and more efficient without the hindlimbs and pelvis.
16. Chasing prey through tunnels and burrows could be easier without the function and obstruction of hindlimbs and pelvis.
17. Chasing prey would have been easier, because the snakes would be much faster without hindlimbs and pelvis.
18. Burrowing snakes would be better able to dig their burrows without the hindlimbs and pelvis.

True / False Questions

1. The hypothesis that birds are closely related to small dinosaurs called theropods began with the discovery of the fossilized skeleton of Archeopteryx.

True False

1. Dinosaurs appeared, became diverse, and eventually became extinct during the Paleozoic era.

True False

1. Earth's history spans about 4.5 billion years.

True False

1. The abundant presence of ammonite fossils, corals, sponges, and crinoids in a large area indicates that the area was once part of an ocean.

True False

1. The fossil record is often incomplete, in part because scientists will never be able to discover some of the fossils that are buried deep in the earth.

True False

1. When ocean levels dropped about 70 million years ago, marsupial mammals moved into North America and displaced many of the placental mammal species.

True False

1. Placental mammals give birth to more fully developed offspring than marsupial mammals and therefore have a greater chance of offspring survival. This helps to explain why placental mammals from North America displaced many native South American marsupial mammals when a land bridge formed

between the two continents.

True False

1. The common skeletal organization between two vertebrate animals, with bony limbs used for movement, is a example of analogous structures.

True False

1. The techniques used to study molecular evolution are based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among species.

True False