Test Bank Chapter 12 The Forces Of Evolutionary Change

Chapter 12

The Forces of Evolutionary Change

True / False Questions

1. Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to find mates.

True False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because
2. some patients do not take the antibiotics as directed.
3. antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for viral infections (due to pressure from patients).
4. All of the answer choices are correct.
5. antibiotics are used in feed for livestock.
6. antibiotics are used to treat infections in cattle, chickens, and other animals used for agricultural purposes.
7. Which of the following is defined as genetic change in a population from generation to generation?
8. heredity
9. phenotype
10. evolution
11. genotype
12. mitosis
13. In 1749, French naturalist became one of the first scientists to suggest that closely related species originated from a common ancestor and were continuously changing.
14. Charles Lyell
15. James Hutton
16. Georges Cuvier
17. Charles Darwin
18. Georges-Louis Buffon
19. In 1785, the theory of uniformitarianism was proposed by
20. James Hutton.
21. Georges-Louis Buffon.
22. Charles Darwin.
23. Georges Cuvier.
24. Charles Lyell.
25. Georges Cuvier proposed catastrophism and the principle of superposition after observing
26. the similarities and differences among closely related species.
27. anatomical differences.
28. fossil similarities in the fossil records.
29. variability in populations of islands.
30. observed genetic patterns of inheritance among plants and animals.
31. The French taxonomist who, in 1809, proposed the first testable evolutionary theory that organisms using body parts repeatedly would increase their abilities was
32. Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
33. Georges-Louis Buffon.
34. Charles Darwin.
35. James Hutton.
36. Charles Lyell.
37. The geologist who, in 1830, renewed the idea of uniformitarianism by showing gradual changes in some organisms that were found in successive fossil layers was
38. Georges-Louis Buffon.
39. Charles Darwin.
40. James Hutton.
41. Jean Lamarck.
42. Charles Lyell.
43. The scientist who published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 was
44. Georges-Louis Buffon.
45. Charles Darwin.
46. Charles Lyell.
47. James Hutton.
48. Jean Lamarck.
49. On a biology field trip near campus you observe layers of volcanic rock, eroded mountain rocks, and even rocks apparently formed near an ocean coast. You notice that fossils found within the different rock layers have diverse body forms as a result of their environment. This set of observations tends to support
50. limits to the fossil organism populations, as proposed by Malthus.
51. catastrophism, as proposed by Cuvier.
52. uniformitarianism, as proposed by Hutton.
53. uniformitarianism, as proposed by Lyell.
54. microevolution of the organisms, as the environment changed.
55. A gradual change in an organism, from an ancestral type, was referred to by Darwin as
56. an adaptation.
57. descent with modification.
58. convergent evolution.
59. artificial selection.
60. natural selection.
61. Malthus' idea that was incorporated into the natural selection summary by Darwin suggested that limited resources
62. preserve harmful variations and eliminate favorable variations in a population.
63. eliminate both favorable and harmful variations in a population.
64. preserve favorable variations and eliminate harmful variations in a population.
65. preserve favorable and harmful variations in a population.
66. neither preserve nor eliminate harmful variations in a population.
67. Heritable traits that provide benefits and advantages for individuals in a population to survive and reproduce are
68. genotypes.
69. adaptations.
70. superpositions.
71. polymorphisms.
72. alleles.
73. A population with small changes in allele frequencies is called
74. natural selection.
75. adaptation.
76. microevolution.
77. convergent evolution.
78. fitness.
79. The collection of genes and the corresponding alleles is a population's
80. recessive traits.
81. genotype.
82. gene pool.
83. phenotype.
84. dominant traits.
85. Although an "obvious" extension of evolutionary theory, evolution does not address
86. the roles of mutations in evolution.
87. which genotypes are inherited by each offspring from its parents.
88. what variations are in each gene pool.
89. All of the answer choices are correct.
90. how life began.
91. In selection, one extreme phenotype is the fittest while others are selected against.
92. convergent
93. disruptive
94. artificial
95. stabilizing
96. directional
97. In selection, individuals with two or more extreme fit phenotypes and selects against the intermediate phenotype.
98. convergent
99. disruptive
100. stabilizing
101. directive
102. artificial
103. The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is
104. convergent selection.
105. disruptive selection.
106. artificial selection.
107. directive selection.
108. stabilizing selection.
109. Which of the following is not a type of natural selection?
110. disruptive selection
111. directional selection
112. artificial selection
113. All of the answer choices are correct.
114. stabilizing selection
115. Phenotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral in a population. A sharp contrast between balanced polymorphism and the three types of natural selection is that in balanced polymorphism
116. not only are multiple alleles persistent in a population, but all may be preserved.
117. multiple alleles of a gene persist indefinitely in a population.
118. many traits persist by only a single allele.
119. polygenic traits in a population may mask the observation of extreme or intermediate phenotypes.
120. all phenotypes may be preserved in a population.
121. In Africa and other parts of the world, malaria parasites can cause deadly illness. Individuals who are heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia can produce a resistance to the malaria infection. This is known as
122. heterozygote disadvantage.
123. heterozygote advantage.
124. polygenic inheritance.
125. pleiotropy.
126. homozygote advantage.
127. Which of the following is not an assumption in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and will result in a change in allele frequency?
128. no natural selection
129. random mating
130. individuals immigrate or emigrate
131. a very large population
132. mutations do not occur
133. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p + q = 1, p and q represent the allele frequency in a population of diploid organisms if
134. the trait is polygenic.
135. only two alleles exist for that gene.
136. two or more alleles exist for that gene.
137. two or more genes are needed to express a trait.
138. only one allele exists for that gene.
139. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, 2pq represents the frequency of
140. homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals.
141. homozygous dominant individuals.
142. homozygous recessive individuals.
143. heterozygous individuals.
144. homozygous recessive and heterozygous individuals.
145. At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
146. allele frequencies change from one generation to the next.
147. evolution does not occur.
148. allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.
149. allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next.
150. evolution occurs at an increased rate.
151. Raising small beetles for several generations, a distinctive phenotype in the wing shape appears, skipping generations. This trait most likely appears only in the genotype, and can help determine the Hardy-Weinberg probability of inheritance in the population.
152. any genotype with the dominant allele, 2pq
153. heterozygous, 2pq

C. None of the answer choices is correct.

D. homozygous recessive, q2

E. homozygous dominant, p2

1. Sexually dimorphic features do not include
2. antlers.
3. colored plumage.
4. additional tail feathers.
5. intelligence.
6. body size.
7. Farmers and horticulturalists have bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through
8. genetic drift.
9. evolution.
10. natural selection.
11. sexual selection.
12. artificial selection.
13. Darwin made which large set of observations on the Beagle during his four-year voyage?
14. An individual's chance of survival is random.
15. Populations grow constantly.
16. More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce.
17. Species do not appear to change over time.
18. Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.
19. The Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus, and read by Darwin, stated that
20. organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.
21. an individual's chance of survival is random.
22. populations grow constantly.
23. species do not change over time.
24. more individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce.
25. Darwin concluded from his observations of nature and readings that
26. species do not change over time.
27. individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest survive and reproduce.
28. individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest survive.
29. an individual's likelihood of survival and reproduction are mostly due to chance and changes in the environment.
30. population growth is unlimited, leading to the large numbers of organisms.
31. If an environment changes rapidly, individual organisms with will likely survive and reproduce.
32. the correct allele frequency
33. existing neutral mutations
34. existing beneficial mutations
35. the ability to produce beneficial mutations
36. the ability to adapt their genotype
37. One concern of conservation biologists is that endangered species will have low genetic diversity due to a small population size. Why is this a concern?
38. Allele frequencies are lower in smaller populations.
39. If the environment changes, individuals will not be able to change their alleles and survive.
40. If a disease occurs in the population, there may not be organisms with resistant alleles.
41. Individuals in small populations acquire mutations more slowly than those in large populations.
42. Sexual selection is stronger in small populations.
43. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be heterozygous?

A. 0.16

B. 0.04

C. 0.32

D. 0.64

E. 0.40

1. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant?

A. 0.32

B. 0.64

C. 0.40

D. 0.16

E. 0.04

1. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive?

A. 0.64

B. 0.16

C. 0.40

D. 0.04

E. 0.32

1. A cigarette smoker with lung cancer will not pass any smoking-induced lung cancer mutations to his children because the smoking-induced mutations
2. are in somatic cells.
3. are in gametes.
4. do not affect the phenotype of the lung cells.
5. are in germ cells.
6. are not in DNA.
7. Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems, while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight. Together, this leads to

for babies of average birth weight.

1. stabilizing selection
2. directional selection
3. artificial selection
4. disruptive selection
5. sexual selection
6. Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. This led to selection for longer-necked giraffes.
7. disruptive
8. sexual
9. artificial
10. directional
11. stabilizing
12. Ancestors of the Galàpagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands. Some seeds were very small, and required small beaks to handle, other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack. This led to among the Galàpagos finches.
13. disruptive selection
14. stabilizing selection
15. directional selection
16. sexual selection
17. artificial selection
18. Natural selection acts on the genetic makeup of
19. genotypes.
20. populations.
21. individuals.
22. communities.
23. alleles.
24. Alleles conferring red plumage to male cardinals are common because red plumage
25. is helpful in attracting prey.
26. makes males less susceptible to predation.
27. is an example of genetic drift.
28. is preferred by female cardinals in choosing a mate.
29. allows male cardinals to easily identify each other.
30. A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females. While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating, what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?
31. The feathers require a lot of energy to produce.
32. Bright feathers make males less susceptible to predation.
33. The large tail feathers would make it easier to fly.
34. The feathers make the male more attractive to other males.
35. There are no disadvantages to having large tail feathers.
36. Small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves, are referred to as the
37. founder effect.
38. bottleneck effect.
39. artificial effect.
40. natural effect.
41. migration effect.
42. The bottleneck effect is the loss of genetic diversity that occurs when
43. many organisms have successful survival rates.
44. many members of a population die.
45. large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements.
46. small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements.
47. many members of a population reproduce.
48. The few ancestors of the Galàpagos finches who colonized the islands would be an example of
49. a founder effect.
50. a bottleneck.
51. increased mutation rate.
52. natural selection.
53. gene flow.
54. The North American bison was hunted to near extinction in the 1800s, and has since recovered, but with decreased genetic diversity. This is an example of
55. gene flow.
56. increased mutation rate.
57. a bottleneck effect.
58. natural selection.
59. a founder effect.
60. Hunters waiting to kill "prize bucks" over smaller white-tailed deer can possibly change allele frequencies of the deer population. If smaller deer are speared this could lead to
61. no adverse effects on the white-tailed deer species.
62. a founder effect, from hunting, will allow small groups of larger white-tailed deer to establish habitats away from human populations.
63. directional selection for smaller white-tailed deer will result in fewer "prize bucks."
64. natural selection of deer with large antlers.
65. a bottleneck effect, from hunting, that will cause extinction of the white-tailed deer.
66. Darwin's theory was strongly founded on the geographic distances traveled by migrating species, or occupied by their populations. A theory of "island biogeography" was introduced in 1967, further elaborating on importance of the distances traveled, or areas occupied by populations. A specialized field of "landscape ecology" concerns patches of habitat, and distances between them, along with movement corridors, or barriers to movement. With all of these, the individuals that move about and successfully reproduce in the

population

1. can be aided by human construction of artificial corridors of movement, such as railways and roadways.
2. can be blocked by human construction of cities, or modification of vast landscapes for agriculture.
3. demonstrate gene flow that can counteract trends in selection and other allele frequency changes.
4. can reunite smaller groups of the species population that were previously isolated.

E. All of the answer choices are correct.

1. A population declines when
2. animals are removed randomly.
3. death rate exceeds reproductive rate.
4. reproductive and death rates are equal.
5. reproductive rate exceeds death rate.
6. smaller animals are selectively removed.
7. Historically, fishermen kept larger adult fish and left smaller adult fish. Over time, the average size of the fish would
8. increase by genetic drift.
9. decrease by genetic drift.
10. remain unchanged.
11. decrease by natural selection.
12. increase by natural selection.
13. When Conover and Munch harvested small fish, large fish, or random sizes of fish, what hypothesis were they testing?
14. that harvesting fish randomly would decrease the size of fish in future generations
15. that harvesting fish randomly would increase the size of fish in future generations
16. that harvesting larger fish would decrease the size of fish in future generations
17. that slot limits would decrease the size of fish in future generations
18. that harvesting larger fish would increase the size of fish in future generations

1. In figure (a), what was the dependent variable?
2. the generation
3. the species of fish
4. the age of the fish
5. the size at which the fish were harvested
6. the mean weight of harvested fish
7. In figure (b), what was the independent variable?
8. the age of the fish
9. the generation
10. the size at which the fish were harvested
11. the species of fish
12. the mean weight of harvested fish
13. What did the researchers conclude based on the data shown in figure (b)?
14. Harvesting fish randomly led to an increase in average size over time.
15. Harvesting larger fish led to an increase in average size over time.
16. Harvesting larger fish led to a decrease in average size over time.
17. Harvesting fish in a slot limit led to a decrease in average size over time.
18. Harvesting fish in a slot limit led to an increase in average size over time.
19. The heritability of body size is 0.2 in Atlantic silversides. What would happen in figure (b) if this heritability was 0.8?
20. The changes in average size would occur more rapidly.
21. The fish would avoid predation.
22. The fish would never get as large under the same environmental conditions.
23. The changes in average size would occur more slowly.
24. No changes in average size would occur.

True / False Questions

1. Today, 40% of hospital Staphylococcus infections are resistant to all antibiotics except one.

True False

1. Evolution does answer the question as to how life originally began.

True False

1. Artificial selection is responsible for many breeds of dogs and cats.

True False

1. Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time.

True False

1. Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.

True False

1. Evolution occurs in individuals, not populations.

True False

1. In an evolutionary sense, fitness refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

True False

1. Since the conditions needed for the Hardy-Weinberg principle do not occur in real populations, this principle has no importance in population studies.

True False

1. Nonrandom mating, gene flow, and genetic drift are mechanisms of microevolution.

True False

1. The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.

True False