Ch14 Speciation And Extinction Test Bank Docx

Chapter 14

Speciation and Extinction

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The process by which new species originate
2. is extinction.
3. occurred for millions of years but is no longer occurring.
4. is speciation.
5. is germination.
6. occurred only once in Earth's history.
7. The process by which species cease to exist
8. All of the answer choices are correct.
9. is endangerment.
10. is speciation.
11. is extinction.
12. has never occurred.
13. Islands provide ideal opportunities to study speciation because
14. they are very large with diverse populations.
15. All of the answer choices are correct.
16. natural selection occurs more rapidly.
17. organisms cannot easily immigrate and emigrate.
18. the organisms have little competition and do not change.
19. Island species are especially vulnerable to extinction because may destroy a small island population.
20. the introduction of a new predator
21. a single event like a hurricane
22. random fluctuations in birth and death rates
23. All of the answer choices are correct.
24. the extinction of a prey species
25. The types of living organisms on Earth have changed over time, new species have originated, and species have disappeared. These are examples of
26. macroevolution.
27. extinction.
28. speciation.
29. hybridization.
30. alternation of generations.
31. The scientist given credit for devising the two-word scientific naming system is
32. Carolus Linnaeus.
33. Charles Darwin.
34. Gregor Mendel.
35. Aristotle.
36. Louis Pasteur.
37. Ernst Mayr defined a biological species as a
38. population, whose members can interbreed.
39. group of closely related organisms.
40. All of the answer choices are correct.
41. group of organisms that live in the same ecosystem, that can interbreed and produce offspring.
42. population or group of populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
43. Prezygotic reproductive isolation affects the ability of gametes to combine between species. Of the following, which is not an example of prezygotic reproduction isolation?
44. behavioral isolation
45. habitat isolation
46. temporal isolation
47. hybrid infertility isolation
48. mechanical isolation
49. Mating practices specific to a species is an example of isolation.
50. gametic
51. behavioral
52. ecological
53. mechanical
54. temporal
55. The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations live in the same habitat but remain isolated from one another due to one being active during the daytime only and the other being active only during the night is
56. gametic isolation.
57. mechanical isolation.
58. behavioral isolation.
59. sexual selection.
60. temporal isolation.
61. The type of reproductive isolation in which offspring are infertile because their chromosomes cannot align correctly during meiosis, due to a different number of chromosomes being inherited from each parent is
62. mechanical isolation.
63. gametic isolation.
64. hybrid infertility.
65. temporal isolation.
66. hybrid inviability.
67. The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated due to their habitat is
68. mechanical isolation.
69. behavioral isolation.
70. hybrid inviability.
71. temporal isolation.
72. ecological isolation.
73. The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated due to the sperm cells of one not being able to fertilize the egg cells of the other is
74. ecological isolation.
75. hybrid infertility.
76. gametic isolation.
77. hybrid inviability.
78. temporal isolation.
79. Postzygotic reproductive isolation prevents
80. fertilization.
81. formation of gametes by one of the parents.
82. male gametes from joining with female gametes.
83. All of the answer choices are correct.
84. genetic exchange between populations by selecting against hybrid offspring.
85. Two species of Gelsemium spp., a flowering vine plant, share the same habitat and have similar insect pollinators. However, pollination occurs for Gelsemium semperviren from mid-January to late March, and for Gelsemium rankinii from late March to mid-April. This represents
86. gametic isolation.
87. a process analogous to behavioral isolation in animals.
88. temporal isolation.
89. ecological isolation.
90. mechanical isolation.
91. A flowering vine plant, Gelsemium spp., includes two separate species that formerly occupied a large, common habitat area, and currently occupy overlapping areas in the southeastern United States. Gelsemium sempervirens and Gelsemium rankinii have reproductive isolation, which has allowed them to exist as separate species due to

speciation.

1. postzygotic
2. prezygotic
3. parapatric
4. sympatric
5. allopatric
6. In the Grand Canyon, in the southwestern United States, there are many species of squirrels, including the Albert squirrel and a "subspecies," the Kaibab squirrel (isolation is not complete, according to the biological species definition by Ernst Mayr). The two populations of squirrels can interbreed to produce fertile offspring, but the populations exist on

different portions of the rim of the Grand Canyon, separated by the canyon and the Colorado River. This is an example of speciation.

1. parapatric
2. allopatric
3. sympatric
4. postzygotic
5. prezygotic
6. The spatial arrangements that may cause speciation are
7. sympathetic, symphonic, and sympatric.
8. allopatric, allopathic, and allelopathy.
9. paraplegic, parapatric, and paralegal.
10. sympatric, parapatric, and allopatric.
11. allopathic, paraplegic, and sympathetic.
12. Polyploidy means having
13. an abnormal number of two or more individual chromosomes.
14. three or more sets of chromosomes.
15. only one set of chromosomes.
16. three or more chromosomes.
17. an abnormal number of one particular chromosome.
18. Polyploidy is common in species.
19. animal
20. fungal
21. plant
22. bacterial
23. All of the answer choices are correct.
24. A tetraploid (i.e., four sets of chromosomes) plant species is typically , whereas a plant species with three sets of chromosomes is typically .
25. rare; common
26. large; small
27. fertile; infertile
28. small; large
29. infertile; fertile
30. The idea that evolution proceeds in small, incremental changes over many generations is called
31. temporal equilibrium.
32. catastrophism.
33. punctuated equilibrium.
34. temporal isolation.
35. gradualism.
36. The idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change is called
37. catastrophism.
38. temporal equilibrium.
39. gradualism.
40. punctuated equilibrium.
41. temporal isolation.
42. Species such as mice have a better chance of surviving sudden environmental change than elephants because elephants
43. reproduce much more slowly than mice.
44. have a more selective diet than mice.
45. live longer than mice.
46. require larger habitats than mice.
47. eat more than mice.
48. The rate of background extinctions is calculated to be species per year per million species.

A. 0.1 to 1.0

B. 1.0 to 10

C. 0.001 to 0.01

D. 10 to 100

E. None of the answer choices is correct.

1. By using fossil evidence, paleontologists have concluded that most species exist from years before becoming extinct.
2. 100 to 1,000

B. 1 million to 10 million

C. 10,000 to 100,000

D. 1,000 to 10,000

E. 100,000 to 1 million

1. The impact of a large meteorite with Earth would have most likely caused mass extinctions by
2. creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight and destroying plant life.
3. causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature and destroying plant life.
4. destroying plant life on Earth.
5. creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight.
6. causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature.
7. Of the following, which are believed to be the two main reasons for mass extinctions in Earth's history?
8. human actions and the shift of Earth's continents
9. global warming and the shift of Earth's continents

C.impact of Earth with a large, celestial body and the shift of Earth's continents

1. impact of Earth with a large, celestial body and human actions
2. global warming and human actions
3. Systematics is the study of
4. describing and classifying organisms, and their evolutionary relationships.
5. reproductive isolation.
6. naming and classifying organisms.
7. the biogeographic and distributions of species that have diverged.
8. similarities and evolutionary relationships among species.

30. A biology student is studying ground squirrels in a local park. She has captured, measured, and released many ground squirrels from an upland, rocky, wooded area, and many similar ground squirrels from a shrub area in soft soil near a stream. She is measuring skull dimensions, leg and claw lengths and shapes, and other traits of the ground squirrels from each collection area. She is involved in

1. phylogenetics.
2. genetics and inheritance.
3. speciation.
4. All of the answer choices are correct.
5. taxonomy.
6. An illustration constructed by a biologist to represent the evolutionary relationships between species and shared ancestors is called a(n)
7. systematic tree.
8. ancestral tree.
9. phylogenetic tree.
10. taxonomic tree.
11. tree of life.
12. A group of species at any taxonomic rank in a phylogeny is a
13. taxon.
14. hierarchy.
15. outgroup.
16. genome.
17. clade.

1. Starting from the root of a phylogenetic tree, any node that is shown farther from the root than other nodes, means
2. the two species (or groups of species represented) at the farthest node diverged by sympatric speciation.
3. that only those species at the farthest node, from the root, are in a clade.
4. convergent evolution has selected for the species (or groups of species represented) to be similar.
5. the species (or groups represented) diverged most recently from a common ancestor.
6. the species (or groups of species represented) are in the outgroup.

True / False Questions

1. The outgroup in this cladogram of vertebrate animals is the amphibians.

True False

1. Mammals diverged from a common ancestor of all of these vertebrates more recently than crocodiles diverged from a common ancestor of birds.

True False

1. Lizards and mammals are proposed in this cladogram to be more closely related than lizards and birds.

True False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Identify the rule(s) that was/were correctly applied in producing this cladogram.
2. All of the answer choices are correct.
3. Derived characters, proposed to have developed after common ancestry, were tallied for each species (group).
4. Species (groups) pairs that shared most derived characters were shown to branch from common ancestors at nodes.
5. Nodes and branches interpreted as more recently derived from common ancestors were shown farther from the root.

E. Coelophysis (at top) was selected as an outgroup representative, sharing all features assumed to be ancestral.

1. A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey. From this observation you could conclude
2. that mules are a result of macroevolution.
3. that horses and donkeys are the same species.
4. the DNA sequences of horses and donkeys are more than 97% identical.
5. that horses and donkeys are different species.
6. increasing the number of mules in a population will affect the allele frequency in the next generation.
7. Based on the Mayr definition of a biological species, bacteria cannot be classified as a species for which reason?
8. The DNA sequences of all bacteria are more than 97% identical.
9. Bacteria are present everywhere and cannot be reproductively isolated from other bacteria.
10. Bacteria cannot reproduce.
11. Bacteria do not evolve.
12. Bacteria are asexual.
13. A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey. This is an example of reproductive isolation.
14. prezygotic
15. allopatric
16. postzygotic
17. sympatric
18. parapatric
19. If a sheep and goat are mated, their offspring dies as an embryo. This is an example of reproductive isolation.
20. prezygotic
21. parapatric
22. allopatric
23. sympatric
24. postzygotic
25. Some flowers bloom in the spring, while others bloom in the summer. This is an example of reproductive isolation.
26. prezygotic
27. sympatric
28. allopatric
29. parapatric
30. postzygotic
31. Birds use specific songs, coloring, and mating dances to attract mates of their species (sexual selection). This is an example of reproductive isolation.
32. postzygotic
33. parapatric
34. sympatric
35. prezygotic
36. allopatric
37. Tortoises colonizing the different Galàpagos islands and evolving into different species is an example of speciation.
38. postzygotic
39. sympatric
40. prezygotic
41. allopatric
42. parapatric
43. The observation that freshwater habitats account for only 1% of Earth's water, and they are home to 36% of the known species of fish is due to speciation.
44. parapatric
45. prezygotic
46. sympatric
47. postzygotic
48. allopatric
49. The sea snail, Littorina saxatilis, is found on the coast of northern Spain. The snails farther upshore are large, with heavily ridged and banded shells, and share a border with the snails farther downshore that are smaller with smooth, unbanded shells. If the upshore and downshore snails became separate species, this would be an example of

speciation.

1. sympatric
2. parapatric
3. allopatric
4. prezygotic
5. postzygotic
6. The evidence that one species of finch migrated to a Galàpagos island, and evolved into two species now found on the same island, feeding on different food sources, is an example of speciation.
7. postzygotic
8. prezygotic
9. parapatric
10. allopatric
11. sympatric
12. Formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parental species of plants is an example of speciation.
13. parapatric
14. prezygotic
15. allopatric
16. postzygotic
17. sympatric
18. Formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parental species of plants is an example of
19. extinction.
20. adaptive radiation.
21. punctuated equilibrium.
22. gradualism.
23. a prezygotic barrier to evolution.
24. Scientists have a very complete fossil record showing the evolution of horses over millions of years, with the legs becoming longer and the teeth larger. These evolutionary changes were from the ancestry horse adapting from living in forests to the modern horse feeding on grasslands. This is an example of
25. gradualism.
26. a prezygotic barrier to evolution.
27. punctuated equilibrium.
28. adaptive radiation.
29. extinction.
30. A single common ancestor evolving into the current 28 species of silversword plants found among the Hawaiian islands is an example of
31. gradualism.
32. adaptive radiation.
33. extinction.
34. a prezygotic barrier to evolution.
35. punctuated equilibrium.
36. The Caribbean islands are home to more than 150 species of anole lizards. How might so many species have evolved from a single common ancestor?
37. Lizards evolve more rapidly than other species.
38. Mutation is more common on islands.
39. The ancestor had a prezygotic barrier to reproduction.
40. The species on an island went through allopatric speciation.
41. They adapted to fill unoccupied niches.
42. Conservation biologists are often concerned that when the population size of an endangered species becomes too small, it is at risk of extinction for which reason?
43. They are at risk of sympatric isolation.
44. They can no longer evolve.
45. They may be more susceptible to changes in the environment or disease.
46. They are at risk of developing prezygotic barriers to reproduction.
47. Their rate of breeding will decline.
48. Three species of tigers have gone extinct due to overharvesting or habitat destruction. This is an example of
49. mass extinction.
50. adaptive radiation.
51. sympatric speciation.
52. increased extinction rate by human activity.
53. background extinction rate.

1. Based on the cladogram, birds are most closely related to
2. snakes.
3. dinosaurs.
4. crocodiles.
5. mammals.
6. amphibians.
7. Birds and mammals are both warm-blooded, and are
8. parsimonious.
9. paraphyletic.
10. common ancestors.
11. polyphyletic.
12. monophyletic.
13. Bumblebees pollinate M. lewisii, whereas hummingbirds prefer the M. cardinalis. If, by chance, a hummingbird carries M. cardinalis pollen to M. lewisii, the resulting hybrid offspring are viable. M. lewisii and M. cardinalis are different species due to
14. independent assortment.
15. adaptive radiation.
16. gradualism.
17. postzygotic barriers to reproduction.
18. prezygotic barriers to reproduction.
19. In systematics, a group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendents is defined as a
20. None of the answer choices is correct.
21. clade.
22. polyphyletic group.
23. cladogram.
24. paraphyletic group.
25. A group consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants is a
26. order.
27. phylum.
28. species.
29. clade.
30. genus.
31. Which of the following is the correct sequence of hierarchical taxonomic categories?
32. species - family - genus - domain - order - phylum - class - kingdom
33. domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species
34. species - genus - family - order - class - order - phylum - kingdom - domain
35. kingdom - class - phylum - order - family - genus - species
36. kingdom - class - domain - order - phylum - genus - family - species

True / False Questions

1. A biological species is defined as a population whose members can interbreed.

True False

1. Today, scientists can deduce evolutionary relationships by DNA sequence analysis.

True False

1. Mules are considered to be a distinct species because they produce fertile offspring when mated.

True False

1. Among evolutionary biologists, the idea of sympatric speciation can be controversial.

True False

1. "Missing" transitional forms may not be present in the fossil record because of poor preservation of biological material and simply because scientists have not discovered all there is to discover.

True False

1. The speciation that occurred in the islands of the Greater Antilles (i.e., Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Hispaniola) with lizards called anoles is an example of adaptive radiation.

True False

1. The larger the initial population size, the less likely it will endure a major environmental change.

True False

1. A cladogram depicts species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors.

True False

1. Each branch on a cladogram is a clade distinguished by characteristics that appear only in its members.

True False

1. A polyphyletic group is a group of species that excludes the most recent common ancestor.

True False

1. A monophyletic group is a group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants, also known as a clade.

True False

1. Systematics utilizes taxonomy and proposed evolutionary relationships to organize life's diversity into groups that reflect evolutionary history.

True False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Marjorie Weber and Anurag Agrawal of Cornell University hypothesized that parts of a plant do not play a direct role in reproduction but act as a "protection racket." What is

"protection racket"?

1. the plant's ability to swat off predators
2. the plant's ability to attract insects to feed from the nectar and protect the plant at the same time
3. the plant's ability to attract insects that could potentially harm it
4. the insect's ability to evade the plant's defenses
5. the insect's ability to accidently fertilize the plant while feeding on the nectar

True / False Questions

1. According to Marjorie Weber and Anurag Agrawal research, a relatively young plant family with many species would have a low diversification rate; and an old plant family with

just a few species would have a high diversification rate.

True False