Geologic Time – Ch8 | Timelines and Dating – Test Bank

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Foundations of Earth Science, 8e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa)

Chapter 8 Geologic Time

8.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) An unconformity is a buried ________.

A) fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below

B) surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below

C) fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata below

D) surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata below

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

2) Among the following radioactive parent isotopes, which has the shortest half-life?

A) uranium-238

B) potassium-40

C) rubidium-87

D) carbon-14

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

3) ________ is the belief that Earth was shaped by large-scale geologic calamities.

A) Evolution

B) Absolutism

C) Uniformitarianism

D) Catastrophism

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.1 A Brief History of Geology

Focus/Concepts: 8.1

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

4) "This rock is 15 million years old" is an example of ________.

A) a numerical date

B) a relative date

C) superposition

D) the principle of cross-cutting relationships

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

5) The longest subdivision of the geologic time scale is the ________.

A) epoch

B) eon

C) era

D) period

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

6) Which of the following radioactive isotopes would be best for age-dating a rock from 50,000 years ago?

A) uranium-238

B) carbon-14

C) potassium-40

D) thorium-232

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

7) Why do the eras of the Phanerozoic eon all end with "zoic"?

A) They are based on rock called zoisites.

B) These names refer to life or living things; they invoke the changes in fossil organisms from one era to the next.

C) "Zoic" means "time" in Latin.

D) These eras were all first described near the London Zoo, so the names pay tribute to that location.

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

8) Who first formulated the principle of uniformitarianism?

A) Aristotle

B) Lyell

C) Steno

D) Hutton

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.1 A Brief History of Geology

Focus/Concepts: 8.1

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

9) Which of the following geologic observations would bear directly on working out the sequence of geologic events in an area?

A) mineral analysis of schist

B) grain size comparison between sandstone and shale

C) an unconformity between a granite and a sandstone

D) the feldspar and quartz contents of a granite

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

10) The principle of ________ is the concept that ancient life forms evolved in a definite order, and therefore, their fossils can help determine the geologic ages of strata.

A) superposition

B) cross-cutting relationships

C) fossil succession

D) fossil assemblage

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.4 Correlation of Rock Layers

Focus/Concepts: 8.4

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

11) Which of the following is an essential characteristic of an index fossil?

A) The organism lived in a very specific environment or two, such as tropical volcanic islands.

B) The organism lived for a very limited period of geologic time.

C) The fossils of the organism are exceptionally well preserved.

D) The organism lived on the land, not in the ocean.

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.4 Correlation of Rock Layers

Focus/Concepts: 8.4

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

12) Using the known rates of radioactive decay to date the crystallization of certain minerals is known as ________ dating.

A) conventional

B) radiometric

C) relative

D) fossil assemblage

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

13) The earliest 88% of geologic time is represented by the time span informally called the ________.

A) Paleozoic

B) Precambrian

C) Mesozoic

D) Phanerozoic

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

14) Why isn't the Precambrian more finely divided into subdivisions like periods and epochs?

A) Fewer and less diverse fossils exist in Precambrian rocks.

B) Precambrian rocks don't have radioactive isotopes in them.

C) Geologists just don't care about the Precambrian the way they do about more recent time periods.

D) The Precambrian lacks the igneous rocks that are most useful for radiometric dating.

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

15) Which of the following describes radioactive decay by beta particle emission?

A) The atomic number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent; the mass numbers are the same.

B) The daughter isotope has an atomic number one less than the parent and a mass number two less.

C) The mass number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent and both isotopes have the same atomic number.

D) The daughter isotope has an atomic number two less than the parent and a mass number four less.

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

16) The principle of ________ states in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks each bed is older than the one above and younger than the one below.

A) cross-cutting relationships

B) lateral continuity

C) superposition

D) original horizontality

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

17) A worm would stand a poor chance of being fossilized because ________.

A) worms were very rare during the geologic past

B) worms have no hard parts

C) worms contain no carbon-14

D) worms live in the shallow ocean

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

18) Which of the following principles addresses rock fragments being enclosed within another rock layer?

A) principle of superposition

B) principle of original horizontality

C) principle of cross-cutting relationships

D) principle of inclusions

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

19) The idea of ________ suggests that the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past.

A) evolution

B) absolutism

C) uniformitarianism

D) catastrophism

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.1 A Brief History of Geology

Focus/Concepts: 8.1

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

20) A principle by which sedimentary beds originate as continuous layers until they grade into another rock type or thin out is called the ________.

A) principle of lateral continuity

B) principle of original horizontality

C) principle of cross-cutting relationships

D) principle of inclusions

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

21) The principle of cross-cutting relationships states that geologic features that cut across rocks most form ________ the rocks they cut through.

A) before

B) after

C) above

D) below

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

22) The process by which geologists identify and match sedimentary strata and other rocks of the same ages in different areas is ________.

A) paleomagnetism

B) extrapolation

C) correlation

D) interpolation

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.4 Correlation of Rock Layers

Focus/Concepts: 8.4

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

23) The amount of time it takes for half of the remaining radioactive isotopes to decay is the ________ of an isotope system.

A) electron capture

B) beta emission

C) half-life

D) alpha emission

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

24) A sandstone is found to overlie a shale. The shale contains a volcanic ash layer that has been radiometrically dated to 84 million years ago. Both the shale and the sandstone are cut by a pluton of gabbro that has been dated to 60 million years old. How old is the sandstone layer?

A) between 84 and 60 million years old

B) older than 84 millions years old

C) younger than 60 million years old

D) more information is needed to constrain the age

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.7 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata

Focus/Concepts: 8.7

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

25) Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil?

A) petrified wood

B) fossil dung

C) spider trapped in amber

D) carbonization of a bee

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

26) We now live in the ________ era.

A) Paleozoic

B) Neoproterozoic

C) Mesozoic

D) Cenozoic

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

27) All of geologic time prior to the beginning of the Paleozoic era is commonly referred to as the ________.

A) Precambrian

B) Cambrian

C) Paleogene

D) Jurassic

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

28) Which of the following fossils would be a good example of an index fossil?

A) snake

B) jellyfish

C) frog

D) marine microfossils

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

29) During alpha emission, the mass number is reduced by ________ and the atomic number is decreased by ________.

A) 2; 4

B) 4; 2

C) 3; 6

D) 6; 4

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

30) After three half-lives, ________ of an original, radioactive, parent isotope remains and the rest has decayed into the daughter isotope.

A) 75% or three-fourths (3/4)

B) 50% or one-half (1/2)

C) 25% or one-fourth (1/4)

D) 12.5% or one-eighth (1/8)

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

31) A(n) ________ is an erosional unconformity with parallel beds or strata above and below.

A) angular unconformity

B) disconformity

C) nonconformity

D) exconformity

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

32) Most igneous rocks can be dated directly by ________ methods.

A) radiometric

B) fossil assemblage

C) unconformity

D) relative

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.7 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata

Focus/Concepts: 8.7

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

33) Which of the following would be the best method for obtaining a numerical age for sedimentary rocks?

A) Observe any unconformities within the area.

B) Radiometrically age-date metamorphic rocks near the sedimentary rocks.

C) Use radioactive isotopes in sediment grains contained within the sedimentary rock.

D) Relate the sedimentary rocks to a datable igneous mass, such as a dike or sill.

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.7 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata

Focus/Concepts: 8.7

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

34) Which of the following periods belongs to the Mesozoic era?

A) Triassic

B) Cambrian

C) Paleogene

D) Devonian

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

35) One important limitation when using potassium-argon for age-dating is that ________.

A) potassium decays twice as fast as other isotopes

B) potassium can only age-date rocks younger than 70,000 years old

C) argon is a gas and may leak from minerals, throwing off measurements

D) argon is unstable at surface conditions and easily weathered from rocks

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

36) A set of fossil organisms found together in a given layer is called a(n) ________.

A) fossil succession

B) fossil assemblage

C) index fossil

D) microfossils

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.4 Correlation of Rock Layers

Focus/Concepts: 8.4

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

37) The scientific study of fossils is called ________.

A) seismology

B) stratigraphy

C) petrology

D) paleontology

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

38) Which of the following is an example of a nonconformity?

A) shale sitting atop granite

B) volcanic ash deposited on conglomerate

C) lava flow sitting atop schist

D) shale sitting atop sandstone

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

39) You notice preserved ripple marks in the mountains, then later at the beach you see ripple marks forming in the sand. Which of the following best describes how the ripple marks in the mountain formed?

A) deformation

B) stratigraphic correlation

C) uniformitarianism

D) catastrophism

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.1 A Brief History of Geology

Focus/Concepts: 8.1

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

40) A section of marine sediments is uplifted, folded, and then overlain by sandstone. What is the name of the resulting feature?

A) nonconformity

B) angular unconformity

C) disconformity

D) intrusion

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

41) ________ occurs when mineral-rich groundwater permeates porous tissue and fills the empty spaces, hardening into a fossil.

A) Correlation

B) Radioactive decay

C) Carbonization

D) Permineralization

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

42) To calculate the age of a rock, you need to know the parent-daughter isotope ratio and ________.

A) the half-life of a radioactive isotope

B) the composition of the parent rock

C) the area in which the rock was deposited

D) the sequence of depositional events

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

43) ________ is the branch of geology that studies rock layers.

A) Petrology

B) Seismology

C) Stratigraphy

D) Paleontology

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.7 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata

Focus/Concepts: 8.7

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

44) The shortest subdivision of the geologic time scale is the ________.

A) epoch

B) eon

C) era

D) period

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

8.2 Matching Questions

Match the fossil with the correct mode of fossilization.

A) silica replacement of a tree

B) seashell is buried in sediment then dissolved

C) replica of the surface of fish in mud

D) deer footprints preserved in soft sediment, later turned into rock

E) residue of carbon remains of a fossil insect

F) hollow spaces that fill with mud or mineral matter

G) spider trapped in tree sap

1) permineralization

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

2) impression

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

3) amber

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

4) carbonization

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

5) mold

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

6) cast

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

7) tracks

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

Focus/Concepts: 8.3

ESLI: 6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence of ancient life.

Answers: 1) A 2) C 3) G 4) E 5) B 6) F 7) D

Match the following examples with the correct geologic principle/event.

A) Undeformed sequence of sandstone on bottom, shale in the middle, and conglomerate on top.

B) Marine shale sits atop folded strata.

C) Trilobite is used to match shale units across an ocean basin.

D) Igneous dike intrudes into a sequence of sandstone, shale, and limestone.

E) Continuous layer of shale eventually thins out, grading into sandstone.

F) Sandstone sits atop a granite intrusion and pieces of the granite are contained within the sandstone.

G) Rock layers have been tilted or folded, are not lying flat.

H) Sandstone outcrop is submerged underwater, then overlain by shale.

I) Conglomerate sits atop a granite intrusion.

8) disconformity

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

9) nonconformity

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

10) angular unconformity

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

11) principle of superposition

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

12) principle of original horizontality

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

13) principle of lateral continuity

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

14) principle of cross-cutting relationships

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

15) principle of inclusions

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

16) principle of fossil succession

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.4 Correlation of Rock Layers

Focus/Concepts: 8.4

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

Answers: 8) H 9) I 10) B 11) A 12) G 13) E 14) D 15) F 16) C

8.3 Essay Questions

1) Compare and contrast relative age dating with radiometric age dating. What is a limitation (if any) of each?

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles; 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.2; 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

2) Is carbon-14 an appropriate isotope for dating the metamorphic rocks at the bottom of the Grand Canyon? Explain.

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.5 Determining Numerical Dates with Radioactivity

Focus/Concepts: 8.5

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

3) Compare the doctrine of catastrophism with the doctrine of uniformitarianism.

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.1 A Brief History of Geology

Focus/Concepts: 8.1

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

4) Explain the difficulty in using sedimentary and metamorphic rocks for radiometric age dating.

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.7 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata

Focus/Concepts: 8.7

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

5) Why are the Archean and Proterozoic Eras not divided into smaller units like the Cenozoic Era?

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

6) Discuss two different examples of uniformitarianism.

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.1 A Brief History of Geology

Focus/Concepts: 8.1

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

8.4 Visual Questions

1) What sequence of events would have to occur in order to produce the unconformity shown here?

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

2) Examine the geologic time scale shown here. Which is the longest-lasting period of geologic time? Which is the shortest period? Why should these periods differ so much in duration?

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

3) Examine the geologic cross section and describe the order of all the geologic events that can be depicted from this image. Don't limit yourself to merely the lettered rock units; include episodes of folding and erosion, too. Use descriptive geologic verbs like "deposition" and "intrusion" rather than simply saying the "rock unit J was formed."

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

4) How would you figure out if rock unit A or rock unit D formed first, or if they coincided?

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

5) If numerical dating of rock unit A gave a crystallization age of 1.2 billion years, and numerical dating of rock unit F gave a crystallization age of 500 million years, then how old is rock unit E?

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

6) The white arrow in this cross-section points to an unconformity (black line). What kind of unconformity is it?

A) disconformity

B) angular unconformity

C) nonconformity

D) dike

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.2 Creating a Time Scale-Relative Dating Principles

Focus/Concepts: 8.2

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

7) Examine the geologic time scale shown here. Which is the earliest period listed in the Mesozoic?

A) Cambrian

B) Permian

C) Triassic

D) Cretaceous

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.6 The Geologic Time Scale

Focus/Concepts: 8.6

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

8) Examine the figure that shows the sequence of strata in three Colorado Plateau national parks. Which unit(s) are shared by Grand Canyon National Park and Zion National Park?

A) Toroweap and Kaibab

B) Kaibab and Monekopi

C) Moenkopi and Chinle

D) Kaibab only

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.4 Correlation of Rock Layers

Focus/Concepts: 8.4

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

9) Use the geologic cross section to determine the age of rock layer D as precisely as possible.

A) It is 40 million years old.

B) It is between 39 million years old and 25 million years old.

C) It is between 39 million years old and 17 million years old.

D) It is older than 17 million years old.

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 8.7 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata

Focus/Concepts: 8.7

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

10) The strata shown on the left can be correlated with which of the units on the right?

A) Q, O, P, N

B) D, C, B, A

C) M, L, K, J

D) J, I, H, G

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 8.4 Correlation of Rock Layers

Focus/Concepts: 8.4

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.