Full Test Bank The Modern Synthesis Chapter.3 nan

a.

primatology.

c.

human variation.

b.

evolutionary ecology.

d.

population genetics.

a.

It results from change in the environment only.

b.

It reflects change in the underlying genetic composition of a population.

c.

It cannot be passed from parent to offspring.

d.

Acquired phenotypic traits cause an underlying genetic change.

a.

dichotomous traits.

c.

maladaptations.

b.

mating strategies.

d.

canalized behaviors.

a.

natural selection

c.

mutation

b.

nongenetic traits

d.

random genetic drift

a.

generational time, including through mutation or drift.

b.

generational time caused by selection, but not by mutation or genetic drift.

c.

time caused by either drift or mutation, but not selection.

d.

generational time that gives rise to a new species.

a.

30% AA, 60% Aa, and 10% aa

c.

60% AA, 20% Aa, and 20% aa

b.

60% A and 40% a

d.

60% AA, 30% Aa, and 10% aa

a.

50% A and 50% a

c.

25% A and 75% a

b.

0% A and 100% a

d.

33% A and 67% a

a.

Even if all the genetic loci are used in making a mate choice, the next generation randomizes the genes anyway.

b.

In humans, there is no linkage, even between genes located near each other on the same chromosome.

c.

The mating is still random across almost every one of the more than 22,000 loci across the human genome.

d.

Humans lack genetic diversity; therefore, almost all human genes have a single allele.

a.

A  0.6 and a  0.4

c.

A  0.3 and a  0.7

b.

A  0.5 and a  0.5

d.

A  0.4 and a  0.6

a.

AA  0.2, Aa  0, and aa  0.8

b.

AA  0.40, Aa  0.16, and aa  0.44

c.

AA  0.04, Aa  0.32, and aa  0.64

d.

AA  0.40, Aa  0.30, and aa  0.60

a.

a  0.2 and A  0.8

c.

a  0.5 and A  0.5

b.

a  0.4 and A  0.6

d.

a  0.6 and A  0.4

a.

aa  0, Aa  1.0, and AA  0

b.

aa  0.20, Aa  0.60, and AA  0.20

c.

aa  0.20, Aa  0.50, and AA  0.30

d.

aa  0.25, Aa  0.50, and AA  0.25

a.

all AA individuals

c.

50% AA and 50% aa individuals

b.

all aa individuals

d.

25% AA and 75% aa individuals

a.

25% aa, 50% Aa, and 25% AA

c.

4% aa, 16% Aa, and 64% AA

b.

all AA

d.

4% aa, 64% Aa, and 16% AA

a.

It can result in shortened limbs.

b.

It is caused by the substitution of one allele for another at a single locus.

c.

It is not a genetically inherited disease.

d.

It is an adaptation to malaria.

a.

Selection can produce change when no variation is present in a population.

b.

Selection cannot change the frequency of different phenotypes.

c.

The strength and direction of selection depend on the environment.

d.

The strength of selection is determined by dominant alleles.

a.

the combination of Mendelian and blending inheritance.

b.

the combination of anthropology and biology.

c.

the combination of modern genetics and Darwinism.

d.

the combination of modern anthropology with animal behavior.

a.

They thought that inheritance was fundamentally discontinuous.

b.

They argued that Mendelian genetics supported Darwin’s idea that adaptation occurs through the accumulation of small variations.

c.

They agreed that evolution was proceeded by the gradual accumulation of small changes.

d.

They believed that genes had no discernible effect on phenotypes.

a.

of blending inheritance.

b.

genetic transmission involves faithful copying of the genes themselves, followed by the averaging of the gene’s effects during development.

c.

mutation is constantly introducing new alleles, some of which will produce new phenotypes.

d.

natural selection reduces variation.

a.

Hidden variation is not always present in continuously evolving traits.

b.

Selection causes genotypic frequencies to reach equilibrium in one generation, and the distribution of phenotypes does not change.

c.

Selection can lead to cumulative, long-term change.

d.

Genetic variation is always expressed as phenotypic variation.

a.

genetic drift.

c.

mutation.

b.

disequilibrium.

d.

hidden variation.

a.

there are no environmental effects.

b.

they are affected by alleles at more than one locus.

c.

inheritance is blending rather than particulate.

d.

there are only two alleles.

a.

They allow for blending of the effects of two genes, the blended version passed on to offspring.

b.

They are likely to expose the genetic variation underlying a trait.

c.

They always hide genetic variation.

d.

They do not help to explain how variation is maintained.

a.

only two distinct alleles underlie the trait.

b.

environmental variation smooths out the gaps between phenotypes.

c.

sampling error when measuring the trait smooths out the variation.

d.

continuous, smooth variation has a very high mutation rate.

a.

The trait is more likely to occur in a smooth distribution.

b.

Natural selection cannot act on the character.

c.

The environment is less likely to affect the character.

d.

The alleles will compete to determine which one shapes the phenotype.

a.

mutation

c.

extinction

b.

selection

d.

fixation

a.

There is blending during sexual reproduction.

b.

Mutations are deleterious.

c.

New variation is slowly added by mutation.

d.

The genetic composition of offspring is a replica of their parents.

a.

every mutation results in adaptation.

b.

directional selection is constantly working.

c.

a considerable amount of variation is protected from selection.

d.

the rates of mutation are very high.

a.

mutation

c.

recombination

b.

selection

d.

gene flow

a.

It increases genetic variation because adaptations are produced.

b.

It decreases genetic variation because the least adapted individuals are less likely to pass on their variation to the next generation.

c.

It decreases genetic variation if selection is directional but increases genetic variation if selection is stabilizing.

d.

It decreases genetic variation if selection is stabilizing but increases genetic variation if selection is directional.

a.

sudden increases in mutation rates are often induced by selection.

b.

under genetic drift there is less variation and under selection there is more.

c.

selection can expose hidden variation.

d.

selection usually increases the randomness of mating, thus increasing variation.

a.

selection can use abundant hidden variation to move a population beyond its initial range of variation.

b.

domestication of dogs involved a great deal of selection that whittled down the previously large diversity of wolves into the narrow range we call “dogs.”

c.

domestication of dogs involved a weakening of selection, and the result is a random range of dogs.

d.

since dogs easily revert to wolf state if allowed to breed freely, dogs are mainly a cultural construct and are not genetically well defined.

a.

It affects genotypic expression of characters.

b.

It tends to blur together the phenotypes associated with different genotypes.

c.

It does not direct selection.

d.

It has no effect on phenotype.

a.

selection for a trait related to feeding

b.

the sudden merging of two large populations that had been kept separate for several generations

c.

selection for a trait related to reproduction

d.

genetic drift in small populations

a.

protect the females from harassment by other females.

b.

protect the females from predators.

c.

stop other males from mating with them.

d.

stop the females from eating.

a.

behavioral canalization.

c.

behavioral localization.

b.

behavioral plasticity.

d.

behavioral mimicry.

a.

the number of gametes of a particular allele divided by the total number of gametes.

b.

the total number of gametes divided by the number of gametes of a particular allele.

c.

the number of parents with either one or two copies of the allele divided by 2.

d.

a random number under control of genetic drift.

a.

freq(aa)  q² freq(Aa)  2pq freq(AA)  p²

b.

freq(aa)  q freq(Aa)  2pq freq(AA)  p

c.

freq(aa)  q² freq(Aa)  2p²q freq(AA)  p²

d.

freq(aa)  q² freq(Aa)  2p²q² freq(AA)  p²

a.

females are relatively abundant.

b.

females are relatively scarce.

c.

the sex ratio is skewed toward females.

d.

the sex ratio is balanced.

a.

males must cooperate with other males to guard females.

b.

flexibility requires longer appendages.

c.

males will sometimes make mistakes about the local sex ratio and behave inappropriately.

d.

flexible males have to grow larger and therefore need more food.

a.

there is no genetic control of the behavior.

b.

the behavior is seen in a variety of environments.

c.

the behavior is seen in environments that are the same.

d.

phenotypes vary.

a.

places where the environment is stable.

b.

places where the environment is variable.

c.

colder climates.

d.

wetter climates.

a.

affected reproductive success.

b.

occurs only in stable environments.

c.

was not passed down from father to son.

d.

made behaviorally flexible males stronger.

a.

a local optimum.

c.

environmental drift.

b.

disequilibrium.

d.

genetic drift.

a.

optimal

c.

developmental

b.

fixed

d.

genetic

a.

a correlated response to selection.

b.

disequilibrium.

c.

physical constraints on natural selection.

d.

fixation.

a.

They can occur because some genes affect more than one character.

b.

They change independently.

c.

They are always positively related.

d.

They make natural selection longer.

a.

positively correlated

c.

maladaptive

b.

fixated

d.

plastic

a.

Disequilibrium has occurred.

b.

It has lost one of the two alleles that code for a character.

c.

The mean value of a correlated character has changed.

d.

Mutation has added new variation to the population.

a.

uncorrelated characters.

c.

local adaptations.

b.

equilibrium.

d.

population genetics.

a.

indirectly increases a trait that has no effect on survival.

b.

directly increases a trait that has a negative effect on survival.

c.

is disruptive.

d.

is stabilizing.

a.

we are in perfect equilibrium with regard to such appetites.

b.

these appetites are always adaptive.

c.

such appetites were adaptive in ancient environments.

d.

these appetites are adaptive in our modern environment.

a.

small populations.

c.

medium-size populations.

b.

large populations.

d.

populations out of equilibrium.

a.

changes in gene frequencies that are random with respect to adaptation.

b.

adaptive changes in gene frequencies.

c.

maladaptive changes in gene frequencies.

d.

no change in gene frequencies.

a.

It can cause isolated populations to become more similar to one another.

b.

It can cause isolated populations to diverge from one another.

c.

It can lead to genotyping of populations.

d.

It can lead to karyotyping of populations.

a.

natural selection does not change adaptations.

b.

the compound eye is always superior to the camera-type eye.

c.

the compound eye is a local optimum.

d.

the camera-type eye is a local optimum.

a.

behavioral plasticity

c.

genetic drift

b.

physical constraints

d.

gene flow