Ch5 Verified Test Bank Primate Diversity And Ecology

a.

balancing selection.

c.

recombination.

b.

analogy.

d.

homology.

a.

Primate evolution is more complex than the evolution of lower animals.

b.

We share many of the same adaptations as other primates.

c.

We share an interest in evolution with other primates.

d.

Modern primates represent the primitive condition of our common ancestor.

a.

He advocated placing humans in the primate order.

b.

He agreed that humans should be placed in their own order based on our distinctive mental abilities and upright posture.

c.

He did not comment in writing on the relationship of humans to other organisms.

d.

He did not think that humans should be classified with any other organisms.

a.

comparative method

c.

double-blind study

b.

blind study

d.

observation and testing

a.

analogy.

c.

convergence.

b.

homology.

d.

divergence.

a.

analogy.

c.

convergence.

b.

homology.

d.

divergence.

a.

convergent evolution.

b.

homologies.

c.

how natural selection shapes behavior and morphology.

d.

how behaviors remain the same through time.

a.

convergent evolution.

c.

reasoning from analogy.

b.

reasoning from homology.

d.

direct observation.

a.

Primates have more complex eyes than do other mammals.

b.

Primate olfactory apparatuses are highly specialized, especially in diurnal primates.

c.

Primates have more olfactory nerves than do other mammals.

d.

The primate visual sense is highly developed while the olfactory apparatus is reduced, especially in diurnal primates.

a.

conspecifics.

c.

polyandry.

b.

congenerics.

d.

sexual dimorphism.

a.

large brain in relation to body compared with other mammals

b.

well-developed vision

c.

grasping hands

d.

almost no sexual dimorphism in body size

a.

bilateral symmetry.

c.

positive correlation.

b.

homologous dentition.

d.

pleiotrophy.

a.

bipedalism.

b.

increased dependence on complex behavior, learning, and behavioral flexibility.

c.

specialized molars, up to six incisors, and a lack of premolars.

d.

highly developed olfaction (sense of smell).

a.

a tendency in primates toward bipedal locomotion.

b.

opposable toes and thumbs.

c.

the fact that hind limbs do most of the locomotor work.

d.

vertical clinging and leaping.

a.

longer pregnancies.

b.

arboreal lives.

c.

shorter periods of dependence on parents.

d.

living in social groups.

a.

Daily temperature fluctuations are greater than annual fluctuations.

b.

Seasonal changes are virtually nonexistent.

c.

Primate foods are affected more by seasonal changes due to rainfall than by changes due to temperature.

d.

Primate foods are affected more by temperature than by rainfall.

a.

more often active during the night.

b.

more dependent on smell than on vision.

c.

smaller brained.

d.

found in larger and more complex social groups.

a.

all arboreal and diurnal.

b.

all arboreal and some have prehensile tails.

c.

almost exclusively terrestrial.

d.

generally all the same small body size.

a.

great apes.

c.

lesser apes.

b.

Old World monkeys.

d.

lorises.

a.

They retain many ancestral characters.

b.

They are typically quite large in body size.

c.

They have evolved numerous adaptations that suit their diurnal lifestyle.

d.

They have more fully developed traits related to increased complexity of behavior.

a.

color vision

c.

immobile ears

b.

large eyes

d.

large body size

a.

They may be more closely related to anthropoids than to lemurs and lorises.

b.

They are small bodied like most anthropoids.

c.

They may be more closely related to strepsirrhines because they are nocturnal.

d.

They are considered arboreal quadrupeds like most New World monkeys.

a.

They are found in Madagascar.

b.

They have no tails.

c.

They have a dental formula of 2:1:2:3.

d.

They are also called the New World monkeys.

a.

the distribution of predator and prey species

b.

the distribution of relatives

c.

the distribution of offspring

d.

the distribution of rivers

a.

heritability of a trait.

c.

environmental factors.

b.

genetic mutation.

d.

metabolic rates.

a.

evolutionarily important activities of an animal.

b.

maintenance of body processes at rest.

c.

reproduction.

d.

feeding.

a.

products of complex molecules with health benefits.

b.

intermediate between primary and tertiary compounds.

c.

protective or defensive toxins found in some plants.

d.

chemicals in the digestive tract designed to reduce the effects of plant toxins.

a.

mature leaves

c.

flowers

b.

young leaves

d.

tree sap

a.

proteins.

b.

fats and oils.

c.

vitamins, minerals, and trace amounts of certain elements.

d.

carbohydrates.

a.

insectivore than a frugivore, because it cannot outcompete larger animals.

b.

insectivore than a frugivore, because it requires higher-quality food than larger animals.

c.

frugivore than an insectivore, because it cannot outcompete larger animals.

d.

frugivore than an insectivore, because it requires a lower quantity of food than larger animals.

a.

increase, especially during the first half of pregnancy

b.

increase, especially during the second half of pregnancy

c.

increase, particularly during lactation

d.

decrease after she gives birth

a.

Diurnal primates are generally solitary.

b.

Foraging and resting times are affected by ecological conditions.

c.

Nocturnal primates are large in body size.

d.

Foraging and resting times in diurnal primates are dictated by the distribution of nocturnal primates.

a.

fixed areas defended by members of a group against conspecifics

b.

fixed areas defended by members of a group against other species

c.

areas where members of a group are often found

d.

areas where groups come together in areas where their ranges overlap

a.

Madagascar, Africa, and Australia.

b.

Africa, Asia, Europe, and Antarctica.

c.

Africa, Asia, and the New World.

d.

China, Japan, and Australia.

a.

Madagascar, Africa, and Australia.

b.

Africa, Asia, Europe, and the New World.

c.

Africa, Asia, and the New World.

d.

China, Japan, and Australia.

a.

This is the mandible of a frugivore.

b.

This is the mandible of a folivore.

c.

This is the mandible of a cercopithecine.

d.

This is the mandible of an ape.

a.

resources are distributed over a wide area.

b.

resources are abundant and thus worth defending.

c.

food is clumped in a space.

d.

females are clumped in space.

a.

Most primate foods, in the wild, supply primates with all the water they will need, thus reducing the number of dangerous trips to the watering hole.

b.

Plant foods rich in secondary compounds are preferred by most primates.

c.

Fats and oils provide about twice the energy of carbohydrates.

d.

Fats and oils provide only a fraction of the energy supplied by carbohydrates.

a.

leaves, fruit and insects, and meat.

b.

gum, fruit and insects, fruit and leaves, and mainly leaves.

c.

meat, fruit and insects, and leaves.

d.

Smaller primates almost never eat animals; larger primates eat some animals.

a.

females defend food or males defend access to females.

b.

females defend access to males or males defend food.

c.

males defend access to both food and females.

d.

females defend access to both food and males.

a.

its frequent observance.

b.

the observation that many primate species have antipredator defenses.

c.

the fact that predators are in the same areas as primates.

d.

the observation that primates are an easy prey species because of their size.

a.

Estimated predation rates vary from less than 1% to 15% of the population per year in primate populations.

b.

Estimated predation rates per month are from 1% to 15% in primate populations.

c.

Adults are 10% more susceptible to predation than are subadults.

d.

Arboreal species are more susceptible to predation than are terrestrial species.

a.

There is one species of cat predator (leopard); no primate was observed to hunt and eat another primate species.

b.

Leopards, chimps, and birds choose their prey randomly.

c.

Mangabeys and pottos are heavily preyed upon by leopards, and chimpanzees prefer black and white colobus monkeys.

d.

Mangabeys and pottos are heavily preyed upon by eagles, and chimpanzees prefer red colobus monkeys.

a.

They live in social groups.

b.

They live solitary lives.

c.

They live in social groups only during the breeding season.

d.

They are only social when predator activity is high.

a.

there is greater competition for resources.

b.

it is harder to carry out infanticide.

c.

there is increased vulnerability to attacks from conspecifics.

d.

they have to share home ranges with other primates.

a.

They typically live in small one-male groups.

b.

They typically live in groups where all the females are related.

c.

They typically live in groups where all the males are related.

d.

They are typically monogamous.

a.

It is diverse, with groups ranging from solitary to multimale, multifemale.

b.

It consists of groups of females and their young, with males roaming the periphery in search of mates.

c.

It is organized within strict territories between which individuals almost never move.

d.

It is determined by body size, with the largest primates being solitary and the smallest primates living in large groups or herds.

a.

Solitary social systems are found almost entirely among the Haplorrhine primates.

b.

Females establish small territories they share with their young; males establish large territories in which there may be several females.

c.

Solitary groupings are found only among orangutans and the lesser apes (gibbons).

d.

Males establish small territories they share with their mates, while the offspring run free and move between adult territories.

a.

found only among lemurs.

b.

found in the callitrichids and the orangutans.

c.

found only among the marmosets and tarmains.

d.

not known for any living primate species.

a.

one male, multiple females

c.

solitary

b.

pair bonded

d.

multiple males, multiple females

a.

want to attract the other species so they can hunt them.

b.

want to demonstrate their ability to recognize other species and, in this manner, attract mates.

c.

are highly territorial and are defending their resources.

d.

are selected to warn other members of their own group of the presence of these potentially dangerous animals.

a.

they are trying to attract some species, but repel others.

b.

each call is designed to scare each kind of predator away most effectively.

c.

different species that may attack the primates have different abilities to hear the primate calls.

d.

they want to warn members of their groups of specific kinds of predators, in order to elicit a correct response.

a.

competition for mates and competition for food.

b.

body size and home range size.

c.

costs and benefits of sociality.

d.

competition for food and benefits of sociality.

a.

the amount of time that passes for each major developmental phase (infant, juvenile, and adult periods) in the life cycle of a primate.

b.

the amount of time a primate can spend on a given activity before it needs to feed again.

c.

the amount of time spent directly observing each primate during the course of field research.

d.

an accounting of how much time the members of a given species tend to spend on each of several key activities.

a.

It changes significantly day to day.

b.

It is consumed by socializing with group members.

c.

It is unaffected by seasonal changes in environment.

d.

It includes two long feeding bouts, once in the morning and once in the late afternoon.

a.

For a given species, several home ranges will be found within a territory.

b.

In primates, the terms territory and home range can be used interchangeably.

c.

In highly territorial primates, there are several overlapping territories within a given home range.

d.

In highly territorial primates, the territory and the home range are the same.

a.

habitat destruction

b.

infanticide

c.

selective foresting

d.

resource competition with conspecifics

a.

infanticide by other primates

c.

forest cutting for lumber

b.

palm oil production

d.

large-scale agricultural projects

a.

has increased the number of imported primates in recent decades.

b.

has decreased the number of imported primates in recent decades.

c.

has not changed the number of imported primates in recent decades.

d.

allows only the importation of certain primates.