Test Bank Ch.2 Genetics nan - How Humans Evolved 8e | Test Bank by Robert Boyd by Robert Boyd. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 2: Genetics
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements is true of chromosomes?
a. | They are composed of ribonucleic acid. |
b. | They are replicated during cell division. |
c. | They are attached to organelles. |
d. | They are made of proteins. |
a. | all yellow seeds. |
b. | one-half yellow and one-half green seeds. |
c. | three yellow seeds and one green seed. |
d. | all green seeds. |
REF: Mendelian Genetics | Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Understanding
3. Mendel’s crossbreeding of offspring of true-bred green and yellow peas led to ________ in the
second generation.
a. | only green individuals surviving the first days of life |
b. | a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green offspring |
c. | yellowish-green individuals |
d. | half the offspring being green and the other half yellow |
a. | They are not involved in the transmission of genes. |
b. | They are the sex cells, or eggs and sperm. |
c. | They do not differ between male and female animals. |
d. | They were discovered by Darwin. |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: B. Explain how Mendel’s laws follow from the machinery of cell replication.
MSC: Remembering
5. What does Mendel’s first principle (of segregation) imply?
a. | Characteristics from the parents blend together to produce intermediate offspring. |
b. | Characteristics from the parents do not blend together in offspring. |
c. | Only paternally derived characteristics segregate into gametes during meiosis. |
d. | Only maternally derived characteristics segregate into gametes during meiosis. |
a. | Eggs and sperm are formed independently of one another. |
b. | Transmission includes both blending and particulate inheritance. |
c. | The inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait. |
d. | Particles inherited from the mother are more likely to be transmitted to female offspring, and particles inherited from the father are more likely to be transmitted to male offspring. |
REF: Mendelian Genetics | Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Remembering
7. Where are chromosomes contained?
a. | in the gametes of prokaryotes | c. | in the ribosomes |
b. | in the nuclei of eukaryotes | d. | in the mitochondria |
a. | They come in pairs. |
b. | They move together into the gametes during meiosis. |
c. | They are found only in mammals. |
d. | They have three codons. |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Remembering
9. Which of the following is the result of mitosis?
a. | half the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells |
b. | either sperm or an egg |
c. | a daughter cell that has the exact copy of the chromosomes of its parent |
d. | an egg only |
a. | recombination. | c. | somatic cell formation. |
b. | meiosis. | d. | gene linking. |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Understanding
11. One of Mendel’s pea plants with only green seeds is
a. | homozygous recessive. | c. | an example of blending inheritance. |
b. | always tall. | d. | heterozygous. |
a. | one-eighth | c. | one-fourth |
b. | one-half | d. | one-sixteenth |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Applying
13. Mendel observes a pea plant with yellow seeds, where A and a are the alleles for color, but
he knows nothing else about the plant. Which of the following must he infer is the possible genotype(s) of this plant?
a. | AA only | c. | Aa only |
b. | AA or aa | d. | AA or Aa |
a. | Chromosomes occur in homologous pairs. |
b. | Chromosomes occur in homologous triplets. |
c. | Meiosis produces diploid gametes. |
d. | Mitosis produces haploid cells. |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Understanding
15. Which of the following occurs during mitosis?
a. | A haploid cell divides into two diploid cells. |
b. | A diploid cell divides into two haploid cells. |
c. | A haploid cell divides into two haploid cells. |
d. | A diploid cell divides into two diploid cells. |
a. | a common regulatory sequence first discovered in fruit flies. |
b. | the most common sequence making up introns. |
c. | the most common sequence making up exons. |
d. | a simple repeat pattern usually found in specific sites in a given eukaryote. |
OBJ: D. Explain how the properties of DNA are consistent with the role of genes in inheritance.
MSC: Remembering
17. Which of the following occurs during meiosis?
a. | Haploid cells are produced from a single diploid cell. |
b. | Haploid cells are produced from two diploid cells. |
c. | Diploid cells are produced from a single diploid cell. |
d. | Diploid cells are produced from two haploid cells. |
a. | Many changes in the morphology or behavior of organisms can be linked to variations in the proteins and genes that build them. |
b. | Genetic effects on the biology of organisms account for as much as 10% of the variation we see from species to species. |
c. | Although most evolutionary change is extracellular, it is sometimes influenced by genetic systems. |
d. | Only by controlling these relationships can we treat most disease symptoms. |
OBJ: F. Explain how gene regulation allows the same genes to control the development and function of many different parts of the body. MSC: Understanding
19. Which of the following statements describes gametes?
a. | They contain both homologous chromosomes. |
b. | They are responsible for normal body growth of organisms. |
c. | They can be eggs or sperm. |
d. | They are diploid. |
a. | the alleles it carries |
b. | its visible characteristics |
c. | the number of chromosomes in its sex cells |
d. | the number of chromosomes in its body cells |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Remembering
21. To what does the phenotype of an individual refer?
a. | its visible characteristics |
b. | the number of homologous pairs of chromosomes |
c. | the number of chromosomes in its body cells |
d. | the number of chromosomes in its sex cells |
a. | an independent phenotype | c. | a heterozygote |
b. | a homozygote | d. | dominant |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Remembering
23. A heterozygote is an individual with
a. | the same paternal and maternal allele at a particular locus. |
b. | a different paternal and maternal allele at a particular locus. |
c. | a recessive allele. |
d. | a dominant allele. |
a. | aa | c. | Aa |
b. | aA | d. | AA |
REF: Mendelian Genetics | Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Understanding
25. When Mendel crossed true-breeding plants bearing yellow seeds with true-breeding plants bearing green seeds, what was the phenotypic ratio among the offspring?
a. | all aa individuals |
b. | all AA individuals |
c. | half yellow and half green individuals |
d. | all yellow individuals |
a. | Every cell produces the same range of proteins. |
b. | Each cell ultimately produces the same range of proteins but in a different order as the cell ages. |
c. | RNA polymerase affected by activator or inhibitor sequences is one way in which genes in most cells can be selectively turned on or off. |
d. | External chemical inputs must be used to determine which genes are expressed in which cells. |
OBJ: F. Explain how gene regulation allows the same genes to control the development and function of many different parts of the body. MSC: Understanding
27. When a true-breeding plant bearing yellow seeds produces gametes, what alleles are represented among those gametes?
a. | only A alleles |
b. | only a alleles |
c. | both a and A alleles, in equal frequencies |
d. | both a and A alleles, but mostly A alleles |
a. | 100% aa individuals | c. | 100% AA individuals |
b. | 100% Aa individuals | d. | 3:1 yellow to green individuals |
REF: Mendelian Genetics | Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Applying
29. Mendel crossed true-breeding plants bearing yellow seeds with true-breeding plants bearing green seeds. He then crossed the offspring from that mating with each other (F1 generation). What was the genotypic ratio among the offspring of the F1 generation?
a. | all Aa or aA |
b. | 25% aa, 50% Aa/aA, and 25% AA |
c. | all AA or aa |
d. | 33.3% aa, 33.3% Aa/aA, and 33.3% AA |
a. | all yellow |
b. | three-fourths yellow and one-fourth green |
c. | one-half green and one-half yellow |
d. | three-fourths green and one-fourth yellow |
REF: Mendelian Genetics | Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Applying
31. Why is the understanding of molecular genetics an important set of scientific discoveries?
a. | The discovery of the structure and other properties of DNA requires us to throw out Mendel’s observations. |
b. | Without understanding molecular genetics it would be impossible to discover the dominant or recessive properties of common genes. |
c. | We can now describe the processes underlying Mendel’s observations in ways that explain evolution more fully, and understand disease and physiology much more precisely. |
d. | We now understand the origin, or genesis, of molecules. |
a. | variation. | c. | DNA. |
b. | a new somatic cell. | d. | linked chromosomes. |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: C. Explain why genes affecting different traits are sometimes linked.
MSC: Understanding
33. What is the probability that an Aa individual will produce a gamete with an A allele?
a. | 100% | c. | 50% |
b. | 75% | d. | 25% |
a. | The allele for tall is recessive. |
b. | The allele for tall is dominant. |
c. | The alleles for tall and short are codominant. |
d. | The allele for short is dominant. |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Understanding
35. Mendel crossed AABB with aabb individuals, where B smooth, b wrinkled, A yellow, and a green. What was the genotypic ratio of the F1 generation?
a. | all AAbb | c. | all AaBb |
b. | one-half AAbb and one-half aaBB | d. | all AABB |
a. | one-half AA and one-half aa | c. | one-half AA and one-half Aa |
b. | one-half Aa and one-half aa | d. | all AA |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Understanding
37. Under which circumstance does Mendel’s principle of independent assortment hold?
a. | only when traits are tightly linked (close together) on the same chromosome |
b. | only when traits are on different chromosomes |
c. | only when there is crossing over |
d. | only when the traits are not influenced by selection |
a. | If a parent has the genotype Aa for one gene and aB for another gene, the a allele is more likely to be passed on because it corresponds to a dominant allele on another gene. |
b. | Dominant alleles in different loci are organized to enhance their likelihood of being passed on, a process called codominance. |
c. | Dominant alleles act independently of recessive alleles. |
d. | With the exception of genes on the same chromosome, the probability of transmission of a gene is unrelated to the transmission of other alleles on different genes. |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: C. Explain why genes affecting different traits are sometimes linked.
MSC: Understanding
39. Which of the following is true of chromosomes?
a. | Hereditary material is contained in the chromosomes. |
b. | Chromosomes come in sets of three. |
c. | Two chromosomes from each homologous pair are normally passed on to daughter cells during meiosis. |
d. | One chromosome from each homologous pair is passed on to daughter cells during mitosis. |
a. | AB and ab gametes | c. | all AB gametes |
b. | AB, ab, Ab, and aB gametes | d. | Ab and aB gametes |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Analyzing
41. Which of the following is true of crossing over?
a. | It can occur between loci on nonhomologous chromosomes. |
b. | It can occur between alleles for a given gene on the same chromosome. |
c. | It increases genetic variation. |
d. | It decreases genetic variation. |
a. | They may exhibit a high degree of linkage. |
b. | They are not subject to crossing over. |
c. | Only one of them will be expressed. |
d. | The alleles at those loci are more likely to swap positions. |
REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: C. Explain why genes affecting different traits are sometimes linked.
MSC: Applying
43. Which of the following is true of molecular genetics?
a. | It links biology to geophysics. |
b. | It has explained the way the solar system works. |
c. | It has demonstrated that humans descended from chimpanzees. |
d. | It provides data for reconstructing the evolutionary history of species. |
a. | Humans and chimpanzees share a more recent common ancestor than either shares with gorillas. |
b. | The last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans were gorillas. |
c. | Humans left Asia about 1 million years ago. |
d. | Humans left Asia and went to Africa. |
OBJ: D. Explain how the properties of DNA are consistent with the role of genes in inheritance.
MSC: Understanding
45. Which of the following is true of the structure of DNA?
a. | It is a series of intertwining chromosomes. |
b. | It is a double-stranded molecule, consisting of sequences of two distinct bases. |
c. | It is a series of bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. |
d. | It is a sequence of genetic data made up of numerous chromosomes. |
a. | DNA has a nonrepeating four-base structure. |
b. | DNA is contained in chromosomes. |
c. | DNA stands for “determining nuclear acid.” |
d. | DNA does not tell us why heredity leads to the patterns Mendel described in pea plants. |
OBJ: D. Explain how the properties of DNA are consistent with the role of genes in inheritance.
MSC: Remembering
47. Which of the following occurs when DNA is replicated?
a. | The two strands of the parent DNA are separated and then recombined before being passed on to the daughter cell. |
b. | The two strands of the parent DNA are separated, and two daughter DNA strands are formed. |
c. | Each of the two strands of parent DNA is reordered through the process of linkage, adding significant variation to the daughter cells. |
d. | One strand of the parent DNA is preserved; the other is destroyed. |
a. | It is on the decline. |
b. | It is caused by the change in two amino acids that make up the hemoglobin molecule. |
c. | It results when hemoglobin molecules do not fold correctly, reducing their ability to bind to oxygen. |
d. | It increases an individual’s susceptibility to malaria. |
OBJ: E. Describe how genes control the structure of proteins and influence the properties of organisms. MSC: Applying
49. Which of the following makes a prokaryote different from a eukaryote?
a. | A prokaryote does not have DNA. |
b. | A prokaryote has many chromosomes. |
c. | A prokaryote has many introns and exons. |
d. | A prokaryote does not have a nucleus. |
a. | the same DNA sequence to code for more than one protein |
b. | prokaryote exons to be included in the genome of eukaryotes |
c. | only certain sections of DNA to be copied |
d. | a maximum of four exons to be attached to mRNA |
OBJ: E. Describe how genes control the structure of proteins and influence the properties of organisms. MSC: Applying
51. Some biologists hypothesize that introns are maintained in eukaryotes because their population sizes are much smaller than in prokaryotes. ________ is the random, nonadaptive evolutionary process that explains this phenomenon.
a. | Genetic drift | c. | Natural selection |
b. | Protein synthesis | d. | Transcription |
a. | TGG; UCC | c. | GGT; CCA |
b. | GTG; CAC | d. | UGG; ACC |
OBJ: D. Explain how the properties of DNA are consistent with the role of genes in inheritance.
MSC: Applying
53. Which of the following is true of DNA transcription/translation?
a. | Each codon corresponds to a different amino acid. |
b. | A DNA sequence codes for a protein. |
c. | A protein consists of a series of codons. |
d. | DNA is translated in mitosis, but transcribed in mitosis. |
a. | many mutations have no effect on phenotype. |
b. | every mutation has some effect on phenotype. |
c. | each tRNA molecule contains two extra amino acids. |
d. | each tRNA molecule contains two extra codons. |
OBJ: E. Describe how genes control the structure of proteins and influence the properties of organisms. MSC: Understanding
55. Which of the following sequences is accurate for transcription and translation?
a. | DNA tRNA mRNA protein | c. | protein tRNA DNA |
b. | DNA mRNA protein | d. | protein tRNA DNA |
a. | organelles. | c. | introns. |
b. | proteins. | d. | synthetases. |
OBJ: E. Describe how genes control the structure of proteins and influence the properties of organisms. MSC: Remembering
57. The effect of both repressors and activators on a regulatory sequence allows for ________ of gene expression.
a. | translation | c. | a biochemical pathway |
b. | combinatorial control | d. | primary structure |
a. | splitosomes | c. | spliceosomes |
b. | ribosomes | d. | Golgi bodies |
OBJ: F. Explain how gene regulation allows the same genes to control the development and function of many different parts of the body. MSC: Remembering
59. ________ binds to complementary mRNA molecules and regulates the translation of mRNA into proteins.
a. | Transfer RNA | c. | MicroRNA |
b. | Noncoding DNA | d. | Mitochondrial RNA |
a. | 50% | c. | 75% |
b. | 25% | d. | 5% |
OBJ: F. Explain how gene regulation allows the same genes to control the development and function of many different parts of the body. MSC: Remembering
61. How do enzymes control the chemical composition of cells?
a. | by determining which genes are passed on to each cell during mitosis |
b. | by catalyzing some chemical reactions but not others within a cell |
c. | by catalyzing all of the chemical reactions in a cell so that the cell grows larger and can divide |
d. | by determining which amino acids survive within a cell and, thus, which proteins can be produced |
DIF: Moderate
REF: Mendelian Genetics | Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Applying
2. Imagine a cross between two AaBb individuals, where A yellow, a green, B smooth, and b wrinkled. What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio among the offspring?
DIF: Moderate REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: C. Explain why genes affecting different traits are sometimes linked.
MSC: Applying
3. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Include in your discussion for each process (a) the number of daughter cells produced and (b) the number of chromosomes each new cell contains. What are recombination and crossing over, and why are they important in the study of evolution?
DIF: Moderate REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Understanding
4. Consider a homologous pair of chromosomes with the genotype Aa at one locus and the genotype Bb at another locus. After undergoing meiosis, what are all the possible genotypes of the gametes produced?
DIF: Difficult REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: C. Explain why genes affecting different traits are sometimes linked.
MSC: Analyzing
5. Explain the life cycle of diploid organisms in terms of meiosis and mitosis.
DIF: Moderate REF: Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Applying
6. The following terms would appear in any summary of the key steps in the process of genes coding for proteins, and the basic function of those proteins, in living organisms:
catalyzing
chromosomes
DNA molecule
enzyme
gene
mRNA
protein
protein structure
structure
transcription
variation in DNA sequence
Write such a description in 200 words or less.
DIF: Difficult REF: Molecular Genetics
OBJ: E. Describe how genes control the structure of proteins and influence the properties of organisms. MSC: Analyzing
7. How does a sequence of DNA produce a protein through transcription and translation?
DIF: Moderate REF: Molecular Genetics
OBJ: D. Explain how the properties of DNA are consistent with the role of genes in inheritance.
MSC: Applying
8. What is the role of regulatory genes? What is meant by the combinational control of gene expression? Illustrate your answer with an example.
DIF: Difficult REF: Molecular Genetics
OBJ: D. Explain how the properties of DNA are consistent with the role of genes in inheritance.
MSC: Understanding
9. How does alternative splicing allow the same DNA sequence to code for more than one protein? Why is alternative splicing important in eukaryotes?
DIF: Difficult REF: Molecular Genetics
OBJ: D. Explain how the properties of DNA are consistent with the role of genes in inheritance.
MSC: Analyzing
10. True-bred tall pea plants with violet flowers are crossed with short plants with white flowers. Assume the trait for tall plants (T ) is dominant and short plants (t) is recessive. Also assume the trait for violet flowers (V ) is dominant and white flowers (v) is recessive.
1. What are the genotypes of the F1 plants?
2. What are the genotypes of the gametes for the F1 plants?
3. What are the phenotypes and phenotypic ratios of the F2 generation and why?
DIF: Moderate
REF: Mendelian Genetics | Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance
OBJ: A. Describe how experiments by Gregor Mendel revealed the logic of inheritance.
MSC: Analyzing
11. The products of a gene’s transcription and translation determine aspects of the physiology, behavior, and morphology of living organisms. How does variation in genes relate to variation in the characteristics of the organisms?
DIF: Difficult REF: Molecular Genetics
OBJ: E. Describe how genes control the structure of proteins and influence the properties of organisms. MSC: Analyzing