Ch4 Speciation And Phylogeny Test Bank Answers

a.

the formation of new species

b.

the extinction of a species

c.

evolutionary change within a species

d.

the death of individuals

a.

the formation of new species

b.

the death of individuals

c.

evolutionary change within a species

d.

the extinction of a species

a.

Biologists argue over how to incorporate behavior into species’ definitions.

b.

New species usually emerge too quickly to be observed by biologists.

c.

Biologists are not in full agreement on the processes that give rise to new species.

d.

Biologists have not figured out how to use DNA data to determine species’ statuses.

a.

Monogamy

c.

Reproductive isolation

b.

Gene flow

d.

Microevolution

a.

share a very similar morphology.

b.

share the same geographical and environmental circumstances.

c.

interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other like groups.

d.

share genetic information.

a.

genetic drift within populations.

b.

gene flow between populations.

c.

the importance of mutations.

d.

that the amount of genetic information that is exchanged within a population rarely changes.

a.

New mutations are usually maladaptive.

b.

Environments change slowly.

c.

Gene flow keeps individuals similar to each other.

d.

Natural selection is a powerful process.

a.

cannot be maintained without good geographical separation.

b.

are very flexible, so closely related species are easily confused.

c.

are maintained by genetic drift.

d.

are maintained by selection, even if they overlap in geography.

a.

the importance of allopatric barriers between species

b.

the importance of gene flow within species

c.

the importance of sympatry within species

d.

the importance of selection pressures

a.

Individuals in the same environment experience similar natural selection pressures.

b.

Lack of gene flow prevents the mixing of genes.

c.

Individuals in the same population share DNA.

d.

Individuals in the same environment sometimes experience different selection pressures.

a.

species can be maintained through the biological species concept.

b.

species can be maintained through the ecological species concept.

c.

macroevolution is a stronger force than microevolution.

d.

microevolution is a stronger force than macroevolution.

a.

neither the biological nor the ecological species concept applies to all situations.

b.

multiple genes influence beak size.

c.

these three species should be classified as a single species.

d.

the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) has the optimal beak size.

a.

It can occur because of changes in courtship behavior.

b.

It requires long-term geographical separation.

c.

It is enhanced by high rates of gene flow.

d.

It only occurs on islands.

a.

gene flow is maintained between two subgroups of a mother population.

b.

two morphologically different subgroups of a species share the same habitat.

c.

gene flow prevents genetic variants from being exchanged between subgroups.

d.

a subgroup is physically isolated from the mother population and gene flow can no longer occur.

a.

recolonization without reproductive isolation.

b.

gene flow.

c.

genetic drift.

d.

sharing a habitat.

a.

microevolution and asexual reproduction

b.

reinforcement and character displacement

c.

blending and macroevolution

d.

phylogeny and disequilibrium

a.

experience different mutations.

b.

living in the same location experience different selection pressures.

c.

form fertile hybrids.

d.

are physically separated from each other.

a.

natural selection favoring different adaptations within a similar environment and within a population

b.

natural selection favoring adaptations to a similar environment by geographically separated groups

c.

a mother population divided into two physically separated populations, and adapting to distinct environments

d.

a small subset of the population becoming isolated, followed by random genetic drift

a.

A large lake is divided into two smaller lakes by a geological process, dividing a single species of fish into two different groups.

b.

All of the “parent” species of a new species go extinct, reducing gene flow between populations.

c.

There are two distinct possible feeding strategies within a given population, causing the rise of two species living in the same geographic area.

d.

A mutation changes the mating ritual followed by a subset of individuals in a population, and they end up forming an all-new species.

a.

Hybrids scare the nonhybrids because of their uncanny appearance, and therefore rarely mate.

b.

Hybrids usually move out of the region and thereafter undergo allopatric, not sympatric, evolution.

c.

Sympatrically evolving species can’t mate with each other and therefore can’t produce hybrids.

d.

Hybrids may have reduced ability to produce offspring and may be less able to compete with nonhybrids for food or other resources.

a.

Allopatric

c.

Parapatric

b.

Sympatric

d.

Peripatric

a.

selection causes a single species to develop different adaptations to a similar environment.

b.

a population is divided into two reproductively isolated subgroups that form separate species.

c.

a single species experiences a gradient of environmental differences within its geographic range, which result in partial genetic isolation.

d.

a formerly isolated subpopulation recolonizes its home range and mates with the remaining individuals.

a.

non-Darwinian

c.

sympatric

b.

parapatric

d.

allopatric

a.

It provides evidence for allopatric speciation.

b.

It sometimes contains individuals that are less fit than those outside of hybrid zones.

c.

It sometimes contains adaptive radiations.

d.

It provides evidence for the ecological species concept.

a.

a mutation caused by solar radiation produces adaptations.

b.

a population expands across a uniform habitat.

c.

multiple new species are produced because subpopulations adapt to new environments.

d.

a species loses adaptations through mutation.

a.

macroevolution.

c.

taxonomy.

b.

microevolution.

d.

systematics.

a.

reinforcement.

c.

phylogeny.

b.

hybrid zones.

d.

adaptive radiation.

a.

It reflects developmental stages.

b.

It can only be used for closely related species.

c.

It reflects the evolutionary history of living species.

d.

It does not help us understand evolutionary events.

a.

share a recent common ancestor.

b.

have converged on some functional characteristic, such as flight.

c.

live in close proximity to one another.

d.

live in similar environments all over the world.

a.

morphological traits.

b.

traits related to making a living or choosing mates.

c.

features of their genome.

d.

traits related to their life histories.

a.

systematics

c.

macroevolution

b.

taphonomy

d.

character displacement

a.

systematics.

c.

macroevolution.

b.

taxonomies.

d.

character displacement.

a.

not take phylogeny into account.

b.

only compare behavioral features.

c.

only use independently evolved features.

d.

compare absolutely everything about two taxa.

a.

A and B are more closely related to each other than to C.

b.

A and C are more closely related to each other than to B.

c.

C and B are more closely related to each other than to A.

d.

A, B and C most likely emerged at the same time from the common ancestor.

a.

characterize the last common ancestor that a particular collection of species share.

b.

evolved after the last common ancestor that a particular collection of species share.

c.

are less suited to the environment than derived characters.

d.

are less specialized than derived characters.

a.

characterize the last common ancestor that a particular collection of species share.

b.

evolved after the last common ancestor that a particular collection of species share.

c.

are less suited to the environment than ancestral characters.

d.

are more complicated than ancestral characters.

Species

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

A

G

T

C

A

G

T

C

A

G

A

B

G

A

C

T

G

T

G

A

C

T

C

G

T

C

A

C

A

G

A

G

A

a.

Species A and C are most closely related.

b.

Species A and B are most closely related.

c.

Species B and C are most closely related.

d.

All three species are equally related.

a.

similar DNA.

b.

similar selection pressures acting on unrelated species.

c.

common ancestry.

d.

similar mutations.

a.

convergent evolution.

b.

similar selection pressures acting on unrelated species.

c.

common ancestry.

d.

similar environments in different parts of the world.

a.

ancestral.

c.

convergent.

b.

derived.

d.

a mutation.

a.

found in the common ancestor of the group, but is lost in both of the descendant species.

b.

replaced by derived characters at the point of the split of the last common ancestor into two new species.

c.

found in the last common ancestor of the pair, and may be present in one, both, or neither of the species.

d.

found in the last common ancestor of the pair and at least one of the species.

a.

analogous

c.

homologous

b.

derived

d.

convergent

a.

gene flow.

c.

systematics.

b.

ancestry.

d.

convergent evolution.

a.

many fossil species retain only derived traits.

b.

derived traits are under greater genetic control than are analogous and homologous traits.

c.

all organisms have homologous traits.

d.

analogous and homologous traits do not tell us anything about close phylogenetic relationships.

a.

gorillas

c.

chimpanzees

b.

orangutans

d.

bonobos

a.

They believe that most changes in DNA sequences produce clocklike change because they are controlled by drift and mutation.

b.

They think the molecular clock is a result of natural selection.

c.

They believe an organism’s ability to track time is genetically encoded.

d.

They use only derived traits in their analysis.

a.

only morphological similarity to classify organisms.

b.

only descent to classify organisms.

c.

both similarity and descent to classify organisms.

d.

neither similarity nor descent to classify organisms.

a.

only morphological similarity to classify organisms.

b.

only descent to classify organisms.

c.

both similarity and descent to classify organisms.

d.

neither similarity nor descent to classify organisms.

a.

families; genera

c.

genera; families

b.

genera; subspecies

d.

families; subspecies

a.

Pan; Hominidae

c.

Hominoidae; Pongidae

b.

Pongidae; Hominidae

d.

Hominoidae; Pan

a.

how many times an adaptation is found in the collection of species that make up a genus.

b.

evolutionary relationships between species that do not share a common ancestor.

c.

how many times a trait evolved, rather than how many species a trait is found in.

d.

whether a given species should be classified in a particular genus.

a.

geographical distance between two genetically similar populations.

b.

geographical distance between two genetically distinct populations.

c.

distance an organism must go to find a mate that is genetically distinct from itself.

d.

computed dissimilarity between two homologous genetic sequences.

a.

we can’t distinguish, genetically, between orangutans and the other great apes.

b.

gorillas, humans, and chimpanzees are all the same distance, genetically, from orangutans.

c.

humans evolved much faster than gorillas or chimpanzees.

d.

humans and gorillas are more closely related to orangutans than are chimps.