Full Test Bank Chapter.12 Young Adulthood Quiz 1

Name____________________________________

Chapter 12—Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development—Quick Quiz 1

1. After graduating from high school, Tyrone and several of his classmates attended the local community college. Going to college immediately following high school is best considered to be an example of a(n):

a. normative event

b. idiosyncratic event

c. biological-clock-driven event

d. cross-cultural event

2. How well a person adapts to environmental demands is most important to the concept captured by which of the following terms?

a. chronological age

b. social age

c. psychological age

d. biological age

3. According to the text, all of the following reach their peak during young adulthood EXCEPT:

a. vitality

b. strength

c. endurance

d. visual acuity

4. Beginning at about age 38, most women find that:

a. their ovaries release fewer ova and with greater irregularity

b. they begin to enter menopause

c. they experience a “second menarche”

d. their ovaries develop a new supply of ova

5. Sexual orientation is best thought of as being:

a. “either-or,” that is, a person has either a same-sex or an opposite-sex orientation

b. the result of biological causes

c. the result of social and psychological causes

d. a continuum, with individuals varying in the degree to which they have same-sex and opposite-sex preferences

6. According to Piaget, at which of the following ages do individuals typically reach the stage of formal operations, and thereby substantially complete their cognitive development?

a. at age 12

b. at age 25

c. at age 55

d. at age 75

7. As Shelly gets older, she is better able to work productively with people she doesn’t like or doesn’t respect. This ability is most central to which of the following concepts?

a. formal operations

b. emotional intelligence

c. postformal thought

d. dialectical thought

8. At this stage in his life, Martin is busy with providing money for his family, with working on his relationship with his wife, and with helping his parents adjust to the processes of aging. According to Havighurst’s model, which stage of development is Martin most likely in?

a. middle age

b. early adulthood

c. older adulthood

d. adolescence

9. Jack is 60 years old, has never married, and consequently feels like he “missed out” on the most important thing in life—to fall in love and be in love with another person. According to Erikson’s view of adult development, Jack is experiencing a sense of:

a. existential loneliness

b. isolation

c. mistrust of emotions

d. stagnation

10. According to Levinson’s original research, women were less likely to have mentors for their career because:

a. they have difficulty in listening to how another person believes they should live their lives

b. they believe that they must achieve career success unaided

c. they choose careers where mentoring is not necessary

d. there are few female mentors available

Name____________________________________

Chapter 12—Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development—Quick Quiz 2

1. Researchers use which of the following terms to express how we know when certain events in our life “should” occur?

a. age clocks

b. life change units

c. normative transitions

d. initiation rites

2. Although Mary is only 17 years old, she is married, has a child, holds a complex job, and provides the majority of her family’s income. To describe Mary as being “like a 30-year-old” would emphasize which of the following concepts?

a. social age

b. biological age

c. chronological age

d. postformal age

3. Which of the following is the leading cause of death in young adulthood?

a. murder

b. accidents

c. cancer

d. suicide

4. At present, there is no cure for which of the following diseases?

a. herpes

b. syphilis

c. gonorrhea

d. chlamydia

5. Suppose you survey a population of U. S. married adults about their sexual activity. You should expect that couples in which of the following age groups will report having sex most frequently?

a. couples in their 20s and 30s

b. couples in their 40s and 50s

c. couples in their 60s and 70s, after the children have left home

d. None of the couples reported having sex more frequently, since sexual frequency is unrelated to age.

6. Which of the following is the term that describes thought that seeks to integrate opposing or conflicting ideas and observations?

a. normative thought

b. dialectical thought

c. preformal thought

d. postformal thought

7. David has been a defense lawyer for 15 years. Now in his early 40s, he has volunteered his services to battered women in the community. According to Schaie, David’s application of his cognitive skills reflects what stage of adult thinking?

a. acquisition

b. achieving

c. reintegrating

d. social responsibility

8. According to Havighurst, selecting a mate and rearing children are tasks of:

a. late adulthood

b. later maturity

c. middle age

d. early adulthood

9. According to the view of Daniel Levinson, the life structure develops out of which of the following processes?

a. taking on and resolving the tasks of life

b. growing older physically and mentally

c. forming an intimate relationship with a person who loves you

d. raising children and helping them become successful adults

10. Jonathon tells his best friend: “I’m going to accept a job offer from a start-up technology company, but if that doesn’t work out, I’m sure my parents will bail me out and I can always join the family business.” Generalizing from Gould’s theory, if Jonathon is typical for people his age, he is most likely about:

a. age 18

b. age 25

c. age 36

d. age 48

Quick Quiz Answers

Quick Quiz 12.1

1. a; Chapter Introduction

2. c; 12.1.1

3. d; 12.2.1

4. a; 12.3.1

5. d; 12.4.1

6. a; 12.5

7. b; 12.5.3

8. a; 12.6.2

9. b; 12.6.2

10. d; 12.6.3

Quick Quiz 12.2

1. a; 12.1.1

2. a; 12.1.1

3. b; 12.2.2

4. a; 12.3.2

5. a; 12.3.3

6. b; 12.5.1

7. d; 12.5.4

8. d; 12.6.3

9. a; 12.6.3

10. b; 12.6.5

Chapter 12

Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Learning Objectives

12.1: Compare measurements of adult development

12.2: Relate personal health to the experience of adulthood

12.3: Summarize trends in the sexual experiences of adulthood

12.4: Contextualize the development and experience of diverse sexualities

12.5: Apply developmental paradigms to adult cognitive thought

12.6: Analyze developmental frameworks of adult development

Multiple Choice questions:

Perspectives on Adult Development

Learning Objective 12.1: Compare measurements of adult development

12.1. In comparison with earlier stages of development, the stage of adulthood is _____ predictable and _____ variable.

a. more; more

b. less; less

c. more; less

d. less; more

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.2. The periods of early childhood are defined for the most part by _____________, whereas the period of early adulthood is defined for the most part by ___________.

a. social milestones such as learning to love parents; physical milestones such as menopause

b. physical milestones such as learning to walk; social milestones such as getting married

c. chronological age; biological age

d. biological age; chronological age

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, the events marking the major transitions from one stage to the next within adulthood are less closely tied to chronological age or specific biological events, such as the rapid brain maturation that occurs in infancy or the maturation of sexual functions in adolescence. Rather, the major markers within adulthood are more closely linked to personal, social, and cultural forces or events—such as getting married, starting a job or career, or having a child.

12.3. Events that occur at relatively specific times in the lifespan and which most people in an age cohort experience are referred to by which of the following terms?

a. idiosyncratic events

b. normative events

c. biological-clock-driven events

d. age clocks

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Normative events refer to the events and the transitions that surround them, that occur at relatively specific times in the lifespan, which most people in an age cohort experience, such as marriage and retirement.

12.4. After graduating from high school, Tyrone and several of his classmates attended the local community college. Going to college immediately following high school is best considered to be an example of a(n):

a. normative event

b. idiosyncratic event

c. biological-clock-driven event

d. cross-cultural event

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Normative events refer to the events and the transitions that surround them, that occur at relatively specific times in the lifespan, which most people in an age cohort experience, such as marriage and retirement.

12.5. Events that happen at any time without warning and create considerable stress in a person’s

life are called:

a. contextual

b. normative

c. idiosyncratic

d. dialectic

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Idiosyncratic events are those events in the lifespan that are unanticipated, such as the death of a spouse, that typically cause considerable stress and readjustment of a person’s life, both personally and socially.

12.6. Following graduation from college, Mark and Lisa got engaged and began looking for jobs in the same city. Their situation is typical for the majority of people in their age cohort, so it is called a(n):

a. normative transition

b. idiosyncratic transition

c. anticipated transition

d. cultural transition

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Normative transitions are those that occur at relatively specific times in the lifespan, which most people in an age cohort experience, such as marriage and retirement.

12.7. Bernice has recently experienced the sudden and unexpected death of her husband and has lost her job after working at the company for 10 years. Since both of these events were unanticipated, they would best be considered to be:

a. cohort events

b. normative events

c. idiosyncratic events

d. counter-cultural events

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Idiosyncratic events are those events in the lifespan that are unanticipated, such as the death of a spouse, that typically cause considerable stress and readjustment of a person’s life both personally and socially.

12.8. According to the text, which of the following types of events typically cause the most stress?

a. events that can be anticipated well in advance

b. normative events

c. idiosyncratic events

d. age-clock events

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, there are typically clear expectations for how normative events should be dealt with so they usually are associated with minimal stress. Because idiosyncratic events usually are not anticipated and often are not emotionally shared with others, they can create considerable stress.

12.9. According to the text, which of the following spans of years fits within the developmental stage called “middle adulthood” ?

a. 80s and up

b. 60s and 70s

c. 40s and 50s

d. 30s and 40s

Module: 12.1: Perspectives on Adult Development

Learning Objective 12.1

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: As the text notes, it conventionally divides the adult years in such a way that the 40s and 50s are considered the middle adulthood years.

12.10. Researchers use which of the following terms to express how we know when certain events in our life "should" occur?

a. age clocks

b. life change units

c. normative transitions

d. initiation rites

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Age clocks refer to a form of internal timing used as a measure of adult development. Age clocks provide us with a way of knowing that we are progressing too slowly or too quickly in terms of key social events that occur during adulthood.

12.11. Donna is upset because she has returned to college in her late 30s. She feels so “old” and out of step compared to the other students, who nearly all are in their late teens and early twenties. Donna’s feeling best reflect the issues surrounding the concept of:

a. idiosyncratic events

b. intimacy

c. postformal thought

d. age clocks

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Age clocks let us know when certain events in our life should occur, relative to standards typical in our culture. If important life events happen earlier or later than expected, individuals may experience distress and less peer support than when such developments are accomplished according to a more typical schedule.

12.12. Today, about ___ of the female population will live to be 80 years old or older; in 1900 that percentage was about ___.

a. 50%; 30%

b. 50%; 14%

c. 80%; 50%

d. 80%; 40%

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.13. According to the text, age clocks today, when compared to age clocks 50 years ago, have become:

a. much longer

b. much faster

c. more relevant

d. more blurred

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Partly because more people are living longer, and partly because our society is becoming more flexible with respect to the roles and opportunities available to both women and men, the lines that traditionally have separated the stages of adulthood are becoming more blurred.

12.14. Juanita is celebrating her 30th birthday. The fact that she has lived 30 years best reflects the concept of:

a. biological age

b. social age

c. chronological age

d. psychological age

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The concept of chronological age refers to how many years and months have elapsed since birth.

12.15. Two of Dr. Brown’s patients are in identical health, both having heart disease, diabetes, and limited physical abilities. However, one of these patients is 86 years old and the other is 56 years old. This example best points out what is meant by the term:

a. social age

b. chronological age

c. psychological age

d. biological age

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Biological age refers to an individual’s position with regard to his or her expected lifespan.

12.16. Lonnie and his friend Jake are both 40 years old, but Lonnie is much more successfully settled in his life. Lonnie is married, is raising a family, and has a job he enjoys; Jake is still dating, has held several jobs that he doesn’t like, and he is just “unhappy” with his life. This example emphasizes the idea of:

a. chronological age

b. psychological age

c. biological age

d. living in an ageless society

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Psychological age refers to an individual’s current ability to cope with and adapt to social and environmental demands; it includes subjective dimensions like feelings, attitudes, and motives.

12.17. According to the text, a person's age as measured by the additional number of years she is expected to live is called her:

a. chronological age

b. social age

c. psychological age

d. biological age

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.18. How well a person adapts to environmental demands is most important to the concept captured by which of the following terms?

a. chronological age

b. social age

c. psychological age

d. biological age

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Psychological age is defined as an individual’s current ability to cope with and adapt to social and environmental demands.

12.19. Ernest, a 50-year-old man, bar hops every night in search of one-night stands—a behavior more commonly associated with much younger men in their 20s. To say that Ernest acts like a man who is 25 emphasizes the concept of:

a. chronological age

b. biological age

c. social age

d. psychological age

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: Social age refers to an individual’s current status as compared with cultural norms. Saying that Ernest acts like he is 25 emphasizes how he acts in relation to cultural norms.

12.20. Although Mary is only 17 years old, she is married, has a child, holds a complex job, and provides the majority of her family’s income. To describe Mary as being “like a 30-year-old” would emphasize which of the following concepts?

a. social age

b. biological age

c. chronological age

d. postformal age

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Social age refers to an individual’s current status as compared with cultural norms. Saying that Mary acts like she is 30 emphasizes how she acts in relation to cultural norms.

12.21. Dr. Abrams emphasizes to students in her Developmental Psychology class that they must consider multiple interacting forces when trying to understand human development. She is reflecting the central focus of which of the following?

a. psychodynamic theory

b. contextual paradigms

c. normative evens

d. idiosyncratic events

Module: 12.1.2: Contextual Paradigms

Learning Objective 12.1

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: Contextual paradigms refer to theories that emphasize the interaction of numerous environmental, social, psychological, and historical factors that influence development.

12.22. Contextual paradigms generally are most important to consider when investigating developmental changes during which of the following periods of the lifespan?

a. prenatal development

b. infancy and toddlerhood

c. middle childhood

d. middle adulthood

Module: 12.1.2: Contextual Paradigms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, at no point do contextual considerations become more important than in adult development when pathways of life begin to diverge markedly.

General Physical Development

Learning Objective 12.2: Relate personal health to the experience of adulthood

12.23. According to the text, all of the following reach their young adulthood EXCEPT:

a. vitality

b. strength

c. endurance

d. visual acuity

Module: 12.2.1: Strength and Stamina

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.24. According to the text, decline in which of the following systems is greatest between the ages of 20 and 80?

a. cardiovascular function

b. muscle strength

c. maximum breathing capacity

d. kidney function

Module: 12.2.1: Strength and Stamina

Learning Objective 12.2

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Rationale: Figure 12.1 shows that the decline in functioning between age 20 and age 80 is least for nerve condition speed, followed by kidney function, cardiovascular function, muscle strength, useful lung volume, and finally maximum breathing capacity. All of these functions are about equally high at age 20.

12.25. Which of the following people would be expected to have the greatest arm strength, leg strength, and hand strength?

a. Fred, who is 39 years old

b. Frank, who is 33 years old

c. Mark, who is 26 years old

d. Paul, who is 23 years old

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: The textbook notes that between the ages of 23 and 27, the striated (voluntary) muscles, including the biceps and triceps, achieve their maximum physical strength. Peak leg strength comes between the ages of 20 and 30, peak hand strength comes at about age 20.

12.26. Which of the following athletes would be most likely to reach peak performance during adolescence, rather than adulthood?

a. a swimmer

b. a runner

c. a tennis player

d. a golfer

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, the age at which athletes reach their peak performance varies according to the sport. Swimmers and gymnasts generally peak during adolescence, short-distance runners and tennis players usually peak in their early 20s. Golfers tend to perform best in their late 20s and on into their 30s.

12.27. Suppose that Jim wants to become a professional golfer. He should plan to achieve his best game at about what age?

a. age 16

b. age 18

c. age 24

d. age 30

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the textbook, golfers tend to perform best in their late 20s and on into their 30s.

12.28. If you and your friends identified the “five best baseball players of all time” and computed the average age at which each of them had his best season, this average age would most likely be:

a. age 19

b. age 22

c. age 25

d. age 30

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: Major league baseball players generally peak around ages 27–30, although the players with the greatest ability may peak several years after that.

21.29. Suppose that the world record winning time for the half-marathon was 1 hour 10 minutes in 1900. If the world’s fastest 65-year-olds ran a half-marathon race today, what would you expect the winning time would be?

a. 2 hours 20 minutes

b. 2 hour 0 minutes

c. 1 hour 50 minutes

d. 1 hour 10 minutes

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: In 1896 the winning time for a marathon was 2 hours 59 minutes; in 2016, the winning time for master athletes running the same distance was 3 hours 9 minutes for those in the 65 to 69 age group. By analogy, one would expect the record winning time for a half-marathon in 1900 to be roughly the same as the winning time for the fastest 65-year-old today.

12.30. Generalizing from race times reported in the text for marathon races, if the world record time for the women’s half-marathon was 1 hour 20 minutes in 1970, what would you expect the world record time for women to be today for this race?

a. 1 hour 40 minutes

b. 1 hour 20 minutes

c. 1 hour 5 minutes

d. 45 minutes

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Although women did not run in the Boston Marathon in the 1890s, the winning time for women in 1972 was 3 hours 10 minutes. In 2016, merely 44 years later, the top woman finished in 2 hours 29 minutes, lopping 41 minutes off the 1972 winning time and being .

12.31. What is the leading preventable cause of death?

a. tobacco use

b. suicides

c. accidents

d. HIV infection resulting in AIDS

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.32. For adults today, what are the top 3 leading causes of preventable death:

a. smoking, obesity, and alcohol consumption

b. smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes

c. diabetes, asthma, and drug addiction

d. obesity, smoking, and diabetes

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.33. At 31 years old, Marco died from the leading cause of death among males in his age group. What did he die from?

a. homicide

b. an accident

c. heart disease

d. HIV infection resulting in AIDS

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the textbook, the leading cause of death among adults ages 25 to 44 is accidents; the death rate due to accidents for males is about 3 times that of the rate for females.

12.34. As people move from young adult into older adulthood, the percentage who meet guidelines for participating in aerobic and muscle strengthening activities:

a. increases

b. decreases

c. remains steady

d. declines to middle adulthood and then increases into older adulthood.

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.35. Which of the following periods of the lifespan has the LOWEST death rate?

a. middle childhood

b. adolescence

c. young adulthood

d. middle adulthood

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.36. According to data reported in the text, over the past several years in the United States the death rate associated with AIDS has:

a. increased slightly

b. remained the same

c. decreased slightly

d. decreased substantially

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.37. According to data presented in the text, the peak of physiological functioning occurs at about age ____ for people who have active lifestyles and at about age _____ for people who have sedentary lifestyles.

a. 30; 30

b. 40; 20

c. 50; 18

d. 50; 30

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Figure 12.5 shows the percent of general physiological function for people age 10 to age 90. For both active and sedentary people, the peak of functioning occurs at about age 30.

12.38. Which of the following is the leading cause of death in young adulthood?

a. murder

b. accidents

c. cancer

d. suicide

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.39. According to statistics reported in the text, the rate of alcohol and drug use is highest among which of the following age groups?

a. 16–22

b. 18–25

c. 20–27

d. 24–30

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.40. What law makes it illegal to discriminate against individuals with disabilities in employment, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications?

a. Equal Pay Act

b. Social Security Act

c. Americans with Disabilities Act

d. Equal Employment Opportunity Act

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.41. While already employed, Philip develops a disability. In the language of the law, if he is otherwise qualified for his job, his employer must provide him with:

a. a “second chance”

b. a “job guarantee”

c. “reasonable accommodations”

d. a “medical waiver”

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Rationale: The Americans with Disabilities Act requires companies to make reasonable accommodations for the needs of employees with disabilities so that they can do the work for which they are trained; if that is not possible, they must be trained for comparably skilled work.

12.42. Mark is a high school biology teacher who suffered an accident and now cannot use his legs and is in a wheelchair. When he recovered and came back to work, his school moved his biology classroom from the second to the first floor, and they installed a lower lab bench so he could teach effectively in this renovated classroom. The school’s response would be considered a good example of:

a. assimilation

b. postformal response

c. reasonable accommodation

d. response

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The Americans with Disabilities Act requires companies to make reasonable accommodations for the needs of employees with disabilities so that they can do the work for which they are trained; if that is not possible, they must be trained for comparably skilled work.

Sex and Sexuality

Learning Objective 12.3: Summarize trends in the sexual experiences of adulthood

12.43. The average woman is born with approximately how many ova?

a. 10,000

b. 400,000

c. 1,000,000

d. 18,000,000

Module: 12.3.1: Fertility

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.44. Beginning at about age 38, most women find that:

a. their ovaries release fewer ova and with greater irregularity

b. they begin to enter menopause

c. they experience a “second menarche”

d. their ovaries develop a new supply of ova

Module: 12.3.1: Fertility

Learning Objective 12.3

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the text, ovulation is relatively stable between the ages of 25 and 38. After age 38, and up until menopause, however, there is a rapid decline in the number and regularity of ova released.

12.45. According to the text, peak fertility occurs for women at about age ____ and for men at about age ____.

a. 25; 15

b. 15; 25

c. 25; 25

d. 15; 15

Module: 12.3.1: Fertility

Learning Objective 12.3

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the text, peak fertility occurs for both groups during late adolescence and early adulthood.

12.46. Difficulty with conception as the result of having a sexually transmitted disease is a significant risk for all of the following EXCEPT:

a. chlamydia

b. syphilis

c. gonorrhea

d. herpes

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.47. At present, there is no cure for which of the following diseases?

a. herpes

b. syphilis

c. gonorrhea

d. chlamydia

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.48. Which disorder is most likely to cause urinary tract infection in men?

a. syphilis

b. gonorrhea

c. chlamydia

d. AIDS

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.49. Barbara is writing a research paper on sexually transmitted diseases. If she identifies the STD that is LEAST likely to be contracted by a young adult in the United States today, this disease would be which of the following?

a. AIDS

b. chlamydia

c. herpes

d. gonorrhea

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Even for high-risk groups within the United States, the likelihood of contracting HIV is about 0.1%. The rate for other sexually transmitted diseases is much higher: in the range of 5 to 15%.

12.50. In comparison with the percent of young men who used condoms during sexual intercourse in 1982, the percentage who did so in 2008:

a. decreased by 50%

b. remained about the same

c. increased slightly

d. more than tripled

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.51. Tom, who is 20 years old, asks his brother, who is 50 years old, what percentage of his friends used condoms when they had sexual intercourse when they were Tom’s age. Tom also asks his own friends about their frequency of condom use. If Tom’s friends and Tom’s brother’s friends are typical for people of their generations, you should expect that Tom’s friends are about ____ likely to use condoms during intercourse.

a. half as

b. equally

c. 1.5 times as

d. 3 times as

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: The proportion of young men who used condoms during sexual intercourse more than tripled from 1982 to 2008.

12.52. In comparison to people who became adults during the peak of the AIDS epidemic, young adults today are more likely to:

a. have unprotected sex, without the use of condoms

b. engage frequently in sexual intercourse, and at younger ages

c. avoid having testing done for STDs, including AIDS testing

d. be more cautious about their sexual activity

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.53. According to data from a study at the University of Chicago, what percentage of people reporting having more than five sexual partners in the past year claim either to be decreasing their sexual activity, going for HIV testing on a regular basis, or using condoms always?

a. 12%

b. 33%

c. 76%

d. 94%

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.54. If you were on a quiz show and were asked to estimate the percentage of U. S. adults who have had sexual intercourse before marriage, the most accurate response you could give would be:

a. 50%

b. 62%

c. 75%

d. 95%

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: According to research presented in the text, 95% of the U.S. population today has had sex before marriage.

12.55. Generalizing from research presented in the text, which of the following statements about sexual behavior by U.S. adults is FALSE?

a. About one-third of couples have sexual relations at least twice a week.

b. About one-third of couples have sexual relations a few times a year or not at all.

c. Single people have sex more often than married couples.

d. A large majority of couples are monogamous.

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the University of Chicago survey, married couples have sex more often than do single adults.

12.56. According to research described in the text, about what percent of married people in the United States today have sex at least twice a week?

a. 1%

b. 20%

c. 33%

d. 65%

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.57. Lorraine complains to her therapist that she and her husband have sex only a few times a year. Lorraine believes that this pattern of sexual activity is very unusual for married couples. If the therapist is knowledgeable about patterns of sexual intercourse, he should respond to Lorraine that in the United States today, about ____ percent of married couples report this pattern of sexual activity.

a. 50%

b. 33%

c. 8%

d. less than 1%

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the University of Chicago survey reported in the text, there are three basic patterns of sexual relations: About one-third have sex at least twice a week, one-third several times a month, and one-third a few times a year or not at all.

12.58. Suppose you administer a survey about sexual activity to married couples who are either African American, Hispanic, or white. What results should you expect, if these couples’ responses reflect population trends in the United States today?

a. African American couples will report having sex much more frequently than the other two groups.

b. Hispanic couples will report having sex much more frequently than the other two groups.

c. White couples will report having sex much more frequently than the other two groups.

d. All couples will report having sex with about the same frequency.

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According the University of Chicago survey reported in the text, there are only very minor variations across ethnic groups with regard to frequency of sex.

12.59. Suppose you survey a population of U. S. married adults about their sexual activity. You should expect that couples in which of the following age groups will report having sex most frequently?

a. couples in their 20s and 30s

b. couples in their 40s and 50s

c. couples in their 60s and 70s, after the children have left home

d. None of the couples reported having sex more frequently, since sexual frequency is unrelated to age.

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the University of Chicago survey reported in the text, the highest frequencies of sexual activity regardless of marital status were reported by people in their 20s and 30s.

12.60. Compared to the 1970s, reports of sexual satisfaction among U. S. adults today is _____ and _____ closely tied to whether or not sexual activity results in orgasm.

a. much higher; is

b. much higher; is not

c. about the same; is

d. about the same; is not

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.61. According to the most recent survey (2010) reported in the text, which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. use of condoms has increased

b. masturbation is a common sexual practice in older adulthood but is seldom practiced in adolescence or early adulthood

c. about half of 18- to 49-year-old adults engage in oral sex

d. about 7 to 8% of adults identify themselves as gay or lesbian

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.62. According to the most recent survey (2010) reported in the text, about ___% of men and % of women reported having an orgasm at the most recent sexual encounter.

a. 95%; 50%

b. 50%; 25%

c. 85%; 64%

d. 95%; 95%

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4: Contextualize the development and experience of diverse sexualities

12.63. According to the text, the term that refers to the biologically linked aspects of sexuality is:

a. gender

b. gender identity

c. gender orientation

d. sex

Module: 12.4: Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The text notes that “sex” is used to refer to one’s biological status whereas “gender” refers to the social, cultural, and psychological dimensions of sexuality.

12.64. A person who is sexually attracted to both males and females is called which of the following?

a. homosexual person

b. heterosexual person

c. bisexual person

d. hermaphrodite person

Module: 12.4: Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.65. According to the text, the most accurate answer to the question, “What causes a person to develop a same-sex orientation?” is:

a. exposure to male hormones during the prenatal period

b. overly harsh punishment during childhood

c. a set of genes that produce this behavior

d. we don’t know

Module: 12.4.1: Origins of Same-Sex Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.66. Sexual orientation is best thought of as being:

a. “either-or,” that is, a person has either a same-sex or an opposite-sex orientation

b. the result of biological causes

c. the result of social and psychological causes

d. a continuum, with individuals varying in the degree to which they have same-sex and opposite-sex preferences

Module: 12.4.1: Origins of Same-Sex Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.67. Which of the following explanations about the development of same-sex orientation is LEAST likely to be supported with research?

a. There may be gene sequences that are involved in determining sexual orientation.

b. The brain structure of people with a same-sex orientation may be slightly different than those with opposite-sex orientations.

c. Individuals make a choice about which orientation they prefer, often in late childhood or early adolescence.

d. Male hormones that circulate during the prenatal period may influence brain development toward, or away from, a structure that is consistent with same-sex or opposite-sex orientation.

Module: 12.4.1: Origins of Same-Sex Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: The text states that “the consensus view is that homosexuality is much more complex than simply making a choice about which sexual orientation one prefers.”  The other explanations listed as answer choices are all suggested as possible explanations for same-sex orientation.

12.68. Of the seven young boys whose penises were surgically removed (due to accident of malformation) and who were raised as girls, how many developed a sexual preference for males?

a. 0

b. 1

c. 4

d. all 7

Module: 12.4.1: Origins of Same-Sex Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.69. In comparison to people with heterosexual orientations, those with same-sex orientations are more likely to:

a. be a high school dropout

b. live in a large city

c. live in a rural area

d. be an only child

Module: 12.4.2: Understanding Sexual Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.70. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about how psychologists have thought about homosexuality as being a mental disorder?

a. Psychologists have never considered homosexuality to be a mental disorder.

b. Psychologists today consider homosexuality to be a mental disorder, and there is a classification for homosexuality in the current edition of the DSM.

c. In the early part of the 20th century, psychologists considered homosexuality to be a mental disorder, but today they no longer do.

d. Psychologists are split today, with about half considering homosexuality to be a mental disorder and about half considering homosexuality to not be a disorder but rather a lifestyle preference.

Module: 12.4.3: Homophobia

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.71. The prejudice, fear, and aversion held by individuals and directed against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals is called what?

a. homophobia

b. agoraphobia

c. xenophobia

d. heterophobia

Module: 12.4.3: Homophobia

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.72. Homophobia is best described as:

a. sexual prejudice

b. a clinical phobia

c. sexual orientation

d. homosexuality

Module: 12.4.3: Homophobia

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.73. In June of 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court’s landmark decision made it legal for:

a. homosexuality to be considered a mental disorder

b. homosexuality to be considered a physical illness, thereby qualifying for health insurance coverage

c. those found engaging in same-sex sexual encounters to be charged with a crime

d. gay couples to marry

Module: 12.4.3: Homophobia

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.74. According to a 1999 research study described in the text, what percentage of second-year medical students were found at that time to endorse the belief that homosexuality is a mental disorder?

a. 4%

b. 9%

c. 19%

d. 27%

Module: 12.4.3: Homophobia

Learning Objective 12.4

Understand the Concept

Moderate

Cognitive Development in Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.5: Apply developmental paradigms to adult cognitive thought

12.75. If Dr. Swank studies how IQ scores change across the lifespan, she would probably find that most individuals score the highest on tests of intelligence when they are at which of the following ages?

a. age 18

b. age 27

c. age 39

d. age 60

Module: 12.5: Cognitive Development in Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: IQ scores are observed to peak between the ages of 20 and 34, especially when the tests involve speed and memory in addition to more complex, context-based problem solving.

12.76. According to Piaget, at which of the following ages do individuals typically reach the stage of formal operations, and complete their cognitive development?

a. at age 12

b. at age 25

c. at age 55

d. at age 75

Module: 12.5: Cognitive Development in Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.5

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.77. According to Piaget, how would the problem-solving abilities of a 15-year-old differ from those of a 30-year-old:

a. Their problem-solving abilities would not differ substantially, although the 30-year-old might know more things.

b. The 15-year-old would be better at conservation tasks.

c. The 30-year-old would be better at conservation tasks.

d. The 30-year old would be much more likely to use hypothetical reasoning when solving scientific problems.

Module: 12.5: Cognitive Development in Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According to Piaget, although adults continue to accumulate additional facts and experiences, the logic and problem-solving skills they apply are largely the same as they used when they developed formal operational skills in adolescence.

12.78. The text reports a study conducted on students from Harvard and Radcliffe. Compared to how their thinking was characterized as seniors, when these students were freshmen, their thinking was more likely to:

a. be tolerant of many different points of view

b. reflect their self-chosen ideas and convictions

c. be dualistic, emphasizing the “either-or” aspects of thought

d. focus on understanding ambiguous answers, rather than focusing on truth and knowledge

Module: 12.5.1: Beyond Formal Operations

Learning Objective 12.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.79. Which of the following is the term that describes thought that seeks to integrate opposing or conflicting ideas and observations?

a. normative thought

b. dialectical thought

c. preformal thought

d. postformal thought

Module: 12.5.1: Beyond Formal Operations

Learning Objective 12.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.80. Brittany often engages in the kind of thought in which she argues both sides of a question, pointing out the “pros” and “cons” of the situation. Her focus on trying to integrate opposing points of view and conflicting aspects of situations comes closest to thought that is called:

a. formal operational thinking

b. postformal thought

c. normative thought

d. dialectical thought

Module: 12.5.1: Beyond Formal Operations

Learning Objective 12.5

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: As noted in the text, dialectical thought is the style of thinking that seeks to integrate opposing or conflicting ideas and observations.

12.81. Jacob explains a difficult situation by bringing together ideas that reflect the logical aspects of the problem, the emotional aspects of the problems, and his own past experiences in solving problems of this type. The term that best describes Jacob’s approach to explaining this problem is:

a. formal operational thinking

b. postformal thought

c. normative thought

d. dialectical thought

Module: 12.5.2: Postformal Thought

Learning Objective 12.5

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Postformal thinking typically involves both cognitive and emotional aspects in problem solving and often is seen when issues are framed within a social context.

12.82. If a person has developed postformal thought, this would imply that she:

a. can consider both cognitive and emotional aspects of a problem, in addition to her own experiences

b. can understand hypothetical situations and can reason through “what if” problems

c. has mastered the concepts that underlie conservation tasks

d. knows the difference between “right” and “wrong”

Module: 12.5.2: Postformal Thought

Learning Objective 12.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, postformal thinking typically involves both cognitive and emotional aspects in problem solving and often is seen when issues are framed within a social context.

12.83. As adolescents become adults, their thinking becomes more _______ and more ________.

a. complex; realistic

b. concrete; idealistic

c. precise; idealistic

d. abstract, idealistic

Module: 12.5.2: Postformal Thought

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: One way in which thinking changes as young people move into adulthood is that it becomes more reflective and complex. Another dimension of adult thought is that it is more realistic, reflecting not just what is ideal but also what is possible.

12.84. According to the work of Daniel Goleman, which of the following is the term given to those aspects of the intellect that relate to understanding others’ and one’s own emotions and emotional responses?

a. social intelligence

b. dialectical intelligence

c. emotional intelligence

d. empathetic intelligence

Module: 12.5.3: Emotional Intelligence

Learning Objective 12.5

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: As defined in the text, emotional intelligence is the term given to those aspects of the intellect that relate to understanding others’ and one’s own emotions and emotional responses.

12.85. As Shelly gets older, she is better able to work productively with people she doesn’t like or doesn’t respect. This ability is most central to which of the following concepts?

a. formal operations

b. emotional intelligence

c. postformal thought

d. dialectical thought

Module: 12.5.3: Emotional Intelligence

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Emotional intelligence is the term given to those aspects of the intellect that relate to understanding others’ and one’s own emotions and emotional responses.

12.86. As Kyle has gotten older, he has come to understand that, when two of his coworkers don’t like each other, he can sometimes smooth their disagreements so that they can work productively together. This ability is best captured by viewpoints that emphasize:

a. formal operations

b. postformal thought

c. dialectical thought

d. emotional intelligence

Module: 12.5.3: Emotional Intelligence

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Emotional intelligence is the term given to those aspects of the intellect that relate to understanding others’ and one’s own emotions and emotional responses.

12.87. Wilma is using her intellectual abilities to pursue her chosen career and to decide on a lifestyle. In which of Warner Schaie’s stages of adult thinking is she?

a. achieving period

b. social responsibility period

c. acquisitive period

d. executive period

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According to Schaie, in the achieving period we apply our intellectual, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities toward accomplishing goals and a life plan.

12.88. According to Warner Schaie, in what period do children and adolescents acquire increasingly complex structures for understanding the world through formal operational thought?

a. acquisition

b. achieving

c. social responsibility

d. reintegrating

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: The powerful tools of formal operational thinking are the key achievement of the acquisition period, according to Schaie.

12.89. Warner Schaie views childhood and adolescence as a period of cognitive development that focuses on the ________of cognitive skills.

a. acquisition

b. reintegrating

c. reorganization

d. regression

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to Schaie, during childhood and adolescence we acquire increasingly

complex structures for understanding the world. The powerful tools of formal operational thinking are the key achievement of this period, called the acquisition period.

12.90. In Schaie’s view, childhood and adolescence is to acquisitive as young adulthood is to:

a. executive

b. responsible

c. achieving

d. reintegrative

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: During childhood and adolescence we acquire increasingly complex structures for understanding the world; Schaie called this the acquisition period. In young adulthood we use our intellectual abilities to pursue a career and to choose a lifestyle; Schaie called this the achieving period.

12.91. Schaie’s stage of social responsibility typically occurs during:

a. childhood and adolescence

b. young adulthood

c. middle adulthood

d. late adulthood

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to Schaie, the stage of social responsibility occurs in middle adulthood when we use our cognitive abilities to solve problems for others in the family, in the community, and on the job.

12.92. Schaie suggests that adult intelligence is characterized by:

a. a steady decline in functioning

b. a return to concrete operational thinking

c. a substitution of postformal thought for the formal thought of adolescence

d. flexible use of the cognitive skills they already possess

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Schaie’s view emphasizes that the focus of cognitive development in adulthood is not on expanded intellectual capacity or on a change in cognitive structures. Instead, it emphasizes the flexible use of intelligence in different ways at different stages of the lifespan.

12.93. Jake studied business in college and took a summer job in an accounting firm to help him decide whether he really wanted to pursue a career in accounting. According to Schaie, Jake is in which stage of adult thinking?

a. acquisition

b. achieving

c. reintegrating

d. social responsibility

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According to Schaie, in the achieving period we apply our intellectual, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities toward accomplishing goals and a life plan.

12.94. Warner Schaie’s social responsibility period for cognitive skills is typically characterized by:

a. seeking objectively correct answers in problem-solving situations

b. applying cognitive skills to problem solving in the family, community, and workplace

c. choosing personal solutions that become integrated into a life plan

d. reintegrating life experiences so as to see life and its purpose as a whole

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: According to Schaie, the stage of social responsibility occurs in middle adulthood when we use our cognitive abilities to solve problems for others in the family, in the community, and on the job.

12.95. David has been a defense lawyer for 15 years. Now in his early 40s, he has volunteered his services to battered women in the community. According to Schaie, David's application of his cognitive skills reflects what stage of adult thinking?

a. acquisition

b. achieving

c. reintegrating

d. social responsibility

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According to Schaie, the stage of social responsibility occurs in middle adulthood when we use our cognitive abilities to solve problems for others in the family, in the community, and on the job.

12.96. In his 60s, Arthur joins a Bible study group to help him make sense of his life and to explore questions of purpose. According to Schaie, Arthur’s questions reflect what stage of adult cognition?

a. acquisition

b. achieving

c. reintegrating

d. social responsibility

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: The central task of the reintegration stage involves reintegrating the elements experienced earlier in life—making sense of life as a whole and exploring questions of purpose.

12.97. According to Schaie, what is the central task of late adulthood?

a. acquisition

b. achievement

c. social responsibility

d. reintegration

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: According to Schaie, in the later years, the central task is one of reintegrating the elements experienced earlier in life—making sense of life as a whole and exploring questions of purpose.

Frameworks for Understanding Adult Development

Learning Objective 12.6: Analyze developmental frameworks of adult development

12.98. Dr. Lee advanced a theory that prescribes that nearly all adults go through an ordered series of five “life conflicts” that define how adult development unfolds. This type of theory fits best into which of the following theoretical approaches?

a. a cognitive development model

b. a context model

c. a stage model

d. a postformal model

Module: 12.6.1: Stages and Contexts

Learning Objective 12.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: As noted in the text, stage models are those that specify how individuals change as they move through stages of development and emphasize the commonalities of development.

12.99. Dr. Parks suggests that every person is so unique that theory of adult development cannot capture the widely varying patterns of development that individuals undergo. Dr. Parks’s point of view fits best into which of the following theoretical approaches?

a. a stage model

b. a postformal model

c. a dialectical model

d. a context model

Module: 12.6.1: Stages and Contexts

Learning Objective 12.6

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Context models focus attention on the specific experiences that shape each individual’s life.

12.100. Which of the following theories is the best example of a context model?

a. Piaget’s view of cognitive development

b. Schaie’s view of adult development

c. Erikson’s view of psychosocial development

d. Goleman’s view of emotional intelligence

Module: 12.6.1: Stages and Contexts

Learning Objective 12.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Context models focus on the specific experiences that shape each person’s life and they view these unique circumstances as important in determining how development proceeds. Stage models emphasize the commonalities of development and specify that all (or most) individuals pass through the same ordered stages in the same sequence and at approximately the same age. Piaget’s, Schaie’s, and Erikson’s theories all emphasize this universal, ordered sequence of stages, whereas Goleman’s model instead focuses on basic tasks that contribute to emotional development. Thus, Goleman’s model is the best example of a context model.

12.101. According to Havighurst, selecting a mate and rearing children are tasks of:

a. late adulthood

b. later maturity

c. middle age

d. early adulthood

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: A table provided in the text lists the developmental tasks that occur at each stage of adulthood, according to Havighurst. According to this table, selecting a mate and rearing children are tasks of early adulthood.

12.102. According to Havighurst, which of the following is a developmental task most commonly associated with middle age?

a. taking on civic responsibility

b. adjusting to death of a spouse

c. developing leisure-time activities

d. establishing satisfactory living arrangements

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Rationale: A table provided in the text lists the developmental tasks that occur at each stage of adulthood, according to Havighurst. According to this table, developing leisure-time activities is a task of middle adulthood.

12.103. At this stage in his life, Martin is busy with providing money for his family, with working on his relationship with his wife, and with helping his parents adjust to the processes of aging. According to Havighurst’s model, which stage of development is Martin most likely in?

a. middle age

b. early adulthood

c. older adulthood

d. adolescence

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: A table provided in the text lists the developmental tasks that occur at each stage of adulthood, according to Havighurst. According to this table, establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living, relating to one’s spouse as a person, and adjusting to aging parents are tasks associated with middle adulthood.

12.104. Adjustment to changing circumstances is a task that is required throughout adulthood. However, in Havighurst’s model, adjustment to a wide variety of life circumstances is an especially important dimension of which of the following periods of the lifespan?

a. adolescence

b. early adulthood

c. middle adulthood

d. older adulthood

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: A table provided in the text lists the developmental tasks that occur at each stage of adulthood, according to Havighurst. According to this table, older adults make the most adjustments: adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health, to retirement and reduced income, and to death of spouse.

12.105. According to Erik Erikson, young adults typically experience the crisis of:

a. integrity versus despair

b. generativity versus stagnation

c. trust versus mistrust

d. intimacy versus isolation

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.106. Camilla has established a mutually satisfactory close relationship with Herb. This couple has achieved what Erik Erikson called:

a. intimacy

b. generativity

c. integrity

d. industry

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, intimacy involves establishing a mutually satisfying, close relationship with another person.

12.107. Lindsay spends a good share of time daydreaming about her ideal mate and how she plans to become a wonderful spouse to that person. According to Erikson’s view of development, her thoughts best reflect the developmental task of:

a. autonomy

b. trust

c. intimacy

d. identity

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, intimacy involves establishing a mutually satisfying, close relationship with another person.

12.108. Jack is 60 years old, has never married, and consequently feels like he “missed out” on the most important thing in life—to fall in love and be in love with another person. According to Erikson’s view of adult development, Jack is experiencing a sense of:

a. existential loneliness

b. isolation

c. mistrust of emotions

d. stagnation

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, isolation involves the inability or failure to achieve mutuality, sometimes because the individual’s identity is too weak to risk a close union with another person.

12.109. According to the text, the young adult’s development of intimacy depends most importantly on the previous development of:

a. integrity

b. trust

c. initiative

d. identity

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.110. Sally is 60 years old. Looking back at her life, she feels that she has accomplished the things that were important to her and she sees her life as being unified and whole. Using Levinson’s term, you would conclude that she has successfully developed:

a. identity

b. a life structure

c. intimacy

d. autonomy

Module: 12.6.3: Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

Learning Objective 12.6

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the text, Levinson’s term life structure refers to the overall pattern that underlies and unifies a person’s life.

12.111. According to the view of Daniel Levinson, the life structure develops out of which of the following processes?

a. taking on and resolving the tasks of life

b. growing older physically and mentally

c. forming an intimate relationship with a person who loves you

d. raising children and helping them become successful adults

Module: 12.6.3: Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Growing older, forming an intimate relationship, and raising children can be part of developing a life structure, but the formation of a life structure includes resolving all of the tasks of life, which vary somewhat from one stage in the lifespan to the next.

12.112. To achieve complete entry into adulthood, Levinson believes that the young man must master

all of the following development tasks EXCEPT:

a. finding a mentor

b. developing a career

c. establishing intimacy

d. becoming a parent

Module: 12.6.3: Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

Learning Objective 12.6

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.113. In Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life, the era of early adulthood extends from ages:

a. 17 to 33–35

b. 17 to 40–45

c. 21 to 25–30

d. 25 to 45–50

Module: 12.6.3: Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

Learning Objective 12.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.114. According to Levinson’s original research, women were less likely to have mentors for their career because:

a. they have difficulty in listening to how another person believes they should live their lives

b. they believe that they must achieve career success unaided

c. they choose careers where mentoring is not necessary

d. there are few female mentors available

Module: 12.6.3: Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: The text notes that at the time of Levinson’s original work—the 1980s—fewer accomplished female mentors were available in the workforce.

12.115. According to research on the way women progress through Levinson’s stages of the life cycle, it appears women’s transitions may depend more on _____________ than on their age.

a. their stage in the family life cycle

b. their physical attractiveness

c. the income group to which they and their family belong

d. their sexual orientation

Module: 12.6.3: Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

Learning Objective 12.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.116. Generalizing from the text, normative models of human development such as Levinson’s theory would be expected to provide the LEAST accurate explanations of women’s development and behavior during which of the following decades?

a. 1930s

b. 1950s

c. 1980s

d. 2000s

Module: 12.6.4: The Limitations of Normative Models

Learning Objective 12.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Normative models have difficulty keeping pace when cultural events are in rapid and dramatic transition. For women, the decades of the 1970s and 1980s were particularly in transition, reflecting the dramatic changes in expectations and opportunities brought on by the women’s movement. Thus, compared to the other periods noted in this question, when women’s roles were less in a state of flux, the decade of the 1980s would likely pose the greatest challenge for normative models.

12.117. The central focus of Roger Gould’s model of transformations of adulthood is:

a. career development

b. family transitions

c. love relationships

d. cognitive development

Module: 12.6.5: Gould's Transformations in Early Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.118. Jonathon tells his best friend: “I’m going to accept a job offer from a start-up technology company, but if that doesn’t work out, I’m sure my parents will bail me out and I can always join the family business.” Generalizing from Gould’s theory, if Jonathon is typical for people his age, he is most likely about:

a. age 18

b. age 25

c. age 36

d. age 48

Module: 12.6.5: Gould's Transformations in Early Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According to Gould, between the ages of 22 and 28, young adults often make a false assumption that reflects their continuing doubts about self-sufficiency: “Doing things my parents’ way, with willpower and perseverance, will bring results. But if I become too frustrated, confused, or tired, or am simply unable to cope, they will step in and show me the right way.”

12.119. Martha says, “I know who I am, I know where I’m going, and I know how to get there.” According to Gould, her view is most clearly reflective the false assumption reflected by people in which of the following age categories?

a. ages 16–18

b. ages 18–22

c. ages 22–28

d. ages 28–34

Module: 12.6.5: Gould's Transformations in Early Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.6

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: According to Gould, during the period spanning ages 28–34, the major false assumption is: “Life is simple and controllable. There are no significant coexisting contradictory forces within me.”

12.120. Although Jennifer has become a well-respected partner in her public relations firm, recently she has been having doubts that she will not be successful enough, and not accomplish enough in her career to satisfy her need to be successful. According to Gould’s view of adult development, your best guess would be that Jennifer is about how old?

a. about 24 years old

b. about 28 years old

c. about 38 years old

d. about 58 years old

Module: 12.6.5: Gould’s Transformations in Early Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According to Gould, during the period spanning ages 35–45, individuals are fully involved in the adult world, but experience time pressure and they fear that they will not accomplish all of their goals.

Changing Perspectives: History, Culture, and the Information Age

12.121. According to the text, in comparison with earlier times, the death of a child today is _____ traumatic because____________.

a. more; so many fewer children die in childhood

b. less; so many fewer children die in childhood

c. more; so many more children die in childhood

d. less; families typically have many fewer children

Module: 12.1.2: Contextual Paradigms

Learning Objective 12.1

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.122. In Germany in 1600, about ____ of children died before they reached adulthood; in the United States today this percentage is about _____.

a. 33%; 3%

b. 10%; 1%

c. 80%; 15%

d. 50%; 1%

Module: 12.1.2: Contextual Paradigms

Learning Objective 12.1

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.123. According to the work of Dinesh Sharma, the most important social change in contemporary world society is:

a. the rapid increase in the world’s population

b. the escalation of the religious conflicts in the world

c. the development of the Internet and the information age

d. the failure of the traditional religions of the world to attract new members

Module: 12.1.2: Contextual Paradigms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Dinesh Sharma, a contemporary scholar of rapid social change in India, has been studying the impact of the new technologies on the cognitive development of children, on the functioning of families, and on cultural patterns in a more general sense. Sharma suggests that we are at the cusp of a new digitally connected world, which is giving rise to a radically different interactive culture.

Current Issues: The Changing Face of HIV/AIDS

12.124. According to the text, about how many new cases of AIDS were diagnosed in the United States in 2014?

a. about 1,000

b. about 21,000

c. about 100,000

d. about 238,000

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

12.125. According to statistics presented in the text, which subgroup in the U.S. population currently has the highest rate of infection with HIV/AIDS?

a. White women

b. White men

c. African American men

d. Hispanic American women

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: The text notes that men having sex with other men are the subgroup most likely to become infected and that prevalence rates are highest among African Americans.

12.126. In which of the following regions of the world is the rate of HIV/AIDS infection currently the highest?

a. China and Southeast Asia

b. South America

c. the United States

d. Sub-Saharan Africa

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

12.127. According to the text, if you were a volunteer working with an AIDS population in Africa today, you would need to raise about how many dollars to pay for one patient’s antiretroviral therapy for a year?

a. about $10,000

b. about $3,000

c. about $100

d. about $13

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the text, a year’s supply of antiretroviral drugs can now be obtained for those infected in the third world at the cost of about $100 per patient.

Short Answer questions:

Perspectives on Adult Development

Learning Objective 12.1: Compare measurements of adult development

12.128. Explain the difference between normative and idiosyncratic events. Provide examples of each.

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.129. Define the concept of age clock and give an example for how an adult might consider different types of age clocks in determining whether or not to get married or to start a family.

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.130. Give an example of two people who are of the same chronological age but of different biological ages.

Module: 12.1.1: Age Clocks and Social Norms

Learning Objective 12.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.131. Identify the key idea that makes a contextual paradigm different from a specific theory, such as Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Module: 12.1.2: Contextual Paradigms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Difficult

General Physical Development

Learning Objective 12.2: Relate personal health to the experience of adulthood

12.132. How would you describe the physical decline that occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 for most people? When would this decline most likely be noticed?

Module: 12.2.1: Strength and Stamina

Learning Objective 12.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.133. Describe how early adulthood can be thought of as a contradictory period in terms of how healthy this period is for typical adults. In what ways are young adults healthy, and in what ways are they not healthy?

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Moderate

12.134. The text describes the race times in the marathon achieved by runners in the 1896 Olympics and today. How do the times of adults today compare to those of 100 years ago?

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Analyze It

Moderate

12.135. Identify the three leading preventable causes of death for young adults. What behavioral changes and social changes could prevent such deaths?

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Analyze It

Moderate

12.136. What are employers expected to do if they have a worker who becomes disabled?

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Moderate

Sex and Sexuality

Learning Objective 12.3: Summarize trends in the sexual experiences of adulthood

12.137. Describe how a man’s and a woman’s fertility changes between the ages of 20 and 60.

Module: 12.3.1: Fertility

Learning Objective 12.3

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.138. What steps might a 40-year-old woman take if she were no longer ovulating regularly and she wanted to become pregnant?

Module: 12.3.1: Fertility

Learning Objective 12.3

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.139. Describe two ways that the AIDS epidemic has likely affected the sexual behavior of adults in the United States today.

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Analyze It

Moderate

12.140. Describe two ways in which sexual attitudes and behaviors changed as the result of the “sexual revolution” that took place in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s.

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Evaluate It

Moderate

Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4: Contextualize the development and experience of diverse sexualities

12.141. Describe the results of the study of the seven young boys whose penises were surgically removed and raised as girls. What do the results of this study suggest about the origins of homosexuality? Is it a “choice”?

Module: 12.4.1: Origins of Same-Sex Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

12.142. Explain the difference among the terms lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered.

Module: 12.4: Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation; 12.4.3: Homophobia

Learning Objective 12.4

Analyze It

Moderate

12.143. Define the term “homophobia” and comment on whether or not homophobia is more like a phobia or more like a prejudice.

Module: 12.4.3: Homophobia

Learning Objective 12.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

12.144. What evidence exists to support the view that U.S. society is becoming more tolerant regarding sexual orientation? Cite two different arguments.

Module: 12.4.3: Homophobia

Learning Objective 12.4

Analyze It

Moderate

Cognitive Development in Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.5: Apply developmental paradigms to adult cognitive thought

12.145. Describe the results of a study reported in the text in which students at Harvard and Radcliffe were studied during their college years. How did the thought processes that characterized individuals during their freshman year differ from thinking that was typical at the end of college?

Module: 12.5.1: Beyond Formal Operations

Learning Objective 12.5

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.146. Define the term “dialectical” thought and give an example of it.

Module: 12.5.1: Beyond Formal Operations

Learning Objective 12.5

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.147. How does postformal thought differ from the formal operations thought described by Jean Piaget?

Module: 12.5.2: Postformal Thought

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

12.148. What is emotional intelligence and how does it differ from the cognitive abilities we normally think of when we consider the concept of intelligence?

Module: 12.5.3: Emotional Intelligence

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

12.149. What are “executive functions,” as envisioned by Warner Schaie? Are executive functions related only to work environments, or do they impact social and emotional relationships as well?

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

12.150. Explain the difference between Schaie’s executive period and legacy period.

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Frameworks for Understanding Adult Development

Learning Objective 12.6: Analyze developmental frameworks of adult development

12.151. Describe two ways that a context model of adult development is different from a stage model.

Module: 12.6.1: Stages and Contexts

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Moderate

12.152. What are the major tasks associated with each of the three stages of adult development identified by Havighurst: early adulthood, middle adulthood, and older adulthood?

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Difficult

12.153. Describe what Erikson meant when he described the fundamental developmental task of early adulthood as one of “intimacy versus isolation.”

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.154. According to Levinson, what is a “life structure” and how does it develop during adulthood?

Module: 12.6.3: Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.155. According to Levinson, how is a woman’s development in early adulthood likely to be similar to that of a man’s? How is a woman’s development likely to be different?

Module: 12.6.3: Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Moderate

12.156. List an advantage and a disadvantage associated with normative models of adult development.

Module: 12.6.4: The Limitations of Normative Models

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.157. Describe the “false assumptions” that typify early and middle adulthood, according to the theory proposed by Roger Gould.

Module: 12.6.5: Gould’s Transformations in Early Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.158. Describe three ways in which stage-based theories of adult development are limited.

Module: 12.6.6: A Closing Comment

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Essay questions:

Perspectives on Adult Development

Learning Objective 12.1: Compare measurements of adult development

12.159. Which type of events—normative or idiosyncratic—do you think pose greater developmental challenges for young adults? Explain your answer.

Module: Chapter Introduction

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Difficult

12.160. Explain why there would likely be more variation in age clocks for people of the same age living in complex, transitional societies than for those who live in simpler and more predictable environments.

Module: 2.1.1

Learning Objective 12.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.161. Are adults who were born in the same year always of the same age? Include in your answer a discussion of chronological age, biological age, social age, and psychological age.

Module: 2.1.1

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

12.162. Would contextual paradigms have an easier time explaining normative or idiosyncratic events? Explain your answer, being sure to define each of these terms.

Module: 12.1.2: Contextual Paradigms

Learning Objective 12.1

Evaluate It

Difficult

General Physical Development

Learning Objective 12.2: Relate personal health to the experience of adulthood

12.163. In recent decades, have young adults in the United States become more or less physically fit? Cite evidence to support your answer.

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Moderate

12.164. How has the general health of U. S. adults changed over the last 100 years? Are adults healthier now, or were they healthier 100 years ago? Cite research statistics to support your answer.

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Evaluate It

Difficult

12.165. Suggest two reasons why it is critical to have good exercise and eating habits as young adults, when the body is relatively resilient against injury and disease.

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Analyze It

Moderate

12.166. What is the primary purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? What are two major accomplishments this Act has provided with respect to improving the lives of people with disabilities?

Module: 12.2.2: Fitness and Health

Learning Objective 12.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Sex and Sexuality

Learning Objective 12.3: Summarize trends in the sexual experiences of adulthood

12.167. Describe the changes in fertility that a man and a woman should expect as they move through adulthood, from age 20 to age 80.

Module: 12.3.1: Fertility

Learning Objective 12.3

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.168. Is AIDS a “gay disease”? Explain your answer to this question by describing how the AIDS epidemic started and what its current status is.

Module: 12.3.2: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 12.3

Apply What You Know

Difficult

12.169. Describe four of the major results from the University of Chicago survey on sexual behavior among U.S. adults. Which of these four results do you believe is most contradictory to popular opinion about how U.S. adults experience sexuality? Why?

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Evaluate It

Difficult

12.170. Describe four of the main results of the 2010 University of Indiana survey of sexuality. What do you think is the most important conclusion to draw with respect to the results of this study?

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Evaluate It

Difficult

12.171. Considering the results of surveys of sexual behavior among U.S. adults, describe three findings that you believe would be the most surprising to the general population today.

Module: 12.3.3: Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Learning Objective 12.3

Evaluate It

Difficult

Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4: Contextualize the development and experience of diverse sexualities

12.172. Identify and describe two types of evidence that suggest homosexuality may have biological origins.

Module: 12.4.1: Origins of Same-Sex Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.173. What does it mean to suggest that sexual orientation is not an “either-or” trait but rather one that exists on a continuum? Give an example that supports this continuum view.

Module: 12.4.2: Understanding Sexual Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.174. How might the continuum approach to sexual orientation help to explain incidences or periods of heterosexual behavior by a person who self-identifies as homosexual, and conversely, homosexual behavior by a person who self-identifies as heterosexual?

Module: 12.4.2: Understanding Sexual Orientation

Learning Objective 12.4

Analyze It

Moderate

12.175. Why do some people prefer to use the term “transgendered” rather than “homosexual”?

Module: 12.4.3: Homophobia

Learning Objective 12.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

Cognitive Development in Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.5: Apply developmental paradigms to adult cognitive thought

12.176. Using the results of the study of freshmen through seniors at Harvard and Radcliffe as a source of data, describe how the thought processes of young adults change during their college years.

Module: 12.5.1: Beyond Formal Operations

Learning Objective 12.5

Analyze It

Moderate

12.177. What is dialectical thought? Give an example of dialectical thought from your own experience.

Module: 12.5.1: Beyond Formal Operations

Learning Objective 12.5

Apply What You Know

Moderate

12.178. Describe how postformal thought differs from the formal operational thinking described by Piaget. Then identify two ways that postformal thinking might help a young adult to assume the responsibilities associated with raising a family.

Module: 12.5.2: Postformal Thought

Learning Objective 12.5

Evaluate It

Difficult

12.179. Define “emotional intelligence” as this term was used by Daniel Goleman. Then describe three of the four areas of emotional intelligence that Goleman identified.

Module: 12.5.3: Emotional Intelligence

Learning Objective 12.5

Apply What You Know

Difficult

12.180. Warner Schaie proposed a stage-based model of adult thinking. Briefly describe Schaie’s model. Then suggest two characteristics of thought that Schaie would suggest as being typical for traditional, 18- to 22-year-old college students.

Module: 12.5.4: Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking

Learning Objective 12.5

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Frameworks for Understanding Adult Development

Learning Objective 12.6: Analyze developmental frameworks of adult development

12.181. Identify two differences between stage-based models and context-based models of human development. As part of your answer, select one of the theories outlined in this chapter of the text as an example of each type of model and describe how the theory you chose exemplifies either the stage-based on context-based approach.

Module: 12.6.1: Stages and Contexts

Learning Objective 12.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

12.182. Which of the following theories— Schaie’s, Erikson’s, Levinson’s, or Gould’s— do you think is most similar to the view originally proposed by Robert Havighurst? What features do these theories have in common?

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Difficult

12.183. What is the central developmental task to be resolved in early adulthood, according to Erik Erikson? How might one’s choice of a marriage partner be linked to the manner in which this task is resolved?

Module: 12.6.2: Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Difficult

12.184. Briefly outline the main features of Levinson’s view of adult development. Describe how Levinson saw developmental tasks for women as similar to, and also as different from, the developmental tasks faced by men.

Module: 12.6.3: Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Difficult

12.185. Describe the core features of a normative model of adult development. Do such models explain human behavior better during times of great, or minimal, social transition? Explain your answer.

Module: 12.6.4: The Limitations of Normative Models

Learning Objective 12.6

Analyze It

Moderate

12.186. Outline the basic approach that Roger Gould took in explaining how adults cope with age-related transitions. Give an example of the “false assumptions” that adults typically hold in early adulthood versus late adulthood, and describe how the change in these assumptions reflects changes in the responsibilities and lifestyles that typically occur as a person moves through adulthood.

Module: 12.6.5: Gould’s Transformations in Early Adulthood

Learning Objective 12.6

Apply What You Know

Difficult

12.187. Explain three limitations that stage-based models of human development have. Given these limitations, why do you think it is that stage-based models have often been used to explain the changes that occur during adult development?

Module: 12.6.6: A Closing Comment

Learning Objective 12.6

Evaluate It

Difficult