Ch14 Verified Test Bank Mid-Adulthood Dev Quiz 1 - Test Bank | Human Development 4e by Wendy L. Dunn. DOCX document preview.
Name____________________________________
Chapter 14—Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development—Quick Quiz 1
1. Generalizing from the text, which of the following age periods is most likely to be defined by the events that are taking place in the person’s life, rather than by events linked directly to biological maturation?
a. infancy and toddlerhood
b. early childhood
c. early adulthood
d. middle adulthood
2. In Levinson’s later work, he studied the way in which women move through middle adulthood. According to this research, Levinson concluded that women:
a. very seldom experience a midlife crisis
b. do experience midlife crises, but at much earlier ages than men
c. do experience midlife crises, but at much later ages than men
d. experience midlife crises in ways very similar to men
3. According to the text, which of the following is the most accurate statement about how men and women experience the climacteric?
a. Both men and women experience the climacteric, but women’s experience is more dramatic.
b. Both men and women experience the climacteric, but men’s experience is more dramatic.
c. Women experience the climacteric, but men do not.
d. Men experience the climacteric, but women do no.
4. If you were to conduct a survey of 100 women who were experiencing the symptoms of menopause, you should expect that about ____ of women would report having hot flashes.
a. 22%
b. 39%
c. 55%
d. 85%
5. In 2001 in the United States, about what percentage of postmenopausal women reported they had used some form of hormone replacement therapy?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 80%
6. Bob tells his 45-year-old father to look forward to middle age, since this is a period in which most people experience only a slight decline in overall health but an increase in their sense of well-being and satisfaction with life. Bob’s comment is:
a. essentially true for most people
b. false, because in middle age most people experience a slight increase in health but a decline in their sense of well-being and health
c. false, because in middle age most people experience a slight increase in both their health and their sense of well-being and satisfaction
d. false, because in middle age most people experience a slight decline in both their health and their sense of well-being and satisfaction
7. Statistically speaking, which of the following people would most likely report the LOWEST level of sexual satisfaction?
a. Linda, who is 30 years old
b. Laurie, who is 55 years old
c. Bob, who is 30 years old
d. Peter, who is 55 years old
8. Between the ages of 45 and 64, the cause of the largest percentage of deaths is __________; over age 65, the cause of the largest percentage of deaths is _________.
a. cancer; heart disease
b. accidents; cancer
c. cancer; cancer
d. heart disease; cancer
9. Tyrone has gone through many stress-producing events lately. According to the Stress Scale printed in the text, which of the following events in Tyrone’s life probably produced the most stress?
a. death of his wife
b. marriage to his long-time girlfriend
c. retirement from his job
d. having his youngest child leave home
10. Intelligence that comes with experience and education and is based on the body of knowledge and information accumulated over the years is called:
a. fluid intelligence
b. crystallized intelligence
c. declarative intelligence
d. pragmatic intelligence
Name____________________________________
Chapter 14—Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development—Quick Quiz 2
1. Recently, Jim has begun to focus on his feeling that he has accomplished the career goals he set for himself and he now does not know what to do with his life. He feels frustrated and confused, and he wonders if the excitement in his life is mostly behind him. According to Levinson, Jim is experiencing:
a. a command moment
b. transitional moment
c. a fluid moment
d. a midlife crisis
2. According to the text, midlife crises are more likely to occur among:
a. very poor men, since they must continue to work for the longest period of the lifespan
b. very poor women, since they have always worked to support their families
c. middle-income men and women, since they have a realistic view of their lives
d. affluent men and women, since they can delude themselves about the burdens of life
3. The text cites examples of cross-cultural research about how women experience menopause. In general, these studies suggest that reports of negative symptoms vary ________ from culture to culture, suggesting the importance of __________ factors in explanations.
a. very little; biological
b. quite a lot; biological
c. very little; psychological
d. quite a lot; psychological
4. If a woman’s probability of having a bone fracture after age 50 is 50%, what is the probability that a man will have a bone fracture after age 50?
a. considerably smaller than 50%
b. about 50%
c. slightly higher than 50%
d. considerably higher than 50%
5. According to the text, studies show that about ______ of men over the age of 40 will experience some erectile dysfunction.
a. 5%
b. 15%
c. 25%
d. 50%
6. Alice is 45 years old. Compared to her sensory abilities in her mid-20s, today she likely is better able to:
a. see close-up objects
b. hear high-frequency sounds
c. taste spicy foods
d. see objects that are far away
7. According to the text, adults ages 55–64 are LESS likely to die from which of the following conditions than are adults ages 45–54?
a. cancer
b. heart disease
c. respiratory diseases
d. accidents
8. The life expectancy today for individuals in the United States who have reached the age of 45 is:
a. 66 years
b. 70 years
c. 80 years
d. 86 years
9. Statistically speaking, which of the following people would be MOST likely to be obese:
a. Alan, who is 20 years old
b. Luke, who is 30 years old
c. Jeremy, who is 40 years old
d. Mike, who is 50 years old
10. Since Ed has been a tax attorney for over 25 years, he is now able to analyze clients’ problems and draw conclusions from experience-based information and knowledge. Although he does not solve problems as quickly as he did when he was younger, his solutions are more complex and therefore better. The fact that his solutions are more complex best illustrates which of the following concepts?
a. crystallized intelligence
b. fluid intelligence
c. cognitive mechanics
d. inductive reasoning
Quick Quiz Answers
Quick Quiz 14.1
1. d; 14.1
2. d; 14.1.2
3. a; 14.2
4. c; 14.2.1
5. c; 14.2.4
6. a; 14.3.1
7. b; 14.3.2
8. a; 14.4
9. a; 14.4.3
10. b; 14.5.1
Quick Quiz 14.2
1. d; 14.1.2
2. d; 14.1.3
3. d; 14.2.2
4. a; 14.2.3
5. d; 14.2.5
6. d; 14.3.1
7. d; 14.4
8. c; 14.4.1
9. d; 14.4.2
10. a; 14.5.1
Chapter 14
Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Learning Objectives:
14.1: Evaluate conceptions about development in middle adulthood
14.2: Assess the impact of the climacteric
14.3: Relate physical changes to middle adulthood development
14.4: Contextualize health changes in middle adulthood
14.5: Compare cognitive functionalities in middle adulthood
Multiple Choice Questions:
Development in Middle Adulthood
Learning Objective 14.1: Evaluate conceptions about development in middle adulthood
14.1. According to the text, in the United States today, the period of middle adulthood spans the ages from:
a. 35 to 55
b. 40 to 60 or 65
c. 45 to 65 or 70
d. 50 to 65 or 70
Module: Chapter Introduction
Learning Objective 14.1
Understand the Concept
Easy
14.2. Which of the following people is LEAST likely to be experiencing the period of middle adulthood?
a. Marie, who is 35 years old
b. Laura, who is 45 years old
c. Jane, who is 55 years old
d. Maxine, who is 60 years old
Module: Chapter Introduction
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Middle adulthood typically spans the ages from years 40 to 60 or 65, although it may begin or end earlier or later for certain individuals.
14.3. Generalizing from the text, which of the following age periods is most likely to be defined by the events that are taking place in the person’s life, rather than by events linked directly to biological maturation?
a. infancy and toddlerhood
b. early childhood
c. early adulthood
d. middle adulthood
Module: 14.1: Development in Middle Adulthood
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: The period termed middle adulthood typically begins and ends for an individual depending on the life experiences they are going through.
14.4. The text suggests that the beginning and ending of the period of middle adulthood is defined by a variety of cues. Which of the following stage-defining cues is the best example of a SOCIAL cue?
a. reaching menopause
b. the realization that one will soon retire
c. the youngest child leaving home for college
d. the slowing down of reaction times, making it more difficult to play baseball
Module: 14.1: Development in Middle Adulthood
Learning Objective 14.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Reaching menopause and slowed reaction times are cues that would be considered biological. The realization that one will soon retire is a psychological cue, although the retirement itself could be considered social in nature. Social cues have more to do with changes is one’s family status or personal status, and an example would be having the youngest child leave home.
14.5. The text suggests that the beginning and ending of the period of middle adulthood is defined by a variety of cues. Which of the following stage-defining cues is the best example of a PSYCHOLGICAL cue?
a. reaching menopause
b. the realization that one will soon retire
c. the youngest child leaving home for college
d. the slowing down of reaction times, making it more difficult to play baseball
Module: 14.1: Development in Middle Adulthood
Learning Objective 14.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Reaching menopause and slowed reaction times are cues that would be considered biological. Social cues have more to do with changes is one’s family status or personal status, and an example would be having the youngest child leave home. The realization that one will soon retire is a psychological cue, since its focus is on how the person comes to understand the significance of this event.
14.6. Manuel, age 52, has the experience and self-knowledge to allow him to manage his own life, and is able to make decisions with ease and self-confidence. This is why Manuel is considered part of:
a. the command generation
b. Generation X
c. Generation Y
d. Generation Z
Module: 14.1.1: Prime Time or the Beginning of the End?
Learning Objective 14.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: Because they can make decisions with ease, and have expertise and self-confidence that were previously beyond their grasp, individuals in the 40-to-60-year range are considered part of the command generation.
14.7. According to the text, the age group in the society that makes most of the policy decisions is referred to as:
a. Generation X
b. Generation Y
c. Generation Z
d. the command generation
Module: 14.1.1: Prime Time or the Beginning of the End?
Learning Objective 14.1
Understand the Concept
Easy
14.8. Recently, Jim has begun to focus on his feeling that he has accomplished the career goals he set for himself and he now does not know what to do with his life. He feels frustrated and confused, and he wonders if the excitement in his life is mostly behind him. According to Levinson, Jim is experiencing:
a. a command moment
b. transitional moment
c. a fluid moment
d. a midlife crisis
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: According to Levinson, at the end of the period of young adulthood individuals experience a midlife crisis in which earlier decisions are questioned and life patterns must be reestablished.
14.9. Recently, Larry has begun to focus on his feeling that he has accomplished the career goals he set for himself and he now does not know what to do with his life. He feels frustrated and confused, and he wonders if the excitement in his life is mostly behind him. According to Levinson, Larry is most likely to be about how old?
a. 30 years old
b. 40 years old
c. 50 years old
d. 60 years old
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: According to Levinson, most men experience a midlife crisis between the ages of 40 and 45, although more recent research suggests that such a crisis, if it happens at all, might occur either earlier or later.
14.10. According to Levinson, which of the following ages is most likely to include a feeling of inner turmoil, as a man resolves questions about the meaning of his life and the correctness of the choices he has made?
a. age 32
b. age 42
c. age 52
d. age 58
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: According to Levinson, most men experience a midlife crisis between the ages of 40 and 45, although more recent research suggests that such a crisis, if it happens at all, might occur either earlier or later.
14.11. Laura has been feeling older lately and has begun to re-evaluate the choices she has made thus far in her life. She decides that she needs a little more excitement, so she buys a new red sports car. Her response is best considered to be an example of:
a. a command decision
b. the climacteric
c. a midlife crisis
d. a transitional event
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: According to Levinson, at the end of the period of young adulthood individuals experience a midlife crisis in which earlier decisions are questioned and life patterns must be reestablished.
14.12. In Levinson’s later work, he studied the way in which women move through middle adulthood. According to this research, Levinson concluded that women:
a. very seldom experience a midlife crisis
b. do experience midlife crises, but at much earlier ages than men
c. do experience midlife crises, but at much later ages than men
d. experience midlife crises in ways very similar to men
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.13. Transitional models of adult development generally stress which of the following features of development?
a. continuities in how life is experienced
b. discontinuities in how life is experienced
c. cognitive changes that occur with age
d. biological changes that occur with age
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.14. According to transitional models, if crises do occur they generally are the result of:
a. gradual biological aging
b. gradual cognitive changes that come with age
c. unexpected, traumatic events
d. turning 40
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: According to transitional models, crises are rare and when they do occur they usually are in response to a specific event, such as the death of a friend or parent, a sudden illness, unemployment, a new job, a child going off to war, and so forth. These are all unexpected, traumatic events. They are not linked to gradual aging or to any specific birthday.
14.15. Arnie plans to retire at age 65. Therefore, beginning at about age 50, he makes a series of investments with his savings so that he will have enough income to support himself and he plans to move into a smaller, less expensive house. When his 65th birthday comes, Arnie feels calm and prepared. Arnie’s adjustment to retirement is best considered to be an example of how which of the following models view adult development?
a. crisis models
b. Levinson’s model
c. command models
d. transitional models
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Transitional models advocate the view that changes in midlife are gradual and midlife crisis is not the norm.
14.16. Which of the following events is the best example of a non-normative event?
a. retiring at age 65
b. experiencing menopause at age 52
c. having a spouse killed in a car accident at age 48
d. having wrinkles appear on one’s face as one gets older
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Non-normative events are those that do not occur at a predictable point in a person’s development. An accident is a prime example of an event that cannot be predicted.
14.17. In comparison to Levinson’s view of the midlife crisis, most modern theorists view this crisis as:
a. less likely to occur than Levinson thought
b. more likely to occur than Levinson thought
c. more likely to occur in men, but less likely to occur in women than Levinson thought
d. less likely to occur in men, but more likely to occur in women than Levinson thought
Module: 14.1.3: Perceptions and Realities at Midlife
Learning Objective 14.1
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.18. According to the text, midlife crises are more likely to occur among:
a. very poor men, since they must continue to work for the longest period of the lifespan
b. very poor women, since they have always worked to support their families
c. middle-income men and women, since they have a realistic view of their lives
d. affluent men and women, since they can delude themselves about the burdens of life
Module: 14.1.3: Perceptions and Realities at Midlife
Learning Objective 14.1
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.19. Suppose that Mark is a person with a very realistic and planful approach to life. Luke is a person who lives for the moment, deluding himself about the realities of life and instead focusing on the next “big adventure” in his life. When Mark and Luke enter middle adulthood, which of the following statements is the best description about how they are likely to experience this transition?
a. Mark will be much more likely than Luke to have a midlife crisis.
b. Luke will be much more likely than Mark to have a midlife crisis.
c. Both Mark and Luke will be very likely to have a midlife crisis, because they are men.
d. Neither Mark nor Luke will be likely to have a midlife crisis, because they are men.
Module: 14.1.3: Perceptions and Realities at Midlife
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Those who are most likely to experience a midlife crisis tend to avoid introspection and use denial to avoid thinking about their changing bodies and lives.
The Climacteric
Learning Objective 14.2: Assess the impact of the climacteric
14.20. What is the term for the broad complex of physical and emotional symptoms that accompany reproductive changes in middle adulthood?
a. climacteric
b. menarche
c. midlife crisis
d. menopause
Module: 14.2: The Climacteric
Learning Objective 14.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.21. The climacteric is experienced by:
a. men at the time of the midlife crisis
b. women in middle adulthood, but not men
c. men and women in middle adulthood
d. women in late adulthood
Module: 14.2: The Climacteric
Learning Objective 14.2
Understand the Concept
Easy
14.22. According to the text, which of the following is the most accurate statement about how men and women?
a. Both men and women experience the climacteric, but women’s experience is more dramatic.
b. Both men and women experience the climacteric, but men’s experience is more dramatic.
c. Women experience the climacteric, but men do not.
d. Men experience the climacteric, but women do no.
Module: 14.2: The Climacteric
Learning Objective 14.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Some time in middle age, both men and women experience the climacteric, which refers to the overall complex of physical and emotional effects that accompany hormonal changes in middle adulthood. In women, the most dramatic aspect of the climacteric is menopause—the permanent cessation of ovulation and menstruation, which may be accompanied by physical symptoms and intense emotional reactions. As noted earlier, men continue to produce sperm and male hormones throughout the lifespan and do not experience a comparable male menopause.
14.23. What is the end of menstruation called?
a. climacteric
b. menopause
c. menarche
d. amenorrhea
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Understand the Concept
Easy
14.24. Melissa is in middle adulthood. If she is typical, when can she expect menopause to occur?
a. between ages 40 and 45
b. between ages 45 and 48
c. between ages 45 and 55
d. between ages 52 and 56
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that, on average, women experience their last menstrual period between ages 45 and 55.
14.25. Martha is 50 years old and is beginning to experience the symptoms associated with menopause. About how old will she likely be when the process of menopause is finished?
a. 51 years old
b. 53 years old
c. 55 years old
d. 57 years old
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that, on average, the process of menopause usually occur over a period of 7 or 8 years.
14.26. Eloise, age 50, has developed erratic ovulation, her uterus is shrinking, and there has been some reduction in her breast size. Her physician tells her that these are symptoms that normally accompany which of the following?
a. ovarian cancer
b. cervical cancer
c. menopause
d. the midlife crisis for women
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that, on average, women experience their last menstrual period between ages 45 and 55. As a result of lower estrogen production, the uterus slowly shrinks, and there is a gradual reduction in breast size as glandular tissue atrophies and is replaced with fat tissue.
14.27. If you were to conduct a survey of 100 women who were experiencing the symptoms of menopause, you should expect that about ____ of women would report having hot flashes.
a. 22%
b. 39%
c. 55%
d. 85%
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Difficult
Rationale: According to the text, in the United States, about 50–60% of women report hot flashes during menopause.
14.28. According to the research cited in the text, about what percent of menopausal women report their symptoms as bothersome?
a. 1%
b. 20%
c. 33%
d. 50%
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.29. Patty is close to experiencing menopause and is concerned about the symptoms she will experience. To give her accurate information, her physician might tell her that about _____ of menopausal women report bothersome symptoms:
a. 1%
b. 20%
c. 35%
d. 48%
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: According to research cited in the text, only about 20% of women who experience menopausal symptoms rate them as bothersome.
14.30. If you were to conduct a survey of 100 women who were in the midst of menopause, you should expect that about ____ would report they felt regretful about the cessation of their menstrual cycle.
a. 4%
b. 24%
c. 54%
d. 96%
Module: 14.2.2: The Emotional Effects Associated With Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: A large national survey of menopausal women recently reported that fewer than 4% indicated feelings of regret over the cessation of their menstrual cycles.
14.31. If you were to conduct a survey of 100 women who were in the midst of menopause, you should expect that about ____ would report they felt relief about the cessation of their menstrual cycle.
a. 99%
b. 75%
c. 50%
d. 15%
Module: 14.2.2: The Emotional Effects Associated With Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: A large national survey of menopausal women recently reported that about half of women reported feeling only relief at the cessation of their menstrual cycles.
14.32. If you were to conduct a survey of 100 middle-aged women and asked them a series of questions about what they worry about as they are getting older, you would expect that the largest percentage would respond that they are MOST worried about:
a. being too old to have children
b. having more illnesses as they get older
c. being less attractive as a woman
d. having to go through menopause
Module: 14.2.2: The Emotional Effects Associated With Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 14.1 highlights the degree of worry women experience regarding getting older on three issues. A greater percentage of respondents (about 40%) reported worry about increased illness than about being too old to have children or about being less attractive. Most women feel relived about going through menopause.
14.33. The text cites examples of cross-cultural research about how women experience menopause. In general, these studies suggest that reports of negative symptoms vary ________ from culture to culture, suggesting the importance of __________ factors in explanations.
a. very little; biological
b. quite a lot; biological
c. very little; psychological
d. quite a lot; psychological
Module: 14.2.2: The Emotional Effects Associated With Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: In cross-cultural studies of menopause, results typically reveal that reports of negative symptoms vary widely by culture, as well as among different women of the same culture. Results such as these suggest that menopausal symptoms are the result of not only physical factors but psychological and cultural factors as well.
14.34. Which of the following terms refers to the loss of bone mass and increased bone fragility?
a. menopause
b. osteoporosis
c. climacteric
d. general atrophy
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects
Learning Objective 14.2
Understand the Concept
Easy
14.35. Which of the following is a long-term effect associated with the estrogen loss that accompanies menopause?
a. increase in bone mass and bone density
b. excessive lubrication of the genitals
c. decrease in the risk for coronary disease
d. vaginal atrophy
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects
Learning Objective 14.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.36. Which of the following statements regarding changes to bone mass in middle age is TRUE?
a. Only men experience a loss in bone mass as they age.
b. Only women experience a loss in bone mass as they age.
c. Both men and women can experience bone mass loss, but women are more likely to experience a bone fracture as a result.
d. Both men and women can experience bone mass loss, but men are more likely to experience a bone fracture as a result.
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects
Learning Objective 14.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Both men and women begin to experience a loss in bone mass as they approach the end of middle age but the loss is about twice as great in women and occurs more rapidly and as a result, bone fractures are much more common in older women than in older men.
14.37. Women’s loss of bone mass accelerates greatly after menopause due in largest part to which of the following?
a. starting on hormone replacement therapy
b. decreased supply of estrogen
c. decreased supply of androgen
d. decreased activity level
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: As noted in the text, women’s loss of bone mass accelerates greatly after menopause, apparently because of estrogen deprivation.
14.38. Eve is concerned about loss of bone mass because her mother has osteoporosis. She should understand that her loss of bone mass will most likely accelerate considerably after:
a. menopause
b. her 30th birthday
c. her 40th birthday
d. the birth of her first child
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: As noted in the text, women’s loss of bone mass accelerates greatly after menopause, apparently because of estrogen deprivation.
14.39. Lucille consults her doctor about osteoporosis. The doctor tells her that her chances of having a bone fracture after age 50 is about ______.
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 85%
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: According to the text, nearly half of all postmenopausal women over the age of 50 will experience a bone fracture related to osteoporosis.
14.40. If a woman’s probability of having a bone fracture after age 50 is 50%, what is the probability that a man will have a bone fracture after age 50?
a. considerably smaller than 50%
b. about 50%
c. slightly higher than 50%
d. considerably higher than 50%
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Men have a much smaller probability of having a bone fracture than women do after the age of 50.
14.41. Before menopause, the rate of cardiovascular disease is _______ for men, compared to women; after menopause the rate of cardiovascular disease is ________ for men, compared to women.
a. higher; higher
b. higher; about the same
c. lower; higher
d. lower; about the same
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects
Learning Objective 14.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Estrogen seems to have a protective function against cardiovascular disease for premenopausal women. Women have a much lower rate of cardiovascular disease than men until menopause; then the rate for women rises nearly as high as the male rate.
14.42. Paula is unable to sleep because she is having frequent and bothersome night sweats resulting from menopause. If she decides to take medicine to help with this symptom, the medicine her physician would most likely prescribe would be:
a. aspirin taken together with caffeine
b. a male hormone similar to testosterone
c. a multivitamin that includes a large dose of calcium
d. estrogen, progesterone, or a combination of these drugs
Module: 14.2.4: Hormone Replacement Therapy
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: HRT—in the form of either estrogen or progesterone supplements or a combination of the two—helps alleviate symptoms, such as hot flashes and vaginal changes.
14.43. In 2001 in the United States, about what percentage of postmenopausal women reported they had used some form of hormone replacement therapy?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 80%
Module: 14.2.4: Hormone Replacement Therapy
Learning Objective 14.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.44. Hormone replacement therapy appears to be involved in increasing a woman’s risk of developing all of the following problems EXCEPT:
a. breast cancer
b. cardiovascular problems, such as stroke
c. osteoporosis
d. several forms of cancer
Module: 14.2.4: Hormone Replacement Therapy
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: HRT is linked to increased risk for breast cancer, uterine cancer, and some other cancers; for some cardiovascular problems including stroke (although recent research is muddy on this issue); but to a decreased risk for bone loss, which is the cause of osteoporosis.
14.45. In comparison to the proportion of women who received a doctor’s recommendation to take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the late 1990s, you should expect that the proportion today is ______.
a. larger
b. smaller
c. about the same
d. non-existent since HRT therapies have been withdrawn from the legal drug market
Module: 14.2.4: Hormone Replacement Therapy
Learning Objective 14.2
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: Because hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has recently been associated with significant health risks as well as benefits, the decision about whether to use HRT is now more questionable than it was previously. Although HRT risks are relatively small for most women, women’s health experts now usually recommend that women use these drugs only for the short-term relief of symptoms or to address a severe risk of osteoporosis, if at all.
14.46 According to the text, studies show that about ______ of men over the age of 40 will experience some erectile dysfunction.
a. 5%
b. 15%
c. 25%
d. 50%
Module: 14.2.5: Changes in Men
Learning Objective 14.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.47. If you were to conduct a survey that included responses from 1,000 men over the age of 40, about how many of them would report experiencing some erectile dysfunction (assuming they were truthful)?
a. about 100
b. about 200
c. about 500
d. about 800
Module: 14.2.5: Changes in Men
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Studies report that about 50% men over the age of 40 will experience some erectile dysfunction.
14.48. About what percent of middle-aged men experience erectile dysfunction on more than an infrequent basis?
a. 10–20%
b. 33–45%
c. 50–60%
d. 70–80%
Module: 14.2.5: Changes in Men
Learning Objective 14.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.49. After Ralph turned 50, he began to have occasional problems with erectile dysfunction. If he asked his physician for a prescription to help with this problem, he should assume that the drugs prescribed would help about _____ of the men that have this problem.
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 95%
Module: 14.2.5: Changes in Men
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: Drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction are effective in 60–80% of the men for whom they are prescribed.
Physical Continuity and Change
Learning Objective 14.3: Relate physical changes to middle adulthood development
14.50. According to the text, during middle adulthood, overall health typically ________ and the sense of well-being and satisfaction with life __________.
a. declines; remains unchanged
b. remains unchanged; declines
c. remains unchanged; increases
d. declines; declines
Module: 14.3: Physical Continuity and Change
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.51. Bob tells his 45-year-old father to look forward to middle age, since this is a period in which most people experience only a slight decline in overall health but an increase in their sense of well-being and satisfaction with life. Bob’s comment is:
a. essentially true for most people
b. false, because in middle age most people experience a slight increase in health but a decline in their sense of well-being and health
c. false, because in middle age most people experience a slight increase in both their health and their sense of well-being and satisfaction
d. false, because in middle age most people experience a slight decline in both their health and their sense of well-being and satisfaction
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Apply What You Know
Difficult
Rationale: According to research cited in the text, even though most adults experience a gradual
decline in their overall health during middle adulthood, their sense of well-being and satisfaction with life remain intact during these years.
14.52. Which of the following physical changes is typically experienced more severely in men than in women?
a. hearing loss
b. decreases in the ability to distinguish different smells
c. decline in visual acuity
d. loss of bone mass
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.53. Which of the following sensory abilities usually improved during middle adulthood?
a. vision for objects in the distance
b. vision for objects in the near field of vision
c. hearing for high-frequency sounds
d. taste sensitivity
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.54. With respect to sensory changes in middle age, one commonly experiences a(n):
a. increased ability to hear low-frequency sounds, but decreased ability to hear high-frequency sounds
b. increased sensitivity to pain, but decreased sensitivity to smell
c. increased sensitivity to smell, but decreased sensitivity to pain
d. decline in visual acuity and decline in reaction time
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.55. Hearing loss involving high-frequency sounds is more common in:
a. men than in women
b. women than in men
c. very young men than in middle-aged men
d. very young women than in middle-aged women
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Easy
14.56. In middle age, Janice can expect declines in sensitivity to all of the following EXCEPT:
a. taste
b. pain
c. smell
d. temperature changes
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Apply What You Know
Difficult
Rationale: According to research cited in the text, sensitivity to temperature changes remains high during the middle adult years. Taste, smell, and sensitivity to pain all decline during middle adulthood.
14.57. Alice is 45 years old. Compared to her sensory abilities in her mid-20s, today she likely is better able to:
a. see close-up objects
b. hear high-frequency sounds
c. taste spicy foods
d. see objects that are far away
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Apply What You Know
Difficult
Rationale: A listing of physical changes presented in the text highlights the physical changes in middle adulthood and notes that a decline in visual acuity occurs, except for distant objects. The text also notes that people often see distant objects better in middle adulthood than they could as young adults.
14.58. Bart, age 40, asks his doctor about what sensory changes he should expect. The doctor will most likely tell him that:
a. his vision will decline in his 50s, while his hearing has been declining for 20 years
b. both his vision and his hearing will begin to decline in the next 5 years
c. neither his vision nor his hearing will begin declining until he reaches age 50
d. his hearing will decline in his 50s, while his vision has been declining for 20 years
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Hearing becomes less acute and gradually declines after age 20. Visual capabilities are stable from adolescence through the 40s or early 50s.
14.59. Reginald’s tennis game remains just about the same as always, even though he has reached middle age. The most likely reason for this is:
a. reaction time remains the same throughout adulthood
b. motor skills remain constant throughout adulthood
c. motor skills actually improve throughout adulthood
d. practice and experience can compensate for declining reaction times
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: As we age, and especially after age 50, our reaction speed slows. Oftentimes, however, actual performance remains constant, probably because practice and experience compensate for slower reaction times.
14.60. Which of the following is NOT a physical change associated with middle adulthood?
a. loss of body fat
b. hearing loss
c. slowing of reaction time
d. loss of visual acuity
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.61. Which of the following changes is typical of how most adults experience middle adulthood?
a. They become slightly taller.
b. They become slightly thinner.
c. Their heart pumps less blood.
d. Their lung capacity decreases.
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.62. If you were to interview a representative sample of 100 women and 100 men who are 50 years old, about how many of them would likely report having been on a diet to control their weight?
a. 51% of women and 42% of men
b. 42% of women and 51% of men
c. 87% of women and 59% of men
d. 59% of women and 87% of men
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: The text reports results from a study that found that 87% of middle-aged women and 59% of middle-aged men had dieted to control their weight.
14.63. According to the text, the heart pumps an average of ______ blood to the body for each decade after the beginning of adulthood.
a. 15% less
b. 8% less
c. 5% more
d. 15% more
Module: 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.64. Which of the following best describes the typical pattern of satisfaction with sexual partners at age 30, and at age 55.
a. men and women are equally satisfied at both 30 and 55
b. men are more satisfied at 30, but men and women are equally satisfied at 55
c. men and women are equally satisfied at 30, but men are more satisfied at 55
d. men and women are equally satisfied at 30, but women are more satisfied at 55
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: A figure presented in the text shows that sexually satisfaction is about equal for men and women up to about age 50, at which point men’s satisfaction increases and women’s declines.
14.65. At what age does sexual behavior reach its highest level?
a. 17 years
b. 24 years
c. 35 years
d. 55 years
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: A figure included in the text depicts the percentage of Americans in various age groups who report performing various sex acts. This data shows that sexual behavior of all sorts peaks at about age 24.
14.66. Statistically speaking, which of the following people would most likely report the LOWEST level of sexual satisfaction?
a. Linda, who is 30 years old
b. Laurie, who is 55 years old
c. Bob, who is 30 years old
d. Peter, who is 55 years old
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: A figure provided in the text shows that the lowest levels of sexual satisfaction occur in women over the age of about 50.
14.67. Paul is 30 years old and Mark is 55 years old. In comparison to Paul, Mark’s sexual activity is likely to be ______ frequent and to involve ______ satisfaction.
a. less; less
b. less; more
c. more; less
d. more; more
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figures in the text show that sexual activity peaks for men at about age 25, but satisfaction with sexual partners increases after about age 50.
14.68. According to the text, compared to early adulthood, in middle adulthood men generally take _____ time to achieve erection and orgasm and women generally take _____ time to achieve orgasm.
a. more; more
b. more; less
c. less; more
d. less; less
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.69. The text defines sensuality as:
a. the pleasure associated with sexual orgasm
b. the degree to which a person is interested in sexual intercourse
c. the degree to which a person is attracted to members of the opposite sex
d. hugging, touching, stroking, and other behaviors that may or may not lead to sex
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Understand the Concept
Easy
Health and Disease
Learning Objective 14.4: Contextualize health changes in middle adulthood
14.70. According to the text, adults ages 45–64 are LESS likely to die from which of the following conditions than are adults ages 25–44?
a. cancer
b. heart disease
c. respiratory diseases
d. accidents
Module: 14.4: Health and Disease
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 14.2 shows the causes of death in early (ages 25–44), middle (ages 45–64), and older (65+) adulthood. The category of accidents is shown in this figure to be a more common cause of death in early adulthood than in middle adulthood, but death rates from cancer, heart disease, and respiratory diseases all rise across this period.
14.71. According to the text, the greatest age-related decline in deaths from ages 25–44 to ages 45–64 is in which of the following causes of death?
a. cancer
b. heart disease
c respiratory disease
d. accidents
Module: 14.4: Health and Disease
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Figure 14.2 shows the causes of death in early (25–44), middle (ages 45–64), and older (65+) adulthood. Death due to accidents is shown to decrease dramatically, especially between early and middle adulthood, in which the percentage of overall deaths declines from around 25–30 percent to below 5 percent.
14.72. Between the ages of 45 and 64, the cause of the largest percentage of deaths is __________; over age 65, the cause of the largest percentage of deaths is _________.
a. cancer; heart disease
b. accidents; cancer
c. cancer; cancer
d. heart disease; cancer
Module: 14.4: Health and Disease
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 14.2 shows the causes of death in early (25–44), middle (ages 45–64), and older 65+) adulthood. This figure shows that the single most common cause of death in middle adulthood is cancer and in older adulthood is heart disease.
14.73. Hal, age 55, is concerned about his mortality. According to the text, Hal is statistically most likely to die at this age from:
a. an accident
b. cancer
c. chronic liver disease
d. HIV infection resulting in AIDS
Module: 14.4: Health and Disease
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Figure 14.2 shows the causes of death in early (25–44), middle (ages 45–64), and older (65+) adulthood. This figure shows that the single most common cause of death in middle adulthood is cancer.
14.74. At every age level throughout the lifespan, the death rate of men is about _____ that of women.
a. half
b. one-third
c. double
d. triple
Module: 14.4: Health and Disease
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Easy
14.75. According to the text, which of the following chronic health conditions affects the largest proportion of middle-aged adults?
a. mental illness
b. diabetes
c. lung diseases and dysfunctions
d. arthritis
Module: 14.4: Health and Disease
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 14.3, Limitation of Activity Caused by Selected Chronic Health Conditions Among Working-Age Adults, by Age, shows that across young, middle, and older adulthood, arthritis is the condition that affects the largest proportion of individuals.
14.76. The life expectancy today for individuals in the United States who have reached the age of 45 is:
a. 66 years
b. 70 years
c. 80 years
d. 86 years
Module: 14.4.1: Good Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.77. Which of the following statements is most accurate, regarding the relationship between educational level and early death?
a. There is no link between these variables since early death does not depend on education level achieved.
b. The risk of dying young is slightly higher for women with more education, but is equal for men with more versus less education.
c. The risk of dying young is slightly higher for men with more education, but is equal for women with more versus less education.
d. The risk of dying young is about double for those with less than a high school education, compared to those with some college education.
Module: 14.4.1: Good Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as cited in the text, people with more than a high school education are at less than half the risk of dying early than are those with 12 years of schooling or less. Figure 14.5 also makes this point.
14.78. Which of the following groups has the HIGHEST death rate during early through middle adulthood?
a. males with less than 12 years of education
b. males with a high school diploma
c. males with some college
d. females with less than 12 years of education
Module: 14.4.1: Good Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 14.5 shows that the highest death rate is for males with less than a high school education.
14.79. Which of the following groups has the LOWEST death rate during middle adulthood?
a. females with less than 12 years of education
b. females with a high school diploma
c. females with some college
d. males with a high school diploma
Module: 14.4.1: Good Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 14.5 shows that the lowest death rate is for females with some college or a college degree.
14.80. In 1965, about of U.S. adults smoked cigarettes; today about do so.
a. 15%; 25%
b. 42%; 17%
c. 25%; 25%
d. 60%; 40%
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.81. Of the more than 2.4 million deaths in the United States today, about what percent were caused by smoking-related illnesses?
a. 2%
b. 10%
c. 20%
d. 50%
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.82. According to the text, of those deaths due to cancer, smoking is responsible for about ____ of all deaths.
a. 5%
b. 30%
c. 50%
d. 67%
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.83. If you were to conduct a survey of adults who smoke cigarettes, you would expect about ____ of these people would report that they want to quit smoking; of these, less than ____ will actually be able to quit.
a. 70%; 5%
b. 95%; 50%
c. 90%; 10%
d. 50%; 25%
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.84. If you asked a representative sample of adults in the United States if they had consumed alcohol in the past 30 days, you should expect that about _____ would answer “yes.”
a. 35%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 85%
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: According to recent national surveys, more than half of the U.S. adult population drank alcohol in the past 30 days.
14.85. Today in the United States, alcohol consumption is the ______ leading cause of preventable death in the United States.
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. twelfth
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.86. Today in the United States, about ____ of adults are either overweight or obese.
a. 35%
b. 45%
c. 55%
d. 70%
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.87. Since 1990, the percent of Americans who are obese or overweight has:
a. increased dramatically
b. increased slightly
c. decreased dramatically
d. decreased slightly
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.88. About what percent of middle-aged adult men and women are obese in the United States today?
a. about 15%
b. about 25%
c. about 40%
d. about 70%
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.89. Statistically speaking, which of the following people would be MOST likely to be obese?
a. Alan, who is 20 years old
b. Luke, who is 30 years old
c. Jeremy, who is 40 years old
d. Mike, who is 50 years old
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: According to the text, weight problems become more prevalent as adults move through the period of middle adulthood.
14.90. According to the text, obesity-related illnesses are considered to be the _______ leading cause of preventable death in the United States today.
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. twelfth
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.91. According to the text, which of the following is the correct order of leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States today, from first to third:
a. smoking, obesity, alcohol
b. obesity, alcohol, smoking
c. smoking, alcohol, illegal drug use
d. AIDS, smoking, illegal drug use
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that being overweight is now considered the second largest preventable cause of death and disease in adulthood, just behind smoking and just ahead of alcohol abuse.
14.92. Richard Rahe revised his earlier version of the Stress Scale for Selected Life Events, noting that life today is _____ stressful than it was in earlier decades and noting that the stress associated with certain life events today is _______ it was in earlier decades.
a. less; the same as
b. less; somewhat different from
c. more; somewhat different from
d. more; the same as
Module: 14.4.3: Stress and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: According to the text, Richard Rahe noted with the revision of his scale in 1997 that life today is more stressful than in earlier decades. Recently, data gathered through an online survey of 10 of the original life events have served to point out that, while some events cause less stress for adults today than they did 40 years ago, others cause more.
14.93. According to the Stress Scale printed in the text, which of the following life events is associated with the HIGHEST level of stress?
a. change to a different line of work
b. marriage
c. son or daughter leaving home
d. divorce or marital separation
Module: 14.4.3: Stress and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Table 14.2 shows stress scale for selected life events in 1967 and 2007. Divorce/separation is shown as being more stressful than the other events listed for both years.
14.94. According to the Stress Scale printed in the text, which of the following life events is associated with the HIGHEST level of stress?
a. death of a spouse
b. divorce or marital separation
c. death of a family member
d. job layoff or firing
Module: 14.4.3: Stress and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Table 14.2 shows stress scale ratings for selected life events in 1967 and 2007. Death of a spouse is shown as being more stressful than all of the other events listed in both years.
14.95. Tyrone has gone through many stress-producing events lately. According to the Stress Scale printed in the text, which of the following events in Tyrone’s life probably produced the most stress:
a. death of his wife
b. marriage to his long-time girlfriend
c. retirement from his job
d. having his youngest child leave home
Module: 14.4.3: Stress and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Table 14.2 shows stress scale ratings for selected life events in 1967 and 2007. Death of a spouse is shown as being more stressful than all of the other events listed in both years.
14.96. Illness may follow periods of prolonged stress, primarily because stress weakens one’s:
a. heart
b. lungs
c. immune system
d. level of exercise
Module: 14.4.3: Stress and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.97. In comparison to members of the white majority in the United States, African Americans are more likely to die from all of the following EXCEPT:
a. heart disease
b. cancer
c. AIDS
d. parasitic diseases
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: The text notes that Blacks are more likely than Whites to die from heart disease, hypertension, cancer diabetes, accidents, and AIDS; and that Hispanics are more likely than Whites to die from infectious and parasitic diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and AIDS.
14.98. According to the text, which of the following statements about racial/ethnic differences in healthiness is FALSE?
a. Low-income minority groups experience more stress.
b. Low-income minority groups have better access to preventative healthcare.
c. Low-income minority groups are more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs.
d. Low-income minority groups are more likely to experience stress associated with racism.
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: Members of low-income minority groups often have a number of special challenges that contribute to stress. The text notes that the fact that overeating, alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs are often used to cope with such stress and may explain why these individuals are at greater risk for a variety of health-related problems. The text also notes that stress may include increased stress due to dealing with racism. Finally, the text notes that access to healthcare is an issue for these individuals and likely contributes to negative health outcomes.
14.99. Since the Affordable Care Act was enacted, the rate of uninsured Americans has:
a. declined from more than 16% to under 11%
b. stayed about the same—near 16%
c. stayed about the same—near 11%
d. actually increased from just under 11% to more than 16%
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: Figure 14.6 shows that the uninsured rate was steady at around 16% before the passage of this Act, but since that time has fallen to just under 11%.
Cognitive Continuity and Change
Learning Objective 14.5: Compare cognitive functionalities in middle adulthood
14.100. Compared to research conclusions drawn in the 1980s, researchers today are more likely to see the cognitive decline that is associated with aging as being:
a. more gradual and occurring later
b. more gradual but beginning earlier
c. faster but occurring later
d. faster and beginning earlier
Module: 14.5: Cognitive Continuity and Change
Learning Objective 14.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.101. In those cognitive skills that are most closely related to work and daily living, the peak of performance usually occurs during:
a. adolescence
b. emerging adulthood
c. early adulthood
d. middle adulthood
Module: 14.5: Cognitive Continuity and Change
Learning Objective 14.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.102. Intelligence that comes with experience and education and is based on the body of knowledge and information accumulated over the years is called:
a. fluid intelligence
b. crystallized intelligence
c. declarative intelligence
d. pragmatic intelligence
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.103. An older adult’s ability to recall well a second language used and practiced mostly in early adulthood would best be considered an example of:
a. fluid intelligence
b. crystallized intelligence
c. mechanical intelligence
d. practical intelligence
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: Crystallized intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and skills based on education and life experiences. Recalling a language reflects this type of intelligence.
14.104. Early studies using cross-sectional research techniques usually showed that crystallized intelligence reaches its peak during ______; fluid intelligence reaches its peak during .
a. middle adulthood; adolescence
b. middle adulthood; middle adulthood
c. early adulthood; middle adulthood
d. adolescence; early adulthood
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.105. Since Ed has been a tax attorney for over 25 years, he is now able to analyze clients’ problems and draw conclusions from experience-based information and knowledge. Although he does not solve problems as quickly as he did when he was younger, his solutions are more complex and therefore better. The fact that his solutions are more complex best illustrates which of the following concepts?
a. crystallized intelligence
b. fluid intelligence
c. cognitive mechanics
d. inductive reasoning
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Crystallized intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and skills based on education and life experiences. It is logical that this accumulation of a variety of knowledge and skills would allow Ed to develop more complex solutions. In fact, research has shown that crystallized intelligence remains high and perhaps even increases throughout middle age.
14.106. Marge has acquired knowledge of the law through her 30 years as a litigator and from her years studying in law school. Her knowledge, accumulated over the years, is called:
a. fluid intelligence
b. mechanical intelligence
c. pragmatic intelligence
d. crystallized intelligence
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: Crystallized intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and skills based on education and life experiences.
14.107. In earlier cross-sectional studies of age-related changes in intelligence, the typical finding was that crystallized intelligence _________ and fluid intelligence _________ during middle adulthood.
a. remained the same or increased; remained the same or increased
b. declined; declined
c. remained the same or increased; declined
d. declined; remained the same or increased
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.108. According to earlier cross-sectional studies of age-related changes in intelligence, scores on which of the following tests would be most likely to DECREASE most substantially with age?
a. vocabulary
b. general information
c. overall intelligence
d. inductive reasoning
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Difficult
Rationale: Table 14.3 shows tasks that are representative of crystallized and fluid intelligence. Inductive reasoning is cited as being representative of fluid intelligence. Because research has shown that fluid intelligence begins to decline in early adulthood and continues to get worse with age, one would expect that inductive reasoning, as a task representing this type of intelligence, gets worse with age. This finding also is reflected in a figure provided in the text.
14.109. According to earlier cross-sectional studies of age-related changes in intelligence, scores on which of the following tests would be most likely to decline the LEAST with age?
a. vocabulary
b. figural relations
c. overall intelligence
d. inductive reasoning
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Table 14.3 shows tasks that are representative of crystallized and fluid intelligence. Vocabulary is cited as being representative of crystallized intelligence. Because research has shown that crystallized intelligence remains high and perhaps even increases throughout middle age, one would expect that vocabulary, a task representing this type of intelligence, does not decline as much with age as figural relations or inductive reasoning, which are representative of fluid intelligence. A figure included in the text shows that overall intelligence does decline with age.
14.110. If you are tested longitudinally for skills involving the use of crystallized intelligence, at which of the following ages would you expect to have the highest score?
a. age 20
b. age 30
c. age 40
d. age 50
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Difficult
Rationale: Research shows that crystallized intelligence remains high and perhaps even increases throughout middle age, thus the oldest person should have the highest score with regard to crystallized intelligence.
14.111. According to the text, about what percent of the adult population either maintains a stable level of intellectual performance or increases their performance well into their 70s?
a. about 40–45%
b. about 60–70%
c. about 80–85%
d. nearly 100%
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: The text notes that when we look at how individuals change as they grow older, we find that 45 to 60% of people maintain a stable level of overall intellectual performance—both fluid and crystallized—well into their 70s. An additional 10–15% show increases in performance into their mid-70s, bringing the total percentage for this combined group to from 55 to 75%.
14.112. In comparison to how well a group of young adults performs, a group of older adults would likely perform LEAST well on which of the following tasks?
a. typing quickly and accurately
b. spelling
c. recalling historical facts, such as the names of the first 4 presidents of the United States
d. reading for meaning
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: The most noticeable decline in abilities associated with aging involves tasks that require speed. Typing is such a task. Other types of knowledge do not show as much age-related decline, if any decline at all.
14.113. The age-related changes that occur in intellectual skills have been traced to which of the following brain changes?
a. enlargement of the cerebellum, which controls balance and some motor control
b. shrinkage of the prefrontal regions of the brain
c. buildup of protein plaques around the axons in the hypothalamus
d. enlargement of the corpus callosum, which connects the left and right hemisphere, thereby making transfer of information slower
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.114. If you were to choose a few words to describe how an older adult’s cognitive processes differ from those of a younger adult, you would be most accurate to conclude that the older adult’s mental processes were:
a. less complex and slower
b. less complex but faster
c. more complex but slower
d. more complex and faster
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: If there is a decline in intellectual functioning associated with age, it is most likely to be seen in tasks involving speed, since various psychomotor processes gradually begin to slow down in middle age. Such declines are commonly compensated by increases in efficiency and general knowledge, contributing to more complexity.
14.115. Which of the following provides the best example of declarative knowledge?
a. being able to operate a computer program, such as Word
b. knowing the names of the capitals of the states in the United States
c. hitting a serve in a tennis game
d. driving a car
Module: 14.5.2: Experience and Expertise
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Declarative knowledge is factual knowledge—it is what you know, such as names of the state capitals. The other options all reflect procedural knowledge —knowing how to do something.
14.116. This type of skill is action-oriented, involving how activities are carried out:
a. declarative knowledge
b. procedural knowledge
c. crystallized intelligence
d. fluid intelligence
Module: 14.5.2: Experience and Expertise
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Procedural knowledge includes one’s knowledge of how to carry out activities.
14.117. Which of the following terms come closest to meaning the same thing as “factual knowledge” ?
a. declarative knowledge
b. procedural knowledge
c. crystallized intelligence
d. fluid intelligence
Module: 14.5.2: Experience and Expertise
Learning Objective 14.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Declarative knowledge is defined as factual knowledge.
14.118. Since 1900, the life expectancy at birth in the United States has increased by about:
a. 10 years
b. 18 years
c. 24 years
d. 30 years
Module: 14.5.3: Cognitive Skills in the Workplace
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: In 1900, the average life expectancy at birth was 47.3 years; in 1950, it was 68.2 years; in 2000, it was 77.0 years; and by 2020, it is expected to be 79.5 years. Thus, today the difference is about 30 years.
14.119. If you were going to advise a middle-aged adult on how to best maintain and improve her cognitive abilities into older adulthood, your best advice would be to tell her to:
a. quit working, relax, and watch more TV
b. stay intellectually engaged in complex tasks
c. create a stable routine, in which the tasks she does are done repeatedly so forgetting does not occur
d. make sure she gets enough sleep each night so her brain has a chance to store the new information she learned that day
Module: 14.5.3: Cognitive Skills in the Workplace
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: As the text notes, engaging in complex tasks throughout adulthood seems to be a key in maintaining intellectual processes at their highest possible levels.
Current Issues: Why Are Some Groups at Risk?
14.120. According to the text, people who live in poverty or who are victims of discrimination enjoy _____ healthy lifestyles, and the impact of these lifestyles becomes _____ apparent as people get older.
a. less; more
b. more; less
c. less; less
d. more; more
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Easy
14.121. According to the results of the MIDUS survey, the words that best describe the respondents of minority status who were economically poor, would be:
a. “they did the best they could”
b. “they gave up too easily”
c. “they wasted their chances”
d. “their resentment made it impossible for them to succeed”
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: The survey generally showed that hard-working, proud, low-income minority adults in their 40s and 50s had usually done the best they could with the cards they were dealt, which included such things as caring for grandchildren, wrestling with chronic disease, and lacking retirement and healthcare coverage.
14.122. According to the results of the MIDUS survey, it is apparent that ______________ contribute to the health risks of low-income minority populations.
a. low income, but not minority status
b. minority status, but not low income
c. both low income and minority status
d. neither low income nor minority status
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.123. According to Arline Geronimus, the term “weathering” describes:
a. accumulated stress associated with poverty and discrimination
b. over-exposure to hazardous substances in poorly controlled factory settings
c. the accumulated brain changes that are associated with normal aging
d. the harmful effects associated with too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.124. According to the text, adult members of minority populations in the United States are less likely than the White population to suffer from:
a. heart disease
b. cancer
c. diabetes
d. depression
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: According to the text, White Americans are more likely than members of minority groups to suffer from depression.
Changing Perspectives: Retraining for Today’s Technological Jobs
14.125. According to the text, which of the following is LEAST likely to be a problem for older workers who are retraining in new, technology-oriented jobs?
a. poorer vision than younger workers
b. slower reaction times than younger workers
c. slower learning of new skills than younger workers
d. lower intelligence than younger workers
Module: 14.5.3: Cognitive Skills in the Workplace
Learning Objective 14.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
14.126. According to the text, which of the following types of institutions are most likely to be involved in the retraining of an older workforce?
a. community colleges
b. 4-year private colleges
c. state universities
d. high schools that provide remedial education programs
Module: 14.5.3: Cognitive Skills in the Workplace
Learning Objective 14.5
Understand the Concept
Easy
14.127. Professionals that adjust the way that machines and technologies work so that older workers can learn and operate them more efficiently are called:
a. career counselors
b. transitional counselors
c. human factors engineers
d. technologicians
Module: 14.5.3: Cognitive Skills in the Workplace
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that “human factors engineers study these situations and redesign machines to make them easier to use.”
Short Answer questions:
Development in Middle Adulthood
Learning Objective 14.1: Evaluate conceptions about development in middle adulthood
14.128. When does the period of middle adulthood typically begin and end?
Module: 14.1
Learning Objective 14.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.129. Is the period of middle adulthood more, or less, defined by culture events than is the period of early adulthood? Explain your answer.
Module: 14.1
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Moderate
14.130. What does it mean to say that people in the period of middle adulthood are the “command generation”?
Module: 14.1.1: Prime Time or the Beginning of the End?
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Moderate
14.131. According to Daniel Levinson, identify three core issues that are typically experienced by people at about the time they reach age 40.
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.132. According to Daniel Levinson, why and how do most 40-year-olds experience a midlife crisis?
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
14.133. If a person were advocating a “transition model” to explain middle adulthood, how would this person explain the phenomenon of the “midlife crisis”?
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Moderate
14.134. The text notes that affluent people are more likely to experience a midlife crisis than are those with greater socioeconomic challenges. What might this be?
Module: 14.1.3: Perceptions and Realities at Midlife
Learning Objective 14.1
Evaluate It
Difficult
The Climacteric
Learning Objective 14.2: Assess the impact of the climacteric
14.135. Explain the difference between the climacteric and menopause.
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
14.136. Why does the text note that menopause is a process, and not an event? What is meant by this statement?
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.137. Do most U. S. women respond positively, or negatively, to the events defining menopause? Cite evidence to support your answer.
Module: 14.2.2: The Emotional Effects Associated With Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
14.138. How is menopause linked to the increased risk of osteoporosis?
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.139. What hormones are delivered through hormone replacement therapy (HRT)? What effect do these drugs usually have on the body?
Module: 14.2.4: Hormone Replacement Therapy
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.140. Identify one positive benefit of taking HRT and one negative benefit associated with HRT.
Module: 14.2.4: Hormone Replacement Therapy
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
14.141. What advice does the text provide for women regarding their decision about whether they should, or should not, take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) at the time of menopause?
Module: 14.2.4: Hormone Replacement Therapy
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.142. Is erectile dysfunction a common problem for men during the period of middle adulthood? Cite statistical evidence to support your answer.
Module: 14.2.5: Changes in Men
Learning Objective 14.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
14.143. Identify two types of therapy that can be used to help men overcome erectile dysfunction, and note which therapy is used when the problems are biological versus psychological.
Module: 14.2.5: Changes in Men
Learning Objective 14.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Physical Continuity and Change
Learning Objective 14.3: Relate physical changes to middle adulthood development
14.144. What changes typically occur in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems during middle adulthood? Are these changes typically problematic during this period of the lifespan?
Module: 14.3: Physical Continuity and Change; 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Evaluate It
Moderate
14.145. Identify two health-related conditions that can be linked to the frequency of sexual behavior in middle adulthood. How do these conditions affect the experience of sexuality during this period of the lifespan?
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.146. According to the text, what impression do the media usually convey about sexuality during middle adulthood? Do the results of research studies support or refute this general view?
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Analyze It
Moderate
14.147. Who experiences more sexual satisfaction during the periods of young and middle adulthood—men or women? Cite evidence to support your answer.
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Evaluate It
Moderate
Health and Disease
Learning Objective 14.4: Contextualize health changes in middle adulthood
14.148. Describe the age-related changes that occur across ages 35–44, to ages 45–54, and to ages 55–64, with respect to the death rate due to accidents, to cancer, and to heart disease. How do death rates for these three factors change with age?
Module: 14.1
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.149. Are men or women more vulnerable to disease and early death during middle adulthood? Cite statistical evidence to support your conclusion.
Module: 14.4
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
14.150. How is the amount of education a person has linked to death rates? Is this trend the same for men and women? Describe your answer by citing statistical evidence.
Module: 14.4
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.151. Identify three things that young adults can do that will have the greatest impact on lengthening their lives.
Module: 14.4.1: Good Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Evaluate It
Moderate
14.152. Describe the current statistics that describe cigarette smoking in the United States.
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.153. How are obesity rates changing in the United States today, and what effect will these changes likely have on life expectancy?
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Evaluate It
Moderate
14.154. Describe how stress scales, such as the one described in the text, developed. What information about stress do these scales provide?
Module: 14.4.3: Stress and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.155. Describe four life events that are among the most stressful.
Module: 14.4.3: Stress and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Evaluate It
Moderate
14.156. Does stress result from major life events, from daily hassles, or from both? Describe two ways in which the effects of stress can take their toll on health.
Module: 14.4.3: Stress and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.157. Identify two reasons that help explain why the death rate for Black Americans is substantially higher than for White Americans today.
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Cognitive Continuity and Change
Learning Objective 14.5: Compare cognitive functionalities in middle adulthood
14.158. Give an example of fluid intelligence and an example of crystallized intelligence, noting how these abilities are different from each other.
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.159. Why is fluid intelligence sometimes called cognitive pragmatics? Why is crystallized intelligence sometimes called cognitive mechanics? How do the terms “pragmatics” and “mechanics” help describe the fundamental difference between these two types of intellectual skills?
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Difficult
14.160. Why are cross-sectional studies likely to lead researchers to incorrect conclusions about how intellect changes with age across adulthood?
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Moderate
14.161. Describe the typical result of cross-sectional studies that explore changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence across the span of adulthood. Which abilities decline the most?
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.162. Which intellectual abilities appear to be most resistance to age-related decline? Which decline the most during adulthood?
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Difficult
14.163. What brain changes are typically associated with the period of middle adulthood? What cognitive changes are typically the result?
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Difficult
14.164. How do experts retain a high level of skill in middle and older adulthood, given the decline in cognitive abilities that typically accompany aging?
Module: 14.5.2: Experience and Expertise
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Moderate
14.165. Describe the changes to life expectancy in the United States that have occurred in the past 60 years. What do these changes imply for the importance of job retraining in the U. S. workforce?
Module: 14.5.3: Cognitive Skills in the Workplace
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Moderate
Essay questions:
Development in Middle Adulthood
Learning Objective 14.1: Evaluate conceptions about development in middle adulthood
14.166. Is middle adulthood “prime time” or the “beginning of the end”? Explain your answer and support it with evidence.
Module: 14.1.1: Prime Time or the Beginning of the End?
Learning Objective 14.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.167. Give a good example of a person you know about who represents the meaning of the term “command generation.” Explain how this person’s life emblemizes this idea.
Module: 14.1.1: Prime Time or the Beginning of the End?
Learning Objective 14.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
14.168. According to Daniel Levinson, what factors lead a person toward a midlife crisis? How is such a crisis typically experienced? How is it typically resolved?
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.169. According to Levinson, men and women typically experience the midlife crisis in the same way and at the same time. If you were to conduct research that explores gender differences in how the midlife crisis is experienced, what two factors do you believe would be most interesting to explore? What hypothesis would you propose for each gender-related factor, based on how you think men might adapt differently than women?
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Evaluate It
Difficult
14.170. How do transitional models explain the “midlife crisis” that was suggested by Levinson? What life factors might influence how a 40-year-old person might experience the transition from early to middle adulthood?
Module: 14.1.2: Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Moderate
14.171. Describe how modern researchers typically differ from Daniel Levinson in their views of middle age, specifically regarding the midlife crisis.
Module: 14.1.3: Perceptions and Realities at Midlife
Learning Objective 14.1
Analyze It
Difficult
The Climacteric
Learning Objective 14.2: Assess the impact of the climacteric
14.172. Describe the results of research that explored how U. S. women typically experience the symptoms associated with menopause. Do women today view “the change” as positive, negative, or a mixture of both?
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause; 14.2.2: The Emotional Effects Associated With Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Moderate
14.173. Cite two pieces of evidence that the text presents that indicate that the experience of menopause is heavily dependent on cultural, rather than biological, forces. Do you agree with this conclusion? Explain.
Module: 14.2.1: The Physical Changes and Symptoms of Menopause
Learning Objective 14.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
14.174. Suppose a good friend is experiencing bothersome symptoms associated with menopause and is considering going on hormone replacement therapy. If she asked you for your advice, what evidence would you cite that would help her make an informed decision? What would your recommendation be?
Module: 14.2.3: Long-Term Effects; 14.2.4: Hormone Replacement Therapy
Learning Objective 14.2
Analyze It
Difficult
14.175. Is erectile dysfunction more likely to be the result of physiological, or psychological, problems? What treatments exist and which is generally prescribed? Does the therapy prescribed depend on what the likely cause of dysfunction is? Explain.
Module: 14.2.5: Changes in Men
Learning Objective 14.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
Physical Continuity and Change
Learning Objective 14.3: Relate physical changes to middle adulthood development
14.176. Describe the typical changes to vision, hearing, taste, and smell that occur in middle adulthood. How do these changes typically affect the adult’s use of cognitive resources, such as memory and problem-solving skills?
Module: 14.3: Physical Continuity and Change; 14.3.1: Changes in Capabilities
Learning Objective 14.3
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.177. Identify three reasons why sexual activity typically declines during middle adulthood. Is this decline substantial, and does it lead to greater marital unhappiness? Cite evidence to support your conclusions.
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Evaluate It
Difficult
14.178. What gender differences exist during young and middle adulthood with respect to sexual satisfaction and behavior?
Module: 14.3.2: Sexuality in the Middle Years
Learning Objective 14.3
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Health and Disease
Learning Objective 14.4: Contextualize health changes in middle adulthood
14.179. How do death rates from the major causes of death in adulthood change as a person moves from early adulthood through middle adulthood? In your answer, describe how death rates due to accidents, to cancer, and to heart disease shift with increasing age in this period.
Module: 14.4
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.180. Describe how death rates and disease rates differ in the United States today for men versus women. What factors are likely to contribute to these differences?
Module: 14.4
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
14.181. Discuss the relationship between education level and life expectancy for men and women. Identify two ways in which educational level is likely related to life expectancy.
Module: 14.4
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
14.182. Describe three ways in which physical exercise can help middle-aged adults be healthier and live longer.
Module: 14.4.1: Good Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Moderate
14.183. Describe the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the United States today, in comparison to earlier decades. Include in your answer research about the success most people have in trying to quit.
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.184. List in order the top three causes of preventable death in adulthood in the United States today. How might each be related to socioeconomic factors and to stress?
Module: 14.4.2: Poor Health Habits
Learning Objective 14.4
Evaluate It
Difficult
14.185. Describe how researchers measure the degree to which a person’s life is stressful. How does life stress interact with lifestyle to affect overall health?
Module: 14.4.3: Stress and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Difficult
14.186. Identify three factors that help explain the finding that the death rate in middle adulthood of white Americans is lower than that of African Americans and of Hispanic Americans. To what extent are socioeconomic forces involved, do you think?
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Analyze It
Difficult
14.187. Discuss how one’s socioeconomic status might influence one’s health in middle adulthood. What factors related to socioeconomic status have an impact on health and risk of dying?
Module: 14.4.4: Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health
Learning Objective 14.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Cognitive Continuity and Change
Learning Objective 14.5: Compare cognitive functionalities in middle adulthood
14.188. Define the terms “crystallized intelligence” and “fluid intelligence” and identify the key distinction between these different types of cognitive skills. Which is more closely tied to neurological functioning? Why?
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Difficult
14.189. Consider the job of an airplane pilot and suggest which tasks involved in flying a plane would be good examples of crystallized intelligence and which would be examples of fluid intelligence. How would you expect the flying ability of a 20-year-old pilot be different from that of a 60-year-old pilot? Which person would you rather have be the pilot in a plane in which you were a passenger? Why?
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
14.190. How do the conclusions about age-related cognitive decline differ, depending on whether a study uses cross-sectional, versus longitudinal, research methods? Which of these methods provides the more accurate view of age-related changes in cognition throughout adulthood?
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
14.191. Describe how people’s ability to carry out cognitive tasks, including those involving spatial orientation, perceptual processing, and verbal memory, change over time during adulthood.
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
14.192. How would a younger physician and an older physician likely approach a complex medical problem, such as determining how to select a chemotherapy program for a patient with cancer, when several different options are available? If you were the patient, would you rather have the younger, or the older, doctor? Why?
Module: 14.5.1: Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence; 14.5.2: Experience and Expertise
Learning Objective 14.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
14.193. Given the age-related decline that is typical of middle and later adulthood, explain why middle adulthood is still generally considered to be the “command generation.”
Module: 14.5.2: Experience and Expertise; 14.5.3: Cognitive Skills in the Workplace
Learning Objective 14.5
Analyze It
Difficult
14.194. Why is it more important now than ever to provide ongoing education and training to workers in the workforce today? Suggest two reasons.
Module: 14.5.3: Cognitive Skills in the Workplace
Learning Objective 14.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate