Name____________________________________

Chapter 10—Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development—Quick Quiz 1

1. According to the text, the rite of passage into adulthood that typically occurs in primitive societies is generally followed immediately by:

a. marriage and full status as an adult

b. a one- or two-year apprenticeship to gain full adult status

c. a period of six or eight years during which the adult roles and norms are learned

d. economic, but not social, independence from the family

2. If Jason were looking for terms to describe the typical qualities of adolescents and emerging adults in the United States today, he would be correct in using all of the following EXCEPT:

a. age-segregated

b. economically dependent

c. nonconforming

d. vulnerable-to-crisis

3. As compared to females, males’ bodies typically produce more:

a. estrogen

b. progesterone

c. secondary trophic hormones

d. androgenic hormones

4. Natalie matured at the same time as most of her male peers and shares their interests and

dating activities. She is most likely a(n):

a. early maturer

b. average maturer

c. late maturer

d. prepubescent maturer

5. Which of the following dates would represent the year in which the sexual revolution in the United States was at its highest point?

a. 1957

b. 1963

c. 1978

d. 1995

6. Suppose you interview a group of people who were ninth graders in 2009. If you believe they represent a “typical” population of people growing up in the United States at this time, you would expect that about ____ of these students would have had sexual intercourse.

a. 5%

b. 15%

c. 30%

d. 45%

7. According to the text, more U. S. adolescent girls become pregnant than adolescent girls from Western European countries because U. S. adolescent girls:

a. are more sexually active

b. will experience more social stigma for an illegitimate birth

c. are less likely to use contraception

d. experience too much affection at home

8. According to the text, the development of fMRI techniques has allowed developmental researchers to investigate brain development more effectively because this technology allows them to perform which of the following types of research?

a. cross-sectional research

b. longitudinal research

c. experimental research

d. correlational research

9. When 17-year-old Paul was discussing his future with his father, Paul said, “Let's just suppose for the sake of discussion that I don’t attend college right away. What if I volunteered overseas instead?” Paul's ability to think in these terms is characteristic of:

a. sensorimotor thought

b. preoperational thought

c. formal operational thought

d. concrete operational thought

10. Even though John has seen other people get into car accidents, he does not believe that such an accident will ever happen to himself. John’s perception of personal invulnerability is best considered to be an example of:

a. shared negotiation

b. a personal fable

c. conventional moral reasoning

d. the imaginary audience

Name____________________________________

Chapter 10—Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development—Quick Quiz 2

1. The term used to refer to a symbolic event or ritual that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood is called a(n):

a. growth rite

b. puberty rite

c. initiation rite

d. rite of passage

2. In contemporary U.S. society, the term “emerging adulthood” would be used most accurately when describing individuals in which of the following age groups?

a. ages 14–18

b. ages 16–18

c. ages 16–22

d. ages 18–24

3. Typically, girls experience the adolescent growth spurt about:

a. 1 year before boys

b. 2 years before boys

c. the same time as boys

d. 2 years after boys

4. Which of the following girls would be expected to have her first menstrual period at the youngest age?

a. a girl raised in the Czech Republic

b. a girl raised in the United States

c. a girl raised in the Kikuyu tribe in Africa

d. a girl raised in the Bindi tribe in New Guinea

5. If you were to explain how sexual attitudes and practices have changed in the United States during the past century, you might want to note the point at which, for the first time, the majority of adolescents no longer believed that premarital sex was neither right nor wrong but rather should be judged based on the couple’s relationship. You should associate this change in cultural attitudes with which of the following dates?

a. 1947

b. 1959

c. 1973

d. 1996

6. Suppose you conduct a survey of ninth- and twelfth-grade boys and girls. If the students in your survey respond in the same way as did students in 2013, you would expect that, in comparison to girls, boys in ninth grade would report ______ levels of sexual activity and boys in twelfth grade would report _____ levels of sexual activity.

a. slightly higher; slightly lower

b. much higher; slightly higher

c. much lower; slightly higher

d. about the same; slightly higher

7. About what percent of teenage girls in the United States become pregnant?

a. 1%

b. 8%

c. 16%

d. 25%

8. The two words that best describe how the brain changes during adolescence are:

a. pruning and myelination

b. birth and death

c. expansion and growth

d. little or none

9. Vicki believes that she is constantly being watched and judged by her friends. According to the view advanced by David Elkind, Vicki is experiencing the:

a. imaginary audience

b. personal fable

c. ascribed identity

d. foundling fantasy

10. Joshua’s friends tease him because he always tries to conform his behavior to what he believes his friends are doing. In this sense, the stage of moral development that most likely characterizes his behavior would be:

a. premoral

b. preconventional

c. conventional

d. postconventional

Quick Quiz Answers

Quick Quiz 10.1

1. b; 10.1

2. c; 10.1.2; 10.1.3

3. d; 10.2.1

4. c; 10.3.3

5. c; 10.4.1

6. c; 10.4.3

7. c; 10.5.2

8. b; 10.6.1

9. c; 10.6.4

10. b; 10.7.2

Quick Quiz 10.2

1. d; 10.1

2. d; 10.1.1

3. b; 10.2.1

4. b; 10.2.2

5. c; 10.4.1

6. a; 10.4.3

7. b; 10.5.2

8. a; 10.6.2

9. a; 10.7.2

10. c; 10.7.3

Chapter 10

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Learning Objectives:

10.1: Explain how cultural context affects the experiences of adolescence

10.2: Describe physical changes associated with puberty

10.3: Analyze the ways adolescents relate to their changing bodies

10.4: Outline how cultural attitudes toward sex changed over time in the United States

10.5: Evaluate the impact of education on teen sexual activity

10.6: Relate brain development to adolescent cognition

10.7: Analyze cognitive activities common to adolescence

Multiple Choice questions:

Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1: Explain how cultural context affects the experiences of adolescence

10.1. Adolescence in most undeveloped, agriculturally based cultures typically begins when children enter:

a. the work force

b. industrialized society

c. their reproductive years

d. school

Module: 10.1: Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, adolescence in many agriculturally based cultures and hunter–gatherer societies begins when children enter their reproductive years.

10.2. In which of the following societies would you expect the period called “adolescence” to be the longest?

a. the United States during the early 1800s

b. the United States today

c. a hunter-gatherer society in rural South America in the early 1800s

d. a hunter-gatherer society in rural South America today

Module: 10.1: Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: In contemporary U.S. culture, the developmental period between the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood has become not only longer in years but also considerably more complex in terms of the choices and transitions adolescents experience.

10.3. For children in which of the following groups would you expect the period called “adolescence” to be the shortest?

a. children raised in a hunter-gatherer society in rural South America today

b. children in very wealthy families in the United States today

c. children in upper-middle-class families in the United States today

d. children in upper-middle-class families in Japan today

Module: 10.1: Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Even today in many less industrialized countries adolescence describes a relatively brief period of the lifespan. For example, adolescence in many agriculturally based cultures and hunter–gatherer societies begins when children enter their reproductive years, at which time there is often a transition ritual called a rite of passage, followed by 1–2 years apprenticeship, then achievement of full adulthood.

10.4. The term used to refer to a symbolic event or ritual that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood is called a(n):

a. growth rite

b. puberty rite

c. initiation rite

d. rite of passage

Module: 10.1: Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.5. In Jeremy’s family, when each child reaches the age of 15, the family has a huge party at which the child is “introduced” as an adult. From that point forward, the child is expected to take on greater responsibilities for supporting the family, and is called by his or her middle name by family members, as a sign of this new status within the family. The term that best describes this transition is:

a. puberty

b. menarche

c. the secular trend

d. rite of passage

Module: 10.1: Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Rites of passage are symbolic events or rituals to mark life transitions, such as from childhood to adult status. Such a transition ritual may include a ceremony, name change, or physical challenge.

10.6. Historically, rites of passage served to:

a. control the speed of social development

b. indicate that the child has graduated from high school

c. limit the amount of work that parents could expect a child to perform for the family

d. mark a change in status from child to adult

Module: 10.1: Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Rites of passage are defined as symbolic events or rituals that mark life transitions, such as from childhood to adult status.

10.7. According to the text, the rite of passage into adulthood that typically occurs in primitive societies is generally followed immediately by:

a. marriage and full status as an adult

b. a 1- or 2-year apprenticeship to gain full adult status

c. a period of 6 or 8 years during which the adult roles and norms are learned

d. economic, but not social, independence from the family

Module: 10.1: Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.8. According to the text, which of the following is the typical order of how the children in many agriculturally based cultures become adults?

a. first there is a rite of passage, followed by an apprenticeship, followed by becoming an adult

b. first there is an apprenticeship, followed by a rite of passage, followed by becoming an adult

c. first there is an apprenticeship, followed by becoming an adult, followed by a rite of passage

d. becoming an adult, holding an apprenticeship, and having a rite of passage all occur at the same time

Module: 10.1: Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Adolescence in many agriculturally based cultures and hunter–gatherer societies begins when children enter their reproductive years, at which time there is often a transition ritual called a rite of passage, followed by 1–2 years apprenticeship, then achievement of full adulthood.

10.9. In a particular African tribe, when adolescent girls reach menarche, there is a ceremony in which they cover themselves in white ashes, and walk through the village singing a song about becoming an adult. This ceremony is a good example of which of the following?

a. an apprenticeship

b. a rite of passage

c. a secular trend

d. a personal fable

Module: 10.1: Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Rites of passage are symbolic events or rituals to mark life transitions, such as from childhood to adult status. Such a transition ritual may include a ceremony, name change, or physical challenge.

10.10. In comparison to the late 1800s in the United States, today the period of adolescence is ___________ and it is _________ complex.

a. shorter; more

b. shorter; less

c. longer; more

d. longer; less

Module: 10.1.1: The Cultural Context of U.S. Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: According to the text, in contemporary U.S. culture, the developmental period between the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood has become not only longer in years but also considerably more complex in terms of the choices and transitions adolescents experience.

10.11. According to the text, for people in the United States, the portion of the lifespan from ages 14 to 18 is best considered to be the period of:

a. early adolescence

b. middle adolescence

c. later adolescence

d. emerging adulthood

Module: 10.1.1: The Cultural Context of U.S. Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.1

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.12. Suppose you asked people in four different age groups to answer the question: “Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?” The age groups are as follows:

Group 1: Ages 12–17 years

Group 2: Ages 18–25 years

Group 3: Ages 26–35 years

Group 4: Ages 35–55 years

In which of these groups would you expect more than 10% of the people to answer “no” to this question?

a. only those in Group 1

b. those is Groups 1 and 2

c. those in Groups 1, 2, and 3

d. those in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4

Module: 10.1.1: The Cultural Context of U.S. Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.1

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: A figure in section 10.1.1 of the text shows age differences in response to the question, “Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?” As shown in the figure, in the 12- to 17-year-old age group, just under 40% of the respondents reported that they did not feel that they had reached adulthood. In each of other age groups, the percentage was below 10%.

10.13. In contemporary U.S. society, the term “emerging adulthood” would be used most accurately when describing individuals in which of the following age groups?

a. ages 14–18

b. ages 16–18

c. ages 16–22

d. ages 18–24

Module: 10.1.1: The Cultural Context of U.S. Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The period of emerging adulthood is discussed as the period between the end of high school, which usually is at about age 18, until the adoption of adult roles and responsibilities, which is usually several years later. The definition of this term suggests the age range of 18–25. Both of these statements imply that choice d above is the best answer.

10.14. To conclude that the period of emerging adulthood is “age-segregated” means that:

a. this developmental period begins and ends at the same age for all people in a society

b. this developmental period is thought by younger and older people to be undesirable and difficult

c. emerging adults hold more ageist prejudices than do younger or older people

d. emerging adults interact mostly with members of their own age group

Module: 10.1.2: Age Segregation and Economic Dependence

Learning Objective 10.1

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: As noted in the text, the idea that in the United States, adolescents and emerging adults are largely age-segregated means that they interact mostly with other people of their same age and much less with younger children or adults.

10.15. Erikson's view of the period of adolescence is best described as a time of

a. storm and stress

b. exploration and experimentation with roles before taking on adult responsibilities

c. prolonged dependence on parents, accompanied by frustration and restlessness

d. great stability and constancy

Module: 10.1.2: Age Segregation and Economic Dependence

Learning Objective 10.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Erikson takes a positive view of adolescence, seeing it as a time when individuals are allowed to explore and experiment with various roles before taking on the responsibilities of the adult world.

10.16. If Jason were looking for terms to describe the typical qualities of adolescents and emerging adults in the United States today, he would be correct in using all of the following EXCEPT:

a. age-segregated

b. economically dependent

c. nonconforming

d. vulnerable-to-crisis

Module: 10.1.2: Age Segregation and Economic Dependence; 10.1.3: Adolescent Response to Sociocultural Crisis

Learning Objective 10.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: In the text, adolescence is characterized as a time when individuals interact mostly with people of their own age (age-segregated), as a time of prolonged economic dependence, and as a time when adolescents are deeply affected by the events and crises of the time in which they live (vulnerable-to-crisis).

10.17. In comparison to adults in their later-20s, emerging adults in their early 20s generally are _______ age-segregated, ________ economically dependent, and _______ affected by world crises and social issues.

a. more; more; more

b. less; more; less

c. less; more; more

d. more; more; less

Module: 10.1.2: Age Segregation and Economic Dependence; 10.1.3: Adolescent Response to Sociocultural Crisis

Learning Objective 10.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: In the text, adolescence is characterized as a time when individuals interact mostly with people of their own age (age-segregated), as a time of prolonged economic dependence, and as a time when adolescents are deeply affected by the events and crises of the time in which they live (vulnerable-to-crisis).

10.18. Which of the following typically is NOT a characteristic associated with the period of emerging adulthood?

a. instability in their personal life

b. “other”-focused perspective, which helps them avoid thinking about themselves

c. feelings of being “in-between” adolescence and adulthood

d. high hopes and expectations about the future

Module: 10.1.3: Adolescent Response to Sociocultural Crisis

Learning Objective 10.1

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: The characteristics of emerging adulthood include identity exploration, instability, self-focused perspective, feelings of “in-between,” and being in an “age of possibilities,” which reflects high hopes and expectations and optimism about the future.

Physical Development in Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.2: Describe physical changes associated with puberty

10.19. Which of the following is NOT a secondary sex characteristic?

a. body hair

b. increased fat and muscle

c. maturation of genitalia

d. production of sperm

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.20. Which of the following is NOT one of the major sex hormones?

a. progesterone

b. testosterone

c. estrogen

d. acetylcholine

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Testosterone is a male sex hormone; progesterone and estrogen are female sex hormones.

10.21. According to the text, hormones are secreted into the bloodstream by:

a. both frontal lobes of the brain

b. capillaries in the circulatory system

c. endocrine glands

d. the liver

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.22. According to the text, the greatly expanded production of growth hormones occurs at about age ____ for U.S. girls and about age ____ for U.S. boys.

a. 12; 14

b. 13; 13

c. 10; 9

d. 10; 12

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.23. Mark, who is 14 years old, notices that recently he has become much clumsier. One reason the text suggests for this clumsiness is that the adolescent growth spurt is often accompanied by:

a. asymmetrical growth in legs, feet, arms, and hands

b. excess body fat is being deposited in the breasts, which will later disappear

c. a short-term reduction in the size of the motor cortex in the brain

d. the overproduction of red blood cells that provide excess energy in the muscles

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Although the adolescent growth spurt is accompanied by the depositing of fat in the breasts and the production of red blood cells in boys, these are not related to clumsiness. The brain does not shrink in size during adolescence. But growth in body parts is often asymmetrical, giving rise to clumsiness. It is not uncommon for adolescents to notice that one hand is temporarily larger than the other, or that one leg is longer.

10.24. According to the text, which of the following terms is used to describe the period of rapid growth in physical size and strength that occur during adolescence?

a. pubescent jump

b. massa intermedia

c. growth spurt

d. secondary growth

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: The text defines the adolescent growth spurt as a period of rapid growth in physical size and strength, accompanied by changes in body proportions, that occurs with the entrance into puberty.

10.25. Sheila (a girl) and Brian (a boy) are fraternal twins and are 8 years old. If their development is typical, their parents should expect that they will experience the adolescent growth spurt in which of the following patterns?

a. Sheila and Brian will both experience the growth spurt at about the same time.

b. Sheila will experience the growth spurt about 2 years before Brian does.

c. Sheila will experience the growth spurt about 1 year after Brian does.

d. Sheila will experience the growth spurt about 2 years after Brian does.

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Figure 10.1 shows growth rates for boys and girls during puberty, including the point of most rapid growth for boys and girls. As the graph indicates, this occurs at around age 12 for girls and at around age 14 for boys.

10.26. Maria (a girl) and Jose (a boy) are fraternal twins and are 10 years old. If their development is typical, Maria should experience the adolescent growth spurt in about ___ more years, and Jose should experience his adolescent growth spurt in about ____ more years.

a. 2; 4

b. 2; 2

c. 1; 3

d. 3; 4

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: Figure 10.1 shows growth rates for boys and girls during puberty, including the point of most rapid growth for boys and girls. As the graph indicates, this occurs at around age 12 for girls and at around age 14 for boys. Maria will be 12 in 2 more years and Jose will be 14 in 4 more years.

10.27. Typically, girls experience the adolescent growth spurt about:

a. 1 year before boys

b. 2 years before boys

c. the same time as boys

d. 2 years after boys

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.28. Assume that Barbara (a girl) and Brandon (a boy) are typical children growing up in the United States today. You should expect that they will experience the most rapid growth in their height at which of the following ages?

a. Barbara at age 10 and Brandon at age 12

b. Barbara at age 12 and Brandon at age 14

c. Barbara at age 14 and Brandon at age 16

d. Barbara and Brandon both at age 14

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: The peak of the height spurt for U. S. children today occurs on average at age 12 for girls and at age 14 for boys.

10.29. The text uses which of the following terms to refer to the attainment of sexual maturity in both males and females?

a. puberty

b. menarche

c. the growth spurt

d. the climacteric

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.30. Which of the following are most closely involved in regulating the balance in the production of hormones?

a. the endocrine glands and the pituitary gland

b. the endocrine glands and the hypothalamus

c. the pituitary gland and the occipital cortex of the brain

d. the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.31. In comparison to hormones typically found in men, which of the following are hormones that are found in greater quantities in women?

a. estrogen and progesterone

b. estrogen and testosterone

c. testosterone and progesterone

d. androgen and progesterone

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.32. As compared to females, males’ bodies typically produce more:

a. estrogen

b. progesterone

c. secondary trophic hormones

d. androgenic hormones

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.33. Each hormone influences a certain set of targets. For example, estrogen causes:

a. the uterus and the breasts to grow

b. the penis to grow

c. the shoulders to broaden

d. hair to grow in the genital area and on the face

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: During adolescence, estrogen causes the uterus and breasts to grow and the hips to broaden.

10.34. The primary function of the sex glands is to:

a. control sexual excitement in both males and females

b. produce sperm or eggs and to secrete androgens or estrogens

c. control the development of sexual characteristics in both males and females

d. secrete a fluid that changes the chemical balance in the uterus during intercourse

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.35. Which of the following terms describes the onset of menstrual cycles in females?

a. ovariogenesis

b. ovulation

c. female rite of passage

d. menarche

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.36. Which of the following is typically the first indication that girls have entered puberty?

a. the peak of the growth spurt

b. the development of breast buds

c. ovulation

d. menarche

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.37. Which of the following terms is used to refer to the time of onset of the first menstrual period?

a. classical menorrhea

b. menarche

c. amenorrhea

d. secular menorrhea

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.38. In males, which of the following is typically the first sign that a boy has entered puberty?

a. voice change

b. appearance of pubic hair

c. growth in the size of the testes and scrotum

d. growth in the size of the penis

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.39. According to the text, the first indication of puberty for males is which of the following?

a. growth of pubic hair

b. accelerating growth in the testes and scrotum

c. accelerating growth of the penis

d. production of semen with viable sperm

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.40. The historical trend toward earlier sexual maturation of adolescents is referred to as:

a. monarchical regression

b. pubertal regression

c. the secular trend

d. classical menarche

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.41. Suppose that Megan is researching her family tree and comes across her great-great-great grandmother’s diary. She notes that the diary for the year 1840 describes that age at which her ancestor reached menarche. If her grandmother was typical, the diary would note that this ancestor would have been how old?

a. 10 years old

b. 12 years old

c. 16 years old

d. 20 years old

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: In earlier times, puberty occurred later than it does now; In the 1840s, for example, the average age at menarche was 16½ for girls.

10.42. Which of the following girls would be expected to have her first menstrual period at the youngest age?

a. a girl raised in the Czech Republic

b. a girl raised in the United States

c. a girl raised in the Kikuyu tribe in Africa

d. a girl raised in the Bindi tribe in New Guinea

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: The book notes that in some parts of the world, menarche occurs considerably later than it does in the United States. For example, the average girl in the Czech Republic has her first period at age 14; among the Kikuyu of Kenya, the average age is 16; and for the Bindi of New Guinea, it is 18. In the United States the average age at menarche is currently 12½.

10.43. A menstrual cycle in which a mature egg has NOT been produced is described by the term:

a. sebaceous

b. anovulatory

c. marginal

d. counterfactual

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.44. In the United States today, at what age does the typical white girl have her first menstrual period?

a. 9½ years

b. 10½ years

c. 11½ years

d. 12½ years

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.45. In the United States today, and in comparison to the typical white girl, the typical girl of African American descent reaches menarche about?

a. 3 months earlier

b. 6 months earlier

c. 12 months earlier

d. 12 months later

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.46. If Lucy is an African American girl and Lorraine is a white American girl, you should expect that Lucy will experience menarche at about age ____ and Lorraine will experience menarche at about age ____.

a. 10; 12

b. 9; 13

c. 12; 11

d. 12; 12½

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: The average age of menarche in the United States today is 12 ½ for girls. African American girls reach menarche about 6 months earlier, on average.

10.47. Linda just started menstruating 2 months ago. Her menstrual cycles are most likely:

a. regular and ovulatory

b. regular and anovulatory

c. irregular and ovulatory

d. irregular and anovulatory

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Early menstrual cycles tend to vary from one month to the next and in many cases, a mature ovum is not produced. In other words, the early cycles are irregular and anovulatory.

10.48. According to the text, about what percent of teenage girls experience menstrual “cramping” with their menstruation?

a. 10%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 98%

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Understand the Concept

Moderate

Body Image and Adjustment

Learning Objective 10.3: Analyze the ways adolescents relate to their changing bodies

10.49. Nick is a typical teenage boy. When asked what changes he would like to make in his body, he is most likely to comment that he would like to:

a. be thinner

b. be taller and more muscular

c. have better looking hair and a clearer complexion

d. have a more attractive nose and “gorgeous” eyes

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: For boys, the primary concern is physical size and strength, and in particular their height and musculature are most important.

10.50. Mary is a typical teenage girl. When asked what changes she would like to make in her body,

what is she most likely to say?

a. “I would make myself skinnier.”

b. “I would make my shoulders narrower.”

c. “I would make my ears lie back.”

d. “I would make myself 3 inches taller.”

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Adolescent girls often focus on weight largely because of their concern with social acceptance; many normal weight and even lean adolescent girls consider themselves overweight.

10.51. According to research reported in the text, body-image satisfaction is lowest for:

a. girls at age 13 and boys at age 15

b. girls at age 15 and boys at age 13

c. girls and boys at age 13

d. girls and boys at age 15

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.52. Ill-timed maturation typically poses the most significant problems for adolescents in which of the following groups?

a. early-maturing males

b. early-maturing females

c. late-maturing males

d. late-maturing females

Module: 10.3.2: Early and Late Maturity in Boys

Learning Objective 10.3

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.53. Jack has low social status among his peers and is perceived as less competent than his peers

by his teachers and baseball coach. If Jack’s social status results from the timing of his physical maturation, research would suggest that which of the following statements is most likely to be correct?

a. None of the other answers are correct since research has demonstrated that the timing of maturation is unrelated to social status.

b. Jack is most likely an early maturer.

c. Jack is most likely an average maturer.

d. Jack is most likely a late maturer.

Module: 10.3.2: Early and Late Maturity in Boys

Learning Objective 10.3

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Because the late-maturing boy is smaller and less muscular than his male peers, he is at a disadvantage in most sports, as well as in many social situations. Other children and adults tend to treat a late-maturing boy as though he were a younger child, and the late maturer has a lower social status among his peers and often is perceived as less competent by adults.

10.54. In comparison to late-maturing boys, early maturing boys:

a. are more likely to be the leaders of their peer groups

b. have a more difficult adjustment

c. are more likely to be overly concerned with matters related to social acceptance

d. tend to have higher IQs

Module: 10.3.2: Early and Late Maturity in Boys

Learning Objective 10.3

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: The text notes that early maturing boys tend to gain social and athletic advantages among their peers.

10.55. All of the following are true of early-maturing girls EXCEPT:

a. they go out on dates more frequently than late-maturing girls

b. they are more popular with older boys than late-maturing girls

c. they feel more attractive than late-maturing girls do

d. they are more intelligent than late-maturing girls

Module: 10.3.3: Early and Late Maturity in Girls

Learning Objective 10.3

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.56. Natalie matured at the same time as most of her male peers and shares their interests and

dating activities. She is most likely a(n):

a. early maturer

b. average maturer

c. late maturer

d. prepubescent mature

Module: 10.3.3: Early and Late Maturity in Girls

Learning Objective 10.3

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Girls mature, on average, about 2 years earlier than boys. Late maturation for girls can be advantageous because they mature at about the same time as most of their peers who are boys and are therefore in a better position to share boys’ interests and privileges.

10.57. According to the text, early maturing girls:

a. have fewer opportunities to discuss physical and emotional changes with peers

b. have fewer dates because of being more mature than their male peers

c. tend to feel unattractive

d. are at a disadvantage in most aspects of development

Module: 10.3.3: Early and Late Maturity in Girls

Learning Objective 10.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

Attitudes Toward Sex in the United States

Learning Objective 10.4: Outline how cultural attitudes toward sex changed over time in the United States

10.58. Which of the following young women would have had the hardest time purchasing birth control contraceptives?

a. Linda, who was in college during the decade of the 1950s

b. Maria, who was in college during the decade of the 1970s

c. Marta, who was in college during the decade of the 1990s

d. Lacy, who was in college in 2009

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Before the mid-1960s, most young people felt that premarital sex was immoral and girls were under pressure to remain chaste until marriage. Because of these societal pressures, one would expect that Linda would have had the most difficult time purchasing birth control contraceptives before this time period.

10.59. If you were to explain how sexual attitudes and practices have changed in the United States during the past century, you might want to note the point at which, for the first time, the majority of adolescents no longer believed that premarital sex was neither right nor wrong but rather should be judged based on the couple’s relationship. You should associate this change in cultural attitudes with which of the following dates?

a. 1947

b. 1959

c. 1973

d. 1996

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: The 1970s are known as the time during which a sexual revolution occurred. In a 1973 study of adolescent attitudes, the majority of adolescents, for the first time, did not think of premarital sex as inherently right or wrong but instead judged it on the basis of the relationship between the participants.

10.60. Which of the following statements best captures the meaning of the sexual double standard?

a. Married people should have sex relations, but unmarried people should not.

b. Sexual intercourse is acceptable, but oral and anal sexual practices are perverse.

c. Premarital sexual relations are acceptable for heterosexual couples, but not for gay or lesbian couples.

d. Premarital sexual relations are acceptable for men, but not for women.

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The sexual double standard is defined as the view that sexual activity is more permissible for boys than for girls.

10.61. What is the term the text uses to refer to sexual attraction toward members of one’s own sex?

a. sexual double standard

b. same-sex orientation

c. heterosexuality

d. intimate similitude

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.62. What is the term the text uses to refer to the view that sexual activity is more permissible for boys than for girls?

a. sexual double standard

b. sexual orientation

c. sexual revolution

d. gender script

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.63. Suppose that a researcher conducted a survey about sexual attitudes in 1970 that asked if people approved of premarital sex and of same-sex orientation. If the results of this survey reflected people’s attitudes at that time, you should expect that about ____ percent of the respondents would approve of premarital sex and ____ percent would approve of same-sex orientation as an acceptable lifestyle.

a. 70%; 50%

b. 50%; 70%

c. 80%; 20%

d. 20%; 80%

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Rationale: In a study of adolescent sexual attitudes that was conducted in 1973, almost 70% agreed that two people should not have to marry to have sex or live together. About 50% approved of same-sex orientation, which is defined by sexual attraction toward members of one’s own sex.

10.64. Which of the following dates would best represent the year in which the sexual revolution in the United States was at its highest point?

a. 1957

b. 1963

c. 1978

d. 1995

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The text notes that by the late 1970s the sexual revolution was in full swing.

10.65. Suppose you conduct a longitudinal study by interviewing “typical” 18-year-olds at various points in time about their attitudes about sexuality. Which of the following person would be most likely to hold the most liberal attitudes?

a. Tom, who was 18 years old in 1949

b. Bob, who was 18 years old in 1959

c. Frank, who was 18 years old in 1979

d. Mark, who was 18 years old in 1989

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The text notes that during the late 1970s the sexual revolution was in full swing. In addition, a study of adolescent sexual attitudes conducted in 1973 demonstrated that attitudes regarding sex had become considerably more liberal than in earlier time periods. In the 1980s, sexual attitudes became more conservative.

10.66. If she were a typical teenage girl growing up in the early 1960s, Sarah would most likely consider premarital sex between a man and a woman to be:

a. moral if both parties freely chose to engage in it

b. immoral unless they were going to get married

c. moral if both parties cared about each other

d. immoral under any circumstances

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: The text notes that before the mid-1960s, most young people felt that premarital sex was immoral.

10.67. Suppose you were working on a research project in which you read diaries written in 1944 by 100 16-year-old girls. If the diaries were truthful, you would expect that about ___ of the 100 girls would have reported having sexual intercourse by age 16.

a. 7%

b. 22%

c. 38%

d. 51%

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According to the text, the proportion of 16-year-old girls who reported losing their virginity was 7% in the 1940s.

10.68. Suppose you were working on a research project in which you read diaries written in 1982 by 100 16-year-old girls. If the diaries were truthful, you would expect that about ___ of the 100 girls would have reported having sexual intercourse by age 16.

a. 7%

b. 22%

c. 44%

d. 66%

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According to the text, the proportion of 16-year-old girls who reported losing their virginity was 44% in the 1982.

10.69. How did sexual attitudes change in the United States during the mid- to late 1980s?

a. They became much more liberal with respect to the sexual double standard.

b. They become much more liberal with respect to same-sex orientation.

c. They became more conservative regarding sexual behavior in general.

d. They did not change much at all from the attitudes held during the 1970s.

Module: 10.4.2: The Conservative Trend

Learning Objective 10.4

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.70. Suppose you compared the results of two surveys on sexual attitudes, one conducted in 1991 and one conducted in 2011. If you looked at the percentage of high school students who reported being sexually active, you would expect to find that high school students were:

a. much more sexually active in 1991than in 2011

b. much more sexually active in 2011 than in 1991

c. slightly more sexually active in 2011than in 1991

d slightly less sexually active in 2011 than in 1991

Module: 10.4.2: The Conservative Trend

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: According to research cited in the text, a slightly larger percentage of high school students reported being sexually active in 1991 (37.5%) compared to 2011 (33.7%).

10.71. Suppose you interview a group of people who were ninth graders in 2009. If you believe they represent a “typical” population of people growing up in the United States at this time, you would expect that about ____ of these students would have had sexual intercourse.

a. 5%

b. 15%

c. 30%

d. 45%

Module: 10.4.3: Current Cultural Attitudes Regarding Teenage Sexuality

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Figure 10.3 shows the percentage of male and female high school students, who have ever had sexual intercourse. The average percentage for ninth graders is around 30%. The text also notes that in 2013, the proportion of ninth graders who had engaged in sexual intercourse was about one-third, making choice c the best estimate.

10.72. Suppose you interview a group of people who were twelfth graders in 2009. If you believe they represent a “typical” population of people growing up in the United States at this time, you would expect that about ____ of these students would have had sexual intercourse.

a. 15%

b. 33%

c. 50%

d. 67%

Module: 10.4.3: Current Cultural Attitudes Regarding Teenage Sexuality

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Figure 10.3 shows that in 2013 about two-thirds of twelfth graders (both boys and girls) had engaged in sexual intercourse.

10.73. Suppose you conduct a survey of ninth- and twelfth-grade boys and girls. If the students in your survey respond in the same way as did students in 2013, you would expect that, in comparison to girls, boys in ninth grade would report ______ levels of sexual activity and boys in twelfth grade would report _____ levels of sexual activity.

a. slightly higher; slightly lower

b. much higher; slightly higher

c. much lower; slightly higher

d. about the same; slightly higher

Module: 10.4.3: Current Cultural Attitudes Regarding Teenage Sexuality

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: According to data presented in Figure 10.3, in 2013, about 30% of male and female ninth graders reported having had sex, with only slightly more males reporting such activity. However, this very slight gender difference had reversed by twelfth grade, with a bit more than 60% of these students reporting sexual activity, and with slightly more females reporting such activity.

10.74. Suppose you conduct a study of high school students, asking them if they have “ever had sexual intercourse.” If your results are typical, you should expect students who identify themselves as belonging to which of the following racial/ethnic groups would report the LOWEST level of sexual experience?

a. sexual activity is not much different among high school students in different racial/ethnic groups b. members of groups who identify themselves as “White”

c. members of groups who identify themselves as “Black”

d. members of groups who identify themselves as “Hispanic”

Module: 10.4.4: Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: A figure in section 10.4.4 of the text shows the percentage of high school students, by racial/ethnic identity, who have ever had sexual intercourse. The percentage differs by racial/ethnic identity with lower levels of activity reported by white boys and girls.

10.75. Suppose you conduct a study of high school students, asking them if they have “ever had sexual intercourse.” If your results are typical, you should expect students who identify themselves as belonging to which of the following racial/ethnic groups would report the HIGHEST level of sexual experience?

a. sexual activity is not much different among high school students in different racial/ethnic groups

b. members of groups who identify themselves as “White”

c. members of groups who identify themselves as “Black”

d. members of groups who identify themselves as “Hispanic”

Module: 10.4.4: Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: A figure in section 10.4.4 of the text shows the percentage of students, by racial/ethnic identity, who have ever had sexual intercourse. The percentage differs by racial/ethnic identity with the bars representing the “Black females” and “Black males” categories being highest overall.

10.76. Generalizing from data presented in the text, which of the following twelfth graders would be LEAST likely to report having had sexual intercourse?

a. James, an African American boy

b. Cynthia, an African American girl

c. Roberto, a Hispanic boy

d. Sara, a white girl

Module: 10.4.4: Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: A figure in section 10.4.4 of the text shows the percentage of students, by gender and racial/ethnic identity, who have ever had sexual intercourse. Girls in the “White” category report the lowest rate of sexual intercourse.

10.77. Generalizing from data presented in the text, which of the following high school students would be MOST likely to report having had sexual intercourse?

a. James, an African American boy

b. Maria, a Hispanic girl

c. Luke, a White boy

d. Lee, a Hispanic boy.

Module: 10.4.4: Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: A figure presented in section 10.4.4 of the text shows the percentage of students, by gender and racial/ethnic identity, who have ever had sexual intercourse. The percentage differs by racial/ethnic identity with the bar representing the “Black boys” category being highest overall.

10.78. Generalizing from data presented in the text, which of the following high school students would be LEAST likely to report having had sexual intercourse?

a. James, an African American boy

b. Cynthia, an African American girl

c. Roberto, a Hispanic boy

d. Lee, a white boy

Module: 10.4.4: Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: A figure presented in section 10.4.4 of the text shows the percentage of students, by gender and racial/ethnic identity, who have ever had sexual intercourse. The percentage differs by racial/ethnic identity with the bar representing the “White males” category being lowest overall.

10.79. In 2015 in the United States, about % of male high school seniors and % of female high school seniors report being sexually active.

a. 86; 53

b. 53; 86

c. 47; 45

d. 45; 47

Module: 10.4.4: Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships

Learning Objective 10.4

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.80. According to the text, adolescent boys and girls from two-parent families have ____________ sexual experience, compared to children from single-parent homes.

a. less and later

b. less but earlier

c. more and earlier

d. more but later

Module: 10.4.4: Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships

Learning Objective 10.4

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: According to research cited in the text, adolescent boys and girls from two-parent families have less and later sexual experience than those from single-parent families.

Adolescent Sexual Behavior

Learning Objective 10.5: Evaluate the impact of education on teen sexual activity

10.81. According to the text, about what percent of sexually active teenagers in the United States today have a sexually transmitted disease?

a. 5%

b. 20%

c. 33%

d. 50%

Module: 10.5.1: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.82. Mark is a typical high school student who is sexually active. If he and nine of his best high school friends are tested for sexually transmitted diseases, he should assume of that of these 10 young men, ___ will have positive test results.

a. 0

b. 2

c. 4

d. 7

Module: 10.5.1: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 10.5

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: The text reports a statistic that about 20% of sexually active adolescents have an STD. If Mark and his friends are typical, then 2 of the 10 of them would test positive.

10.83. If you were to conduct a study of a “typical” high school in the United States today, you should expect that about _____ of the students who have had sexual intercourse would have been tested for AIDS.

a. 1%

b. 10%

c. 22%

d. 53%

Module: 10.5.1: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 10.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The text reports that 22% of U.S. high school students who have had sexual intercourse were tested for AIDS in a study published in 2016.

10.84. According to a recent study cited in the text, among U.S. adolescents and young adults living with HIV infections, about what percentage are undiagnosed?

a. 1–2%

b. 10%

c. 26%

d. 44%

Module: 10.5.1: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.85. About what percent of teenage girls in the United States become pregnant?

a. 1%

b. 8%

c. 16%

d. 25%

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.86. The words that best characterizes the change in births to 15- to 17-year-old women in the United States between 1980 and 2014 is:

a. very steady

b. slightly increasing

c. dramatically increasing

d. dramatically decreasing

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Figure 10.4 shows fertility rates for United States from 1980 to 2014. Rates are decreasing in all racial/ethnic categories and are dramatically decreasing in nearly all groups. For all races/ethnicities, the rate has fallen from more than 30% to about 10%—a dramatic decrease.

10.87. Suppose you study a group of 100 pregnant teenagers in the United States today. If this group is typical, you would expect about ___ to have their baby, about ___ to have an abortion, and about ___ to have a miscarriage.

a. 25%; 50%, 25%

b. 50%; 45%; 5%

c. 75%; 20%; 5%

d. 50%; 25%; 20%

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Rationale: According to the text, about one-half of pregnant teens give birth; and about 20% of those pregnancies are believed to be lost through miscarriage and another 26% through abortion.

10.88. In comparison to sexual activity patterns and pregnancy rates in Europe, teenagers in the United States are _______ likely to be sexually active and _______ likely to become pregnant:

a. more; less

b. equally; more

c. less; less

d. more; equally

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.89. Suppose you conduct a survey of 100 teenage girls, asking them whether or not they used contraception at their first experience of sexual intercourse. If this group was typical, you should expect that about ____ of these girls report that they DID use contraception.

a. 90%

b. 79%

c. 53%

d. 22%

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to research cited in the text, about 21% of adolescent girls and 14% of adolescent boys do NOT use contraception at first intercourse.

10.90. Suppose you conduct a survey of 100 teenage boys, asking them whether or not they used contraception at their first experience of sexual intercourse. If this group was typical, you should expect that about ____ of these boys report that they DID use contraception.

a. 98%

b. 86%

c. 63%

d. 45%

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to research cited in the text, about 14% of adolescent boys do not use contraception at first intercourse. This leaves about 86% of adolescent boys who do use contraception at first intercourse.

10.91. According to research cited in the text, about what percent of U. S. adolescents girls do NOT use contraception at first intercourse?

a. 15%

b. 21%

c. 50%

d. 78%

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.92. According to research cited in the text, about what percent of U. S. adolescents boys do NOT use contraception at first intercourse?

a. 2–3%

b. 6–7%

c. 14%

d. 33%

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.93. According to the text, more U.S. adolescent girls become pregnant than adolescent girls from Western European countries because U.S. adolescent girls:

a. are more sexually active

b. will experience more social stigma for an illegitimate birth

c. are less likely to use contraception

d. experience too much affection at home

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.94. According to research presented in the text, about ____ of adolescent girls report that their first experience of sexual intercourse was the result of either rape or was “unwanted”?

a. 1%

b. 5%

c. 18%

d. 31%

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: The text reports that 7% of adolescent girls report that their first experience with sexual intercourse was the result of rape and that another 11% report their first experience as voluntary but “unwanted.”

10.95. In comparison to teenage pregnancy rates in the United States in 1990, rates in 2014 were:

a. slightly higher

b. slightly lower

c. substantially higher

d. substantially lower

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: According to the text, the rate of teen pregnancy and teen childbirth in the United States has been falling sharply since the 1990s, as shown in Figure 10.4.

10.96. According to the text, the teenage pregnancy rate in Japan and Korea is about ____, whereas the teenage pregnancy rate in sub-Saharan Africa is about ____.

a. 1%; 50%

b. 5%; 25%

c. 25%; 5%

d. 33%; 33%

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.97. According to data cited in the text, in which of the following regions of the world is teen parenting LEAST common?

a. United States

b. Japan

c. sub-Saharan Africa

d. None of the other answers is correct because teen parenting is equally common throughout the world.

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.98. If teenagers marry because of an unintended pregnancy, they are _____ likely to drop out of high school and _____ likely to get a divorce, compared to pregnant teens who don’t marry or who marry after the birth of the child.

a. more; more

b. less; less

c. more; less

d. less; more

Module: 10.5.3: The Effects of Early Parenthood

Learning Objective 10.5

Understand the Concept

Moderate

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.6: Relate brain development to adolescent cognition

10.99. According to the text, prior to about 1995, most developmental researchers believed that brain development during adolescence was __________; today most researchers believe that brain development during this period of the lifespan is_________.

a. complete; still underway

b. still underway; complete

c. fast; slow

d. complex, simple

Module: 10.6: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.100. Advances in which of the following fields has been of primary importance in helping researchers understand that brain development during adolescence is much more dramatic than had previously been thought?

a. human nutrition

b. genetic counseling

c. self-monitoring research

d. magnetic resonance imaging

Module: 10.6.1: Brain Imaging

Learning Objective 10.6

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Rationale: Recent studies that utilize advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies are providing researchers a much clearer look at how brain cells develop.

10.101. According to the text, the development of fMRI techniques has allowed developmental researchers to investigate brain development more effectively because this technology allows them to perform which of the following types of research?

a. cross-sectional research

b. longitudinal research

c. experimental research

d. correlational research

Module: 10.6.1: Brain Imaging

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Because MRIs employ no radioactive tracers or x-rays that can be potentially harmful—a concern especially for children who are still growing—they can be used in longitudinal studies, which involve multiple scans of individuals taken across time.

10.102. By the time a person reaches the age of 6, that person’s brain has reached _____ of its full adult size.

a. less than 50%

b. about 67%

c. about 80%

d. 95% or more

Module: 10.6.1: Brain Imaging

Learning Objective 10.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.103. With respect to gray matter in the brain, the period of adolescence is best characterized by the word(s):

a. growth in number of cells

b. pruning

c. enlargement of cells

d. increase in complexity of cell connections

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The period of adolescence is a period in which considerable pruning away of neural tissue occurs. This is particularly the case with gray matter, the volume of which peaks in girls at age 9 ½ and in boys at age 10 ½ .

10.104. The volume of gray matter in the brain peaks for girls at about age _____ and for boys at about age _____.

a. 2; 2½

b. 9½; 10½

c. 16; 18

d. 40; 44

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.105. During adolescence, the volume of gray matter in the brain _________ and the volume of white matter _________.

a. decreases; decreases

b. increases; increases

c. increases; decreases

d. decreases; increases

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.106. Dr. Jones is studying brain changes during adolescence. In looking at MRIs of people age 12 and people age 18, he should expect that the 12-year-olds will have ______ gray matter and _______ white matter in their brains, compared to the 18-year-olds.

a. more; more

b. less; less

c. more; less

d. less; more

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: MRI studies show that the volume of gray matter increases in childhood, peaking in girls at about age 9½ and in boys at about age 10½. After these peaks, the volume of gray matter decreases up to adulthood, leveling off at about age 25. The volume of white matter increases, perhaps up to age 40.

10.107. The white matter in the brain in composed mostly of:

a. cell bodies

b. connective tissue including tendons and cartilage

c. bone

d. nerve cells surrounded by myelin

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.108. If Dr. Matthews were examining brain scan images of healthy people of various ages, she should expect to see the largest volume of white matter in the scans of people who were approximately age:

a. 4

b. 14

c. 25

d. 40

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Research has found that white matter increases in adolescence, perhaps up until the age of 40.

10.109. The two words that best describe how the brain changes during adolescence are:

a. pruning and myelination

b. birth and death

c. expansion and growth

d. little or none

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: White matter, which is composed of the fatty myelin that surrounds and insulates nerve cells, increases in adolescence. After the volume of gray matter peaks at around age 10, its volume decreases up to adulthood, leveling off at about age 25, indicating that adolescence is a period in which serious pruning away of neural tissue occurs.

10.110. The developmental changes that occur in the brain during adolescence are first seen in the parts of the brain that control __________ and later are seen in the brain regions that control _________.

a. vision; judgment

b. coordination; sensation

c. coordination; vision

d. judgment; coordination

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.111. Brain development during later adolescence is LEAST likely to affect processes involved in which of the following?

a. judgment

b. social cognition

c. social behavior

d. coordination of motor responses

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Brain changes affecting coordination occur early in adolescence, and changes affecting complex mental functions that require coordinated thought and judgment are among the last to mature. A person’s ability to exercise mature problem solving, to appraise risk, and to make difficult decisions that involve multiple perspectives is most likely not fully elaborated until perhaps as late as early adulthood. Brain development during later adolescence may also underlie changes in social cognition and social behavior. For example, specific regions of the brain that are involved in self-awareness and self-concept undergo considerable remodeling during the later teenage years.

10.112. Changes in which part of the brain are most closely associated with the advancement in problem-solving abilities that accompanies the development from childhood into adolescence?

a. prefrontal cortex

b. thalamus

c. pituitary gland

d. hypothalamus

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.113. Generalizing from the text, you should expect that neuroscientists would be most likely to argue that the volatile emotions that sometimes characterize adolescent behavior can be traced to the effect of hormones on:

a. the gonads

b. the frontal cortex of the brain

c. the amygdala

d. the pituitary gland

Module: 10.6.3: The Influence of Hormones on the Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: When the amygdala is activated by the adolescent hormonal rush, emotions become volatile. Activity in this region of the brain is associated with stimulus-seeking behavior, giving rise to the risky thrill-seeking tendencies that often characterize adolescent activities.

10.114. According to the text, thrill-seeking behavior that is characteristic of adolescence is most likely to be related to which of the following regions of the brain?

a. the frontal cortex

b. the left hemisphere of the brain

c. the occipital cortex

d. the amygdala

Module: 10.6.3: The Influence of Hormones on the Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.115. Suppose Dr. Markward conducts a study that examines the activity levels of various brain regions while participants are looking at pictures of faces and identifying the emotions being displayed. If your results replicate those reported in the text, you would expect to find that the __________ is most active in young adolescents and the __________ is most active in older adolescents and adults.

a. frontal lobes; amygdala

b. amygdala; frontal lobes

c. hypothalamus; amygdala

d. frontal lobes; hypothalamus

Module: 10.6.3: The Influence of Hormones on the Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: By examining the activity level of various regions of the brain using functional MRI techniques, researchers were able to determine that children and young adolescents relied more heavily on the amygdala while solving these problems; older adolescents and adults showed greater activity in the frontal lobes, where more formulated, problem-solving activity is centered.

10.116. In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development that is reached during early adolescence is usually called the:

a. concrete operational stage

b. preoperational stage

c. formal operational stage

d. sensorimotor stage

Module: 10.6.4: Piaget's Period of Formal Operations

Learning Objective 10.6

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.117. Allison is a 16-year-old who shows an increasing ability to plan and think ahead. She has

sent for college information and has made financial plans to help pay for college. She is in which of the following of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

a. concrete operational thought

b. preoperational thought

c. formal operational thought

d. sensorimotor thought

Module: 10.6.4: Piaget's Period of Formal Operations

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: For Piaget, formal operations is the final stage of cognitive development, which begins at about age 12 and is characterized by the ability to reason hypothetically and think about abstract concepts.

10.118. When 17-year-old Paul was discussing his future with his father, Paul said, “Let's just

suppose for the sake of discussion that I don't attend college right away. What if I volunteered overseas instead?” Paul's ability to think in these terms is characteristic of:

a. sensorimotor thought

b. preoperational thought

c. formal operational thought

d. concrete operational thought

Module: 10.6.4: Piaget's Period of Formal Operations

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The formal operational stage involves the ability to consider what could be; to think abstractly and to formulate, test, and evaluate hypotheses. In this example, Paul considers an abstract, hypothetical possibility for his future.

10.119. Stan has become critical of his parents as he contrasts his ideal parents with the real parents he sees on a daily basis. His ability to understand contrary-to-fact situations is a characteristic that emerges during which of Piaget’s periods of cognitive development?

a. preoperational thought

b. concrete operational thought

c. formal operational thought

d. sensorimotor thought

Module: 10.6.4: Piaget's Period of Formal Operations

Learning Objective 10.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: A key characteristic of formal operational thinking involves the manipulation not only of known, verifiable events but also of the things that are contrary to fact.

10.120. Which of the following statements provides the clearest example of second-order thinking?

a. I want a cookie so I will buy one.

b. I think that I am feeling a little too sorry for myself so I should cheer up.

c. 2 + 2 = 4

d. A rat and a mouse are similar because they are both rodents.

Module: 10.6.4: Piaget's Period of Formal Operations

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: Second-order thinking involves thinking about one’s thoughts, looking for links between relationships, and maneuvering between reality and possibility.

10.121. Dr. Larsen argues that the changes in thought that occur as children become adolescents are gradual and subtle. Dr. Larsen’s views are ___________ with Piaget’s view of cognitive development and are _____________ with the information-processing view.

a. inconsistent; inconsistent

b. consistent; consistent

c. consistent; inconsistent

d. inconsistent; consistent

Module: 10.6.4: Piaget's Period of Formal Operations

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: In contrast to Piaget’s view of defined stages in cognitive development, theorists who emphasize information-processing skills see the changes associated with the transition from childhood to adolescent thinking as much more gradual, with shifts back and forth between formal operational thought and earlier cognitive modes.

The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought

Learning Objective 10.7: Analyze cognitive activities common to adolescence

10.122. According to the text, the best way to think about the relationship between most adolescents and their parents is to emphasize the term:

a. “all-out war”

b. negotiation

c. collaboration

d. two-way resentment

Module: 10.7.1: Examining the World and the Family

Learning Objective 10.7

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: Instead of talking about rebellion and the painful separation or alienation of teenagers from their families, many researchers prefer to describe adolescence as a time in which parents and teenagers negotiate new relationships with one another, much as they do with the negotiation of shared goals in the process of coregulation

10.123. According to David Elkind, adolescents’ assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them is called the:

a. adolescent myth

b. foundling fantasy

c. personal fable

d. imaginary audience

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.124. Vicki believes that she is constantly being watched and judged by her friends. According to the view advanced by David Elkind, Vicki is experiencing the:

a. imaginary audience

b. personal fable

c. ascribed identity

d. foundling fantasy

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: Imaginary audience refers to adolescents’ assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them.

10.125. On Nicole’s first day of junior high school, she felt that all the students were scrutinizing every

move she made. According to the view advanced by David Elkind, Nicole has created a(n)

a. personal fable

b. foundling fantasy

c. adolescent myth

d. imaginary audience

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: Imaginary audience refers to adolescents’ assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them.

10.126. Melissa believes that she can drink and drive because she is invulnerable and immortal.

According to the view of David Elkind, Melissa is experiencing a(n):

a. imaginary audience

b. foundling fantasy

c. personal fable

d. adolescent myth

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Personal fable refers to adolescents’ belief that they are so special that they should be exempt from the laws of nature, that nothing bad can happen to them, and that they will live forever.

10.127. Adolescents’ feeling that they are special and invulnerable and exempt from the laws that

control the destinies of ordinary people is called the:

a. adolescent myth

b. foundling fantasy

c. personal fable

d. imaginary audience

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.128. Even though John has seen other people get into car accidents, he does not believe that such an accident will ever happen to himself. John’s perception of personal invulnerability is best considered to be an example of:

a. shared negotiation

b. a personal fable

c. conventional moral reasoning

d. the imaginary audience

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: Personal fable refers to adolescents’ belief that they are so special that they should be exempt from the laws of nature, that nothing bad can happen to them, and that they will live forever.

10.129. Both the imaginary audience and the personal fable emphasize that adolescence is a period of the lifespan in which individuals are overly concerned about themselves. The overarching term that best describes this “self-preoccupation” is:

a. self-regulation

b. egocentrism

c. adaptation

d. assimilation

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Evaluate It

Moderate

Rationale: The self-absorption that typifies adolescence is an example of what the text refers to as adolescent egocentrism. This egocentric view leads them to believe that others are fascinated by them and that others will be as approving or critical of them as they are themselves. Both of these are egocentric orientations, and they underlie the basic ideas expressed by David Elkind as the imaginary audience and the personal fable.

10.130. Suppose that Derrell is trying to decide whether he should buy a used car. He logically considers all of the advantages and disadvantages and comes to a carefully reasoned decision. The decision process Derrell used would be considered:

a. concrete

b. “hot”

c. “cold”

d. conventional

Module: 10.7.3: Decision Making in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: “Cold” decision processes are guided by analytic reasoning and logic, whereas “hot” processes involve emotion and intuition.

10.131. Suppose that Marty sees a new bicycle he wants and, without giving much thought to how he will pay for it, purchases it on the spot because he “just needs it.” Marty’s decision process would be best characterized as:

a. concrete

b. “hot”

c. “cold”

d. conventional

Module: 10.7.3: Decision Making in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: “Cold” decision processes are guided by analytic reasoning and logic, whereas “hot” processes involve emotion and intuition.

10.132. If they were playing the Iowa Gambling Task games, you would expect which group or groups to adopt the riskiest strategies?

a. adults

b. adolescents

c. children

d. adolescents and children but not adults

Module: 10.7.3: Decision Making in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Learning Objective 10.7

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.133. The Iowa Gambling Task is a game invented to detect:

a. the personal fable

b. the imaginary audience

c. postconventional moral reasoning

d. “hot” decision processes

Module: 10.7.3: Decision Making in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Learning Objective 10.7

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.134. Joshua’s friends tease him because he always tries to conform his behavior to what he believes his friends are doing. In this sense, the stage of moral development that most likely characterizes his behavior would be:

a. premoral

b. preconventional

c. conventional

d. postconventional

Module: 10.7.3: Decision Making in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: The conventional level of moral development is based in large part on conformity to social expectations and stereotypes.

10.135. If Melinda’s parents wanted her to think about moral judgments at a level higher than she typically uses, their best strategy to encourage her moral development would be to:

a. punish her when she made decisions based on her current level of moral reasoning, so that she would try harder

b. reward her when she made decisions based on her current level of moral reasoning, so she would feel comfortable and be able to advance in her thinking

c. suggest a solution that was at a slightly higher level of moral reasoning so she could think about this

d. simply wait until she gets older, because no kind of coaching or reward can advance the pattern of moral development an individual goes through

Module: 10.7.3: Decision Making in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Learning Objective 10.7

Evaluate It

Difficult

Rationale: Kohlberg and his colleagues set up experimental moral education classes for children and adolescents and demonstrated that moral reasoning could be taught. In the classes, Adolescents were presented with a problem and asked to give a solution. If the answer was argued at Stage 4 of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, the discussion leader suggested a Stage 5 rationale to see if the teenager thought it was a good alternative. The students almost always found that slightly more advanced reasoning was more appealing and, through repeated discussions, they sooner or later began to form judgments at higher stages.

Current Issues: Diet and Exercise—Building a Healthy Lifestyle or an Eating Disorder

10.136. According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in 1976–1980 about ___ percent of U. S. teenagers were obese; in the most recent survey cited in the text, this percentage was ___ percent.

a. 5; 9

b. 9; 5

c. 25; 55

d. 5; 17

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.137. According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the rate of teenage obesity in the Unites States today is about __________ it was in the late 1970s.

a. the same as

b. double what

c. triple what

d. ten times what

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Analyze It

Difficult

Rationale: The most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), compiled by the United States National Center for Health Statistics, revealed that nearly 17% of all U.S. teens were obese: In 1976 to 1980 this percentage was only 5%.

10.138. The name of the eating disorder in which the primary symptom is that the person is obsessed by thoughts of an unattainable image of “perfect” thinness is:

a. bulimia nervosa

b. anorexia nervosa

c. obsessive-compulsive disorder

d. gordofobia

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.139. The eating disorder that is characterized by cycles of overeating and purging is called:

a. bulimia nervosa

b. anorexia nervosa

c. emotional eating

d. obesity

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.140. Fearing womanhood, Dana stops eating, thereby halting her body's development. She is

obsessed by thoughts of food and an unattainable image of “perfect” thinness. If she is diagnosed with an eating disorder, it most likely would be which of the following?

a. bulimia nervosa

b. pica

c. obsessive-compulsive eating disorder

d. anorexia nervosa

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Analyze It

Moderate

Rationale: In anorexia nervosa, individuals silently starve themselves. In bulimia nervosa, on the other hand, individuals find themselves in a cycle of bingeing and purging.

10.141. Monica is terribly anxious about weighing too much, but has an uncontrollable need to eat,

especially sweets. She consumes huge quantities of food in an hour, and then feels despondent and out of control. To compensate for overeating, she vomits. If she is diagnosed with an eating disorder, it most likely would be which of the following?

a. bulimia nervosa

b. pica

c. anorexia nervosa

d. obsessive-compulsive eating disorder

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Rationale: Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder that is characterized by eating “binges” that then trigger “purges,” during which vomiting, laxatives, or sometimes extreme exercise regimens are used to eliminate the caloric intake of the just-eaten food. In anorexia nervosa, on the other hand, individuals silently starve themselves. Binge eating disorder is similar to bulimia, but does not include purging.

Changing Perspectives: How Adolescents Around the World Spend Their Time

10.142. Which of the following correctly expresses a way in which adolescents in the United States differ from adolescents in most other parts of the world?

a. U. S. adolescents have less leisure time.

b. U. S. adolescents spend less time on school work.

c. U. S. adolescents spend less time talking with their friends.

d. U. S. adolescents spend more time helping their parents with household chores.

Module: 10.7: The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought

Learning Objective 10.7

Understand the Concept

Easy

10.143. In comparison to adolescents in the United States, adolescents in Korea and Japan spend _____ time on schoolwork and _____ time engaging in creative activities.

a. more; more

b. less; less

c. more; less

d. less; more

Module: 10.7: The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought

Learning Objective 10.7

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.144. In comparison to adolescents in most other parts of the world, adolescents in the Unites States have ______ free time and they are ______ likely to have their parents regulate how they spend the free time they have.

a. more; more

b. less; less

c. more; less

d. less; more

Module: 10.7: The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought

Learning Objective 10.7

Understand the Concept

Moderate

10.145. If Jacob is a typical teenager growing up in the United States today, we would expect that he would spend the largest proportion of his free time in which of the following activities?

a. schoolwork

b. working

c. watching TV or other media

d. talking with his friends

Module: 10.7: The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought

Learning Objective 10.7

Apply What You Know

Difficult

Rationale: The figure in Changing Perspectives: How Adolescents Around the World Spend Their Time, shows the amount of time teens in a variety of locales spend their time. U.S. teens spend, on average, about 6 hours working, more time than was spent on any of the other activities listed.

Short Answer questions:

Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1: Explain how cultural context affects the experiences of adolescence

10.146. Give an example of a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood.

Module: 10.1

Learning Objective 10.1

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.147. Explain why the concept of “emerging adulthood” might be more important in explaining developmental processes in a developed nation than in an undeveloped nation.

Module: 10.1

Learning Objective 10.1

Analyze It

Moderate

10.148. Describe the results of the study reported in the text in which adolescents and adults of different ages were asked, “Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?” What conclusions can be drawn from this study?

Module: 10.1.1: The Cultural Context of U.S. Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

10.149. What does it mean to say that in the United States today the period of adolescence is “age-segregated”?

Module: 10.1.2: Age Segregation and Economic Dependence

Learning Objective 10.1

Analyze It

Moderate

Physical Development in Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.2: Describe physical changes associated with puberty

10.150. Describe the hormone changes that occur as boys and girls enter puberty.

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change

Learning Objective 10.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.151. Describe the physical changes that boys’ bodies go through, in order, as they move from childhood to adulthood.

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.152. What is the secular trend? Why is this trend occurring?

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Analyze It

Moderate

10.153. Describe the physical changes that girls’ bodies go through, in order, as they move from childhood to adulthood.

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

Body Image and Adjustment

Learning Objective 10.3: Analyze the ways adolescents relate to their changing bodies

10.154. Describe how body satisfaction changes for girls and for boys during the period of adolescence.

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.155. What advantages and disadvantages are associated with being an early maturing boy?

Module: 10.3.2: Early and Late Maturity in Boys

Learning Objective 10.3

Evaluate It

Moderate

10.156. What advantages and disadvantages are associated with being a late-maturing girl?

Module: 10.3.2: Early and Late Maturity in Boys

Learning Objective 10.3

Evaluate It

Moderate

Attitudes Toward Sex in the United States

Learning Objective 10.4: Outline how cultural attitudes toward sex changed over time in the United States

10.157. What is the sexual double standard and how has it changed in the United States since the 1950s?

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Moderate

10.158. Suggest 3 ways in which U. S. society has changed as the result of the sexual revolution.

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.159. How did attitudes about sexuality among young people in the United States change during the decades of the 1980s and 1990s?

Module: 10.4.2: The Conservative Trend

Learning Objective 10.4

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.160. Are attitudes about sexuality today more liberal or more conservative than in the past? Provide examples to support your answer.

Module: 10.4.3: Current Cultural Attitudes Regarding Teenage Sexuality

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Difficult

10.161. Describe how the rates of sexual intercourse change from the time adolescents are in ninth grade to the time they are in twelfth grade. Include in your answer how these changes occur for both boys and girls.

Module: 10.4.3: Current Cultural Attitudes Regarding Teenage Sexuality

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Moderate

10.162. How does family structure influence the sexual activities of today’s teenagers?

Module: 10.4.4: Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Moderate

Adolescent Sexual Behavior

Learning Objective 10.5: Evaluate the impact of education on teen sexual activity

10.163. Describe in brief the prevalence of three different sexually transmitted diseases among U.S. teenagers today. Cite evidence to support your answer.

Module: 10.5.1: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 10.5

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.164. According to a study reported in the text, what percentage of boys and girls reported that they did not use contraception during their first experience with sexual intercourse? What factors probably account for this result?

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

10.165. If you were to advise a teenage couple who was pregnant about the advantages and disadvantages of marrying, what advice would you give? Cite evidence presented in the text to support your advice.

Module: 10.5.3: The Effects of Early Parenthood

Learning Objective 10.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.6: Relate brain development to adolescent cognition

10.166. How has the development of fMRI technology helped scientists advance their understanding about how the brain changes during adolescence?

Module: 10.6.1: Brain Imaging

Learning Objective 10.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.167. In comparison to the number of neurons present in the brain at birth, are their more or fewer neurons present in the brain during adolescence? What does this change imply about how neurons change as development progresses throughout childhood?

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Difficult

10.168. Based on evidence presented in the text, what pattern of brain activity would you expect to observe as adolescents versus adults think about an emotion-based problem?

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Difficult

10.169. How can the risk-taking behavior that characterizes adolescence be explained by changes in the development of the brain? Suggest two brain changes that likely underlie such behavior.

Module: 10.6.3: The Influence of Hormones on the Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Difficult

10.170. Describe a typical task used in a study to test whether or not a child has developed formal operational thought.

Module: 10.6.4: Piaget's Period of Formal Operations

Learning Objective 10.6

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.171. How does an information-processing view of cognitive development differ from Piaget’s view?

Module: 10.6.4: Piaget's Period of Formal Operations

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought

Learning Objective 10.7: Analyze cognitive activities common to adolescence

10.172. Describe an example of how teenagers and their parents “negotiate” their mutual expectations.

Module: 10.7.1: Examining the World and the Family

Learning Objective 10.7

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.173. Give an example of the imaginary audience, as defined by David Elkind.

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.174. Give an example of the personal fable, as defined by David Elkind.

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.175. Describe an example of a “hot” cognitive process and an example of a “cold” process. What is the essential difference between hot and cold cognitive processes?

Module: 10.7.3: Decision Making in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Learning Objective 10.7

Evaluate It

Moderate

10.176. Describe the approach that parents should take if they wish to encourage their adolescent child to become more advanced in moral reasoning. Include in your answer how the concept of “disequilibrium” is involved in the development of moral reasoning.

Module: 10.7.4: Moral Development in Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Moderate

Essay questions:

Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context

Learning Objective 10.1: Explain how cultural context affects the experiences of adolescence

10.177. What is a rite of passage and what functions do such rites serve?

Module: 10.1

Learning Objective 10.1

Analyze It

Moderate

10.178. The concept called “emerging adulthood” was developed to explain what historical trends in development?

Module: 10.1.1: The Cultural Context of U.S. Adolescence; 10.1.2: Age Segregation and Economic Dependence

Learning Objective 10.1

Evaluate It

Moderate

10.179. Explain why adolescents are particularly affected by sociocultural crises.

Module: 10.1.3: Adolescent Response to Sociocultural Crisis

Learning Objective 10.1

Analyze It

Moderate

Physical Development in Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.2: Describe physical changes associated with puberty

10.180. Describe the pattern of changes that occur at puberty for the typical boy and typical girl. Be sure to note which changes occur earlier in this developmental process and which occur later.

Module: 10.2.1: Physical Growth and Change; 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.181. Explain the typical findings with respect to the age of menarche when studied in different cultures and different historical time periods. What conclusions result from this pattern of data?

Module: 10.2.2: Puberty

Learning Objective 10.2

Analyze It

Moderate

Body Image and Adjustment

Learning Objective 10.3: Analyze the ways adolescents relate to their changing bodies

10.182. What are the typical concerns that adolescent boys and girls have about their bodies? How are boys’ concerns different than girls’ concerns and how are they similar?

Module: 10.3: Body Image and Adjustment; 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Evaluate It

Moderate

10.183. Suggest two reasons why girls are more likely than boys to develop eating disorders.

Module: 10.3.1: Concerns About Body Image

Learning Objective 10.3

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.184. If you had a daughter, would you hope that she would be an early-maturing, average-maturing, or late-maturing girl? Why? Would these same advantages and disadvantages apply if your child were a boy? Explain your answer.

Module: 10.3.2: Early and Late Maturity in Boys; 10.3.3: Early and Late Maturity in Girls

Learning Objective 10.3

Evaluate It

Difficult

Attitudes Toward Sex in the United States

Learning Objective 10.4: Outline how cultural attitudes toward sex changed over time in the United States

10.185. To what does the term “sexual double standard” refer? Provide an example of this concept.

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Moderate

10.186. What changes occurred in the United States with regard to sexual attitudes and behavior during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s? Do you think these changes are still in motion, or has U. S. culture reached an equilibrium point regarding sexual attitudes and practices? Cite evidence to support your conclusions.

Module: 10.4.1: The Sexual Revolution; 10.4.2: The Conservative Trend; 10.4.3: Current Cultural Attitudes Regarding Teenage Sexuality

Learning Objective 10.4

Evaluate It

Difficult

10.187. Identify and describe 3 different factors that are associated with the age at which boys and girls begin to engage in sexual intercourse.

Module: 10.4.4: Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships

Learning Objective 10.4

Analyze It

Moderate

Adolescent Sexual Behavior

Learning Objective 10.5: Evaluate the impact of education on teen sexual activity

10.188. Is HIV/AIDS a significant health issue today for teenagers in the United States? Explain your answer, citing data to support your response.

Module: 10.5.1: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Learning Objective 10.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

10.189. Describe the results of a study reported in the text that investigate the use of contraception by boys and girls during their first sexual experiences. What factors account for these results?

Module: 10.5.2: Unplanned Pregnancy

Learning Objective 10.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

10.190. What positive and negative outcomes are associated with early parenthood?

Module: 10.5.3: The Effects of Early Parenthood

Learning Objective 10.5

Evaluate It

Moderate

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.6: Relate brain development to adolescent cognition

10.191. How do the volumes of the brain’s gray matter and white matter change during the period of adolescence? What do these changes imply about the direction of neural development during this developmental period?

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Moderate

10.192. How does the brain’s development during adolescence influence the thinking and behavior of teenagers?

Module: 10.6.2: Changes in the Adolescent Brain; 10.6.3: The Influence of Hormones on the Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

10.193. How do hormones, and especially those that target the amygdala, influence cognitive development?

Module: 10.6.3: The Influence of Hormones on the Brain

Learning Objective 10.6

Evaluate It

Difficult

10.194. Discuss 3 ways in which the thought processes of a 10-year-old are likely to be different from those of a 13-year-old, according to Piaget’s view of cognitive development.

Module: 10.6.4: Piaget's Period of Formal Operations

Learning Objective 10.6

Analyze It

Moderate

The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought

Learning Objective 10.7: Analyze cognitive activities common to adolescence

10.195. How might the concept of the personal fable help explain why adolescents seem especially enthralled with media that are highly violent?

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Moderate

10.196. In what ways can adolescent cognition be described as being “egocentric”? What does this term mean when applied as a description of adolescent thought and problem solving?

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Apply What You Know

Moderate

10.197. In what way might media such as movies and television shows prolong the adolescent concepts of imaginary audience and personal fable?

Module: 10.7.2: Adolescent Egocentrism

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Moderate

10.198. Describe the Iowa Gambling Task and summarize the result of studies that use it to compare the problem solving strategies used by children, adolescents, and adults.

Module: 10.7.3: Decision Making in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Learning Objective 10.7

Apply What You Know

Difficult

10.199. Suppose you are working with a teenage girl whose moral reasoning is very conventional. What might you do to help her become more postconventional in her thought? Cite research to support your answer.

Module: 10.7.4: Moral Development in Adolescence

Learning Objective 10.7

Analyze It

Moderate