Full Test Bank Ch5 Physical Development in Infancy

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 5 Physical Development in Infancy

1) The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom is known as the ________ pattern.

A) proximodistal

B) encephalic

C) cephalocaudal

D) lateralization

2) The sensory and motor developments in infants generally proceed according to the ________ principle.

A) lateralization

B) proximodistal

C) endarch

D) cephalocaudal

3) Scarlett learned to stare at mobile objects before trying to move her limbs to reach for the objects. This growth pattern in Scarlett is occurring according to which of the following principles?

A) lateralization

B) cephalocaudal

C) endarch

D) proximodistal

4) During pregnancy, the size of the head is half the size of the total body length when the fetus is ________ old.

A) two months

B) six months

C) eight months

D) nine months

5) In a newborn, the size of the head is approximately ________ the proportion of the total body length.

A) half

B) one-third

C) one-fourth

D) three-fourths

6) Proximodistal pattern of growth refers to the sequence in which

A) growth and development occurs in a way that the parts that are being used more frequently grow faster than the parts being used less frequently.

B) the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.

C) growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

D) growth and development occurs in a way that certain parts are more developed and highly specialized compared to other parts of the body.

7) Natalie had random hand movements when she was 2 months old. When she was 6 months old, she would grab a block with her whole hand. Now at the age of 10 months, she can grasp the same block with her thumb and forefinger. This sequence of growth in her hand and finger movements is occurring according to the ________ pattern.

A) lateralization

B) proximodistal

C) endarch

D) cephalocaudal

8) Which of the following is an example of the proximodistal pattern of growth?

A) Abbey learning to sit first before learning to stand or crawl

B) Alex learning to move his eyes before learning his first words

C) Colin learning to stare at moving objects before trying to touch them with his hands

D) Polly learning to grab objects with her whole hands before learning to pick them up with her fingers

9) Which of the following is a syndrome that affects a large number of babies in the United States, causes severe brain damage, and includes symptoms such as brain swelling and hemorrhaging?

A) Tay-Sachs syndrome

B) shaken baby syndrome

C) Shy Drager syndrome

D) Down syndrome

10) Which of the following brain imaging techniques has been successfully used by researchers to learn about the brain's development in infancy?

A) computed axial tomography

B) positron emission tomography

C) magnetic resonance imaging

D) electroencephalogram

11) Magnetoencephalography, or MEG, has been used to study brain development in infants. Researchers have used this technology to study

A) perceptual processes in infants.

B) maternal nutrition habits.

C) paternal influences on the home environment.

D) the effect of having a doula present during delivery.

12) The electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to study

A) the levels of blood sugar in newborn infants.

B) hormonal fluctuations in new mothers.

C) the brain's electrical activity.

D) paternal responses to postpartum depression.

13) The newborn's brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight by birth; by the second birthday, the brain is about ________ percent of its adult weight.

A) 75

B) 25

C) 30

D) 50

14) Which of the following areas of the brain is farthest from the spinal cord and includes the cerebral cortex?

A) hindbrain

B) midbrain

C) forebrain

D) hypothalamus

15) A(n) ________ is a nerve cell that handles information processing.

A) tendon

B) neuron

C) axon

D) collagen

16) The tissue that covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap and includes two halves or hemispheres is called the

A) myelin sheath.

B) prefrontal cortex.

C) cerebellum.

D) cerebral cortex.

17) Which lobe of the cerebral cortex has an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory?

A) frontal lobe

B) temporal lobe

C) occipital lobe

D) parietal lobe

18) The ________ lobes of the cerebral cortex function in vision.

A) parietal

B) frontal

C) occipital

D) temporal

19) The parietal lobes play an important role in

A) hearing, language processing, and memory.

B) vision.

C) voluntary movement, thinking, personality, emotion, memory, sustained attention, and intentionality or purpose.

D) registering spatial location, maintaining attention, and administering motor control.

20) The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called

A) lateralization.

B) dominance.

C) ambidexterity.

D) asymmetry.

21) Which of the following functions is lateralized to the left hemisphere of the cortex in most human brains?

A) humor

B) speech and grammar

C) use of metaphors

D) facial perception

22) Which of the following functions is an outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain in normal people?

A) use of metaphors

B) speech and grammar

C) performing music

D) humor

23) Which of the following parts of a neuron is/are involved in carrying signals toward the cell body?

A) terminal buttons

B) myelin sheath

C) axons

D) dendrites

24) ________ is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon in neurons.

A) Adipose tissue

B) The myelin sheath

C) The hypodermis

D) The subcutaneous layer

25) The chemicals released by the terminal buttons that connect axons and dendrites of successive neurons and help in the passing of information from neuron to neuron across the synapse are called

A) neurotransmitters.

B) pheromones.

C) cytokines.

D) synomones.

26) The ________ lobes of the cerebral cortex are involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, emotion, memory, sustained attention, and intentionality or purpose.

A) occipital

B) frontal

C) temporal

D) parietal

27) The process of encasing axons with fat cells, which is involved in providing energy to neurons and speeding up neural transmissions, is known as

A) lateralization.

B) neurotransmission.

C) myelination.

D) metacognition.

28) Which of the following is a dramatic change in the brain in infants in the first years of life?

A) demyelination

B) dendritic connectivity

C) slowing of neural transmissions

D) increase in density of synapses

29) Unused synaptic connections will be replaced by other pathways or they disappear. In the language of neuroscience, these connections are said to be

A) bloomed.

B) strengthened.

C) pruned.

D) cropped.

30) Myelination for visual pathways is

A) completed in the first six months after birth.

B) completed after eight months of birth.

C) not completed until the first year.

D) not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.

31) In which of the following areas of an infant's brain does the peak of synaptic overproduction occur before the first postnatal year of life?

A) prefrontal cortex

B) neocortex

C) auditory cortex

D) visual cortex

32) The ________ region of the frontal lobe has the most prolonged development of any brain region, with changes detectable at least into emerging adulthood.

A) orbital

B) auditory

C) prefrontal

D) lateral

33) Infants of 0 to 2 years of age sleep an average of ________ hours a day.

A) 7.9

B) 9.4

C) 11.6

D) 12.8

34) Which of the following is a component of the increasingly popular neuroconstructivist view?

A) The infant brain has less plasticity than previously believed.

B) Environmental experiences, not biological processes, chiefly influence brain development.

C) Brain development is closely linked to cognitive development.

D) There is little interaction between experience and gene expression.

35) In adulthood, individuals spend about ________ of their night in REM sleep.

A) half

B) one-eighth

C) one-third

D) one-fifth

36) Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is TRUE?

A) Infants often begin their sleep cycle with non-REM sleep rather than REM sleep.

B) In adults, REM sleep usually appears after non-REM sleep.

C) REM sleep begins the sleep cycle of infants after 3 months of age.

D) The amount of time taken up by REM sleep is much less in infancy than at any other point in the entire life span.

37) Within a 24-hour cycle, approximately how much time do infants of 0 to 2 years of age spend sleeping?

A) 5.9 hours

B) 8.3 hours

C) 12.8 hours

D) 16.7 hours

38) Which of the following is NOT a protective buffer against SIDS?

A) the infant sleeping in a room with a fan

B) breast feeding

C) the infant sleeping in the same bed as the parents

D) firm bedding

39) According to your text, infants from which ethnic groups are MOST likely to die from SIDS?

A) non-Latino White and Asian

B) non-Latino White and Latino

C) Eskimo and African American

D) Native American and Latino

40) ________ is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die abruptly without an apparent cause.

A) Sudden infant death syndrome

B) Shaken baby syndrome

C) Marfan syndrome

D) Klinefelter's syndrome

41) Which of the following is a high-risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A) early introduction of solid foods

B) breastfeeding

C) prone sleeping

D) use of a pacifier

42) Who among the following infants is MORE likely to experience SIDS?

A) Noah, who uses a pacifier when she goes to sleep

B) Ethan, who is suffering from sleep apnea

C) Austin, who does not share the bed with his parents

D) Kevin, who sleeps in a bedroom with a fan

43) Nutritionists recommend that infants consume approximately ________ calories per day for each pound they weigh.

A) 25

B) 100

C) 75

D) 50

44) Infants who spent more time sleeping at night as opposed to the day showed

A) higher executive function at age 4.

B) greater tolerance for pain at age 3.

C) higher levels of distress in the presence of strangers at 18 months.

D) higher than average levels of separation anxiety at 8 months.

45) Infant Devon rarely sleeps through the night. Instead, she sleeps in rather short intervals throughout the day and night. Compared to infants who sleep through the night and rarely sleep in the day, recent research suggests that Devon

A) will likely become obese in her early childhood years.

B) may show slower language development in early childhood.

C) may be more alert and cognitively aware in early childhood.

D) will be slightly above her peers in information processing capabilities.

46) Fewer gastrointestinal infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and fewer middle ear infections are all associated with

A) breast feeding.

B) bottle feeding.

C) bottle feeding, but only with specialized formulas.

D) bottle feeding, but only if both parents share feeding duties.

47) Which of the following conclusions is TRUE based on the research conducted on benefits of breast feeding for the child?

A) Breast feeding prevents asthma in older children.

B) Breast feeding reduces the risk of allergies in children.

C) Breast feeding promotes cognitive development in children.

D) Breast feeding reduces gastrointestinal infections in infants.

48) The evidence obtained from studies conducted on maternal benefits of breast feeding for mothers indicates that breast feeding

A) reduces the occurrence of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.

B) helps women to return to their prepregnancy weight.

C) reduces the risk of osteoporosis.

D) helps mothers overcome postpartum depression.

49) Benefits of breast feeding for the mother include all of the following EXCEPT

A) lower incidence of breast cancer.

B) reduction in ovarian cancer

C) reduction in type 2 diabetes.

D) lower incidence of osteoporosis.

50) Bottle feeding is recommended for mothers who

A) are HIV positive.

B) have active tuberculosis.

C) are taking drugs that might harm the infant.

D) All these answers are correct.

51) Researchers have found no ________ differences between breast-fed infants and bottle-fed infants.

A) physical

B) psychological

C) nutritional

D) medical

52) ________ is a condition caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year.

A) Sleep apnea

B) Otitis media

C) Marasmus

D) Kwashiorkor

53) Which of the following conditions resulting from malnutrition can cause a child's vital organs to collect the nutrients that are present and deprive other parts of the body of them?

A) marasmus

B) kwashiorkor

C) otitis media

D) anemia

54) Ana, a 2-year-old baby girl, appears to be well fed but is deficient in certain important proteins. Her hair is thin, colorless, and brittle. Based on these symptoms, the doctor examining Ana is likely to relate her condition to the disorder of

A) marasmus.

B) kwashiorkor.

C) otitis media.

D) anemia.

55) Which of the following vaccinations is given to infants at birth?

A) diphtheria

B) measles

C) rubella

D) hepatitis B

56) The first dose of vaccination for influenza is given to infants at the age of

A) 1 year.

B) 6 months.

C) 4 months.

D) 2 months.

57) The immunization for polio is given until the age of

A) 15 months.

B) 4 to 6 years.

C) 8 to 10 years.

D) 11 to 14 years.

58) Dynamic systems theory was proposed by

A) Esther Thelen.

B) Jean Piaget.

C) Eleanor Gibson.

D) Richard Walk.

59) According to ________ theory, to develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

A) psychosocial

B) cognitive developmental

C) dynamic systems

D) sociocultural cognitive

60) According to dynamic systems theory, the first step for infants in developing their motor skills is

A) being motivated by a challenge.

B) beginning the movement.

C) fine-tuning the movement.

D) moving on to the next milestone.

61) The dynamic systems view of motor development states that the developing of motor skills is a(n) ________ process.

A) passive

B) active

C) rapid

D) taught

62) According to the dynamic systems view, fine-tuning of a motor skill is accomplished through

A) brain maturation.

B) genetic programming.

C) repeated actions.

D) parental supervision.

63) John, a 2-month-old boy, turns his head toward the side when his cheek is stroked in an effort to find something to suck. The type of reflex exhibited by John is known as the ________ reflex.

A) Moro

B) grasping

C) sucking

D) rooting

64) Which of the following reflexes has a survival value for newborns, as it enables them to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food?

A) Babinski reflex

B) sucking reflex

C) Moro reflex

D) rooting reflex

65) A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement is called the ________ reflex.

A) Moro

B) grasping

C) stepping

D) sucking

66) The ________ reflex occurs when the sole of the foot of an infant is stroked and the infant responds by fanning out the toes and twisting the foot in.

A) Moro

B) rooting

C) Babinski

D) swimming

67) When an infant is placed on his or her back, the infant forms fists with both hands and usually turns his or her head to the right. This reflex is known as the ________ reflex.

A) Babinski

B) tonic neck

C) rooting

D) grasping

68) Which of the following motor skills is achieved in the second year of life in infants?

A) climbing steps

B) walking alone easily

C) using arms for support

D) standing with support

69) Nathan, who is 10 months old, picks up small blocks using his thumb and forefinger. The type of grasp used by Nathan is called the ________ grip.

A) pencil

B) tripod

C) palmer

D) pincer

70) Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill in infants?

A) walking

B) grasping

C) crawling

D) creeping

71) The perceptual system used by infants to coordinate grasping varies with age. Four-month-old infants rely greatly on ________ to determine how they will grip an object.

A) vision

B) color

C) touch

D) depth

72) The sensation of hearing occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and conducted through the bones of the inner ear and the ________, where mechanical vibrations are converted into electrical impulses.

A) dura mater

B) cochlea

C) retina

D) pinna

73) The rays of light focused on the eyes are converted into electrical impulses by the

A) cochlea.

B) retina.

C) iris.

D) cornea.

74) The electrical impulses from the retina are transmitted to the visual centers of the brain by the ________ nerve.

A) auditory

B) spinal

C) optic

D) cochlear

75) According to research, development of a preference for viewing attractive rather than unattractive faces begins

A) within hours of birth.

B) during the preschool years.

C) during the middle childhood years.

D) during adolescence.

76) Which of the following views states that perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it?

A) ecological view

B) nativist view

C) dynamic systems view

D) constructivist view

77) ________ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A) Generalization

B) Habituation

C) Operant conditioning

D) Cognitive discrimination

78) The method used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli is known as the ________ method.

A) stimulus generalization

B) orienting response

C) visual preference

D) high-amplitude sucking

79) Which of the following methods uses a sound generating system to assess an infant's attention to sound?

A) magnetic resonance imaging method

B) orienting response method

C) visual preference method

D) high-amplitude sucking method

80) Alex was shown a sequence of objects that were of the same size and all resembled a square. After some time, Alex lost interest in those objects. When he was shown a triangular object it suddenly caught his attention, and he started looking at the previous objects again. This change in response in Alex is referred to as

A) sustained attention.

B) orientation.

C) dishabituation.

D) visual preference.

81) The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is known as

A) operant conditioning.

B) prolonged interest.

C) stimulus generalization.

D) dishabituation.

82) Newer, more sophisticated eye-tracking equipment has allowed researchers to study all of the following EXCEPT

A) emotional attachment.

B) attention.

C) memory.

D) face processing.

83) With the use of eye-tracking equipment, identification of atypical outcomes such as autism can begin

A) in infancy.

B) at age 3.

C) in elementary school.

D) during adolescence.

84) According to research, when 1-year-olds watch a television program they

A) process the words more than the picture.

B) stay focused on the main character for the entire show.

C) tend to focus on the most salient images appearing in the show.

D) focus more on their caregivers than the show.

85) ________ is a tendency in which sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.

A) Stimulus generalization

B) Operant conditioning

C) Orientation response

D) Perceptual constancy

86) Donna would perceive the chair as a different object every time the distance or the orientation of the chair was changed. This shows that Donna has not developed

A) perception of occluded objects.

B) perceptual constancy.

C) an orienting response.

D) a generalized response.

87) Which of the following tendencies, when developed by infants, helps them recognize that an object remains the same even when the retinal image of the object changes by moving toward or away from the object?

A) shape constancy

B) orientation response

C) distance perception

D) size constancy

88) A boy is able to understand that a bicycle is smaller than a car even when a bicycle parked in front of him is creating a larger retinal image to him than the car, which is parked at a distance across the street. This shows that the boy has achieved

A) shape constancy.

B) dishabituation.

C) size constancy.

D) depth perception.

89) Ethan was able to recognize the ice-cream cone to be cone-shaped even when the orientation of the cone was changed a number of times. This shows that Ethan has achieved

A) size constancy.

B) habituation.

C) orientation response.

D) shape constancy.

90) ________ is the perception of the frequency of a sound.

A) Loudness

B) Pitch

C) Rhythm

D) Localization

91) Which of the following perceptions involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities, like vision and hearing?

A) auditory perception

B) visual perception

C) depth perception

D) intermodal perception

92) In the field of perceptual development, nature proponents are referred to as

A) nativists.

B) adoptionists.

C) empiricists.

D) boundary spanners.

93) In the field of perceptual development, people who emphasize learning and experience are called

A) adoptionists.

B) nativists.

C) empiricists.

D) boundary spanners.

94) According to the nativist view on perceptual development,

A) the ability to perceive is not innate and is achieved with learning and experience.

B) the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is inborn or innate.

C) the ability to perceive involves development of distinctive features that are detected at different ages.

D) the ability to perceive is dependent on infants' cognitive development.

95) Ogden, a child psychologist, has an empiricist approach toward perceptual development. Ogden would agree with which of the following statements?

A) The ability of perception in infants is not innate but develops with learning and experience.

B) Infants' ability to perceive the world is inborn and is influenced by their genes.

C) Infants' ability to perceive is present at birth and involves the development of distinctive features that are detected at later ages.

D) Infants' ability to perceive is present at birth and develops with their cognitive development.

96) Which of the following views states that perceptual development in infants is dependent on the development of a sequence of cognitive stages to construct more complex perceptual tasks?

A) ecological view

B) nativist view

C) constructivist view

D) dynamic systems view

97) The Gibsons' ecological view is different from the nativist view of perceptual development because the ecological view argues that

A) perception is direct and does not depend on the cognitive development of the infant.

B) the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is inborn or innate.

C) perceptual development does not involve distinctive features developed at different ages.

D) how infants learn to generate, differentiate, and discriminate the information that is available to them in their environment is important for perception.

98) Piaget's constructivist view states that

A) perceptual development in infancy must await the development of a sequence of cognitive stages in infants.

B) the ability to perceive the world in a competent manner is innate.

C) perceptual development does not depend on the development of distinctive features.

D) the ability to perceive size and shape constancy, a three-dimensional world, and intermodal perception are all dependent on the genetics of the infant.

99) Longitudinal research by Daphne Maurer and her colleagues has focused on infants with

A) attachment issues.

B) hearing problems.

C) cognitive problems.

D) visual problems.

100) Daphne Maurer's research on the perceptual abilities of infants has provided evidence for a ________ period in the development of visual perception.

A) critical

B) sensitive

C) necessary

D) crucial

101) What are the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns? Give examples for each.

102) List the changes in height and weight that take place during infancy.

103) List the developmental changes that occur in neurons and different regions of the brain in infancy.

104) Explain the neuroconstructivist view of brain development.

105) Shared sleeping remains a controversial issue, but some child experts stress its importance. What are the advantages according to proponents, and what are the disadvantages of shared sleeping as stated by those opposed to the practice, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS?

106) What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? Mention three risk factors for SIDS.

107) What development changes are observed in eating behavior during the infant's first year after birth?

108) List the benefits of breast feeding for the child.

109) Describe any two diseases that can occur in infants due to malnutrition.

110) Describe infants' motor development according to dynamic systems theory.

111) How do infants respond to Babinski and Moro reflexes? What are the developmental patterns of these reflexes?

112) What are the developmental changes in posture during infancy?

113) What are the improvements seen in the gross motor skills of infants during the second year of life?

114) What are the changes seen in the grasping reflex when the infant develops fine motor skills?

115) How does perpetual-motor coupling influence grasping in infants?

116) How do the sensations of hearing and vision occur?

117) What is the ecological view of perception?

118) How does visual activity develop in infants?

119) What factors influence hearing in infants?

120) What is intermodal perception? In the following scenario, which two senses are being used by Andrea to integrate information?