Test Bank Chapter 4 Birth

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 4 Birth

1) The birth process occurs in ________ stages.

A) two

B) five

C) three

D) four

2) The ________ stage of the birth process is the longest one.

A) first

B) second

C) third

D) fourth

3) Which of the following is a feature of the first stage of birth?

A) contractions expelling the baby's head from the mother's body

B) contractions causing the cervix to stretch and dilate to about 4 inches

C) contractions expelling the umbilical cord from the uterus

D) contractions detaching and expelling the placenta and other membranes

4) At which stage of the birth process is the amniotic sac most likely to rupture?

A) first stage

B) second stage

C) third stage

D) fourth stage

5) The second stage of birth begins when the

A) baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal.

B) cervix begins to stretch and open to about 4 inches to facilitate the baby's movement.

C) placenta emerges from the mother's body.

D) baby completely emerges from the mother's body.

6) The ________ birth stage terminates when the baby completely emerges from the mother's body.

A) first

B) second

C) third

D) fourth

7) During which stage of the birth process does the baby pass through the birth canal?

A) first stage

B) second stage

C) third stage

D) fourth stage

8) Abby's husband and doula are holding Abby's hands and constantly encouraging her to bear down a little harder. Abby's husband has just told her that he can already see the face of their baby and with just a little more effort, the birth process would be complete. Abby is in the ________ stage of birth.

A) first

B) second

C) third

D) final

9) After birth is the ________ stage in the birth process.

A) first

B) second

C) third

D) fourth

10) The major activity of the third birth stage is the

A) emergence of the baby from the mother's body.

B) dilation of the cervix and rupture of the amniotic sac.

C) movement of the baby through the birth canal.

D) expulsion of the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes.

11) Which of the following statements is TRUE about the third stage of birth?

A) It lasts a few hours.

B) It is the longest stage.

C) It lasts only minutes.

D) It is commonly referred to as the postpartum period.

12) Which of the following events happens during the afterbirth stage?

A) The baby emerges from the mother's body.

B) The mother receives oxytocic medications.

C) The baby is assessed for any life-threatening conditions.

D) The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled.

13) Compared with physicians, certified nurse-midwives generally

A) spend less time with women during prenatal visits.

B) place less emphasis on counseling and education.

C) provide more emotional support.

D) work on high-risk pregnancies.

14) A(n) ________ takes care of a woman giving birth by providing continuous physical, emotional, and educational support before, during, and after childbirth.

A) registered nurse

B) doula

C) obstetrician

D) physician

15) Holly Brooks has just received a call from Lisa, one of her clients, informing her that she is in labor and will be arriving at the hospital shortly. Holly changes her plans for the day and reaches the hospital to assist Lisa throughout her labor. She reminds Lisa of all the relaxation techniques they had practiced, and she provides her with support and encouragement when the pain becomes intolerable for Lisa. She also communicates Lisa's needs and concerns to the doctor delivering her baby. Once the baby is born, Holly places the baby on Lisa's chest and smiles. Holly is most likely to be Lisa's

A) obstetrician.

B) gynecologist.

C) doula.

D) emergency physician.

16) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding research on doulas?

A) Researchers have found positive effects when a doula is present at the birth of a child.

B) Compared with physicians, doulas generally spend less time with each patient.

C) Doula-supported mothers show increased signs of depression in the postpartum period.

D) Research has shown a negligible correlation between doulas and childbirth outcomes.

17) Approximately what percentage of babies were delivered by midwives in the United States in 2017?

A) 5 percent

B) 8 percent

C) 22 percent

D) 30 percent

18) Approximately what percentage of babies are delivered by midwives in Holland?

A) more than 5 percent

B) more than 10 percent

C) more than 25 percent

D) more than 40 percent

19) Recent studies have shown that the presence of a doula before and after delivery

A) can inflate the costs of healthcare.

B) has led to a significant reduction in the rates of cesarean deliveries.

C) is only important if other family members can't be present.

D) leads to a higher percentage of induced labors.

20) All of the following are associated with doula-assisted pregnancies EXCEPT

A) fewer birth complications.

B) fewer low birth weight infants.

C) fewer cesarean deliveries.

D) fewer people in the delivery room.

21) ________ are drugs that are used to relieve pain.

A) Diuretics

B) Analgesics

C) Antiemetics

D) Antihistamines

22) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to anesthesia?

A) Anesthesia is mostly used in late second-stage labor.

B) Anesthesia is used to stimulate contractions.

C) General anesthesia can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta.

D) A general anesthesia is a regional anesthesia that numbs only the lower half of the mother's body.

23) Katy, who is expecting her first baby, is in the 42nd week of her pregnancy. Her doctor has recommended that she be given ________ to induce uterine contractions.

A) analgesics

B) anesthetics

C) diuretics

D) oxytocics

24) Katy is having her first child. The first birth stage has already gone past 16 hours and yet, Katy's cervix has dilated only about 3 inches. Her doctor has recommended that she be given ________ to speed up the labor process.

A) analgesics

B) anesthetics

C) diuretics

D) oxytocics

25) Keesha is experiencing a lot of pain during her labor. Which of the following medications is her doctor likely to use in order to numb Keesha's body from the waist down?

A) oxytocin

B) general anesthesia

C) epidural block

D) terbutaline

26) Keesha is very keen on staying alert and conscious throughout the delivery process, but she is experiencing a lot of pain in her upper back and neck during her labor. Her doctor suggests that the best option for her would be to receive a(n) ________ to relieve her pain and retain awareness throughout the delivery.

A) oxytocic medication

B) analgesic

C) epidural block

D) oral anesthetic

27) Oxytocin is a synthetic hormone that

A) stimulates contractions.

B) reduces the mother's pain.

C) relaxes the baby.

D) slows down the childbirth process.

28) Which of the following is a trend gaining popularity in the use of medication for childbirth in the United States?

A) There is a complete avoidance of any medication during childbirth, as it is considered harmful for the baby and the mother.

B) General anesthesia is increasingly used to provide a pain-free childbirth.

C) There is moderate use of medication combined with techniques of natural or prepared childbirth.

D) Narcotics, tranquilizers, and epidural blocks are increasingly used for women in labor, as they are medically safe in high doses.

29) Natural childbirth is a method that was developed in 1914 by

A) Grantly Dick-Read.

B) Ferdinand Lamaze.

C) T. Berry Brazelton.

D) Tiffany Field.

30) Natural childbirth aims to reduce the mother's pain by

A) reducing her fears and increasing her ability to relax.

B) encouraging women to opt for cesarean deliveries.

C) easing the birth process with the use of anesthetics.

D) increasing the duration of the labor and childbirth process.

31) The prepared childbirth method, which involves a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor, was developed by

A) Grantly Dick-Read.

B) Ferdinand Lamaze.

C) T. Berry Brazelton.

D) Tiffany Field.

32) After discovering that they were expecting their first baby, Mark and Maxine began looking for ways in which they could prepare for the birth. Maxine was insistent that she did not want to be heavily medicated during the delivery. The couple agreed that they would prefer learning certain self-regulatory behaviors rather than relying on medications to make the birth easier. In order to do so, they enrolled in classes that coached them extensively in the physiology and anatomy of the birth process. They also learned to practice a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor. With this knowledge and Mark's support and encouragement, Maxine was able to deliver a healthy full-term baby without any medical or surgical interventions. From this scenario, we can say that Mark and Maxine opted for a(n) ________ in order to have their baby.

A) cesarean section

B) prepared childbirth approach

C) waterbirth approach

D) induced labor approach

33) Natural childbirth and prepared childbirth are different from each other in that

A) natural childbirth places special emphasis on the doula's role during labor.

B) prepared childbirth places special emphasis on the doctor's role during labor.

C) natural childbirth focuses more on medical and surgical interventions.

D) prepared childbirth focuses more on anatomy and physiology.

34) Which of the following factors is NOT emphasized by prepared childbirth methods?

A) relaxation

B) education

C) medication

D) support

35) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to a cesarean delivery?

A) It is performed when the baby's head comes through the vagina first.

B) Cesarean deliveries are rarely conducted in hospitals today.

C) It involves the baby being removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen.

D) Elective cesarean delivery is medically safe from 32 weeks of gestation onward unless there is an indication of fetal lung maturity.

36) Carlotta has just been told that her baby is in a breech position. This means that the

A) baby's head is crowning and the birth is progressing naturally.

B) baby's potential respiratory problems need to be considered.

C) baby is most likely to emerge head first, followed by the body.

D) baby's position is typical and complications are unlikely to occur.

37) Norah is in the hospital in the 41st week of her first pregnancy. She has just been informed that her baby is lying crosswise in her uterus. The doctor also added that the baby has some respiratory irregularities. Which of the following is the doctor most likely to recommend?

A) giving Norah a general anesthesia to ease the childbirth process

B) recommending that Norah wait a bit longer before inducing labor

C) conducting a cesarean section for Norah's baby at the earliest possible time

D) inducing labor and helping Norah through a natural childbirth

38) The obstetrician has suggested that Whitney opt for a cesarean section to deliver her baby. Which of the following would be a good reason for Whitney's doctor to recommend a cesarean section?

A) Whitney's baby was positioned in such a way that he/she would emerge normally.

B) Whitney was experiencing severe vaginal bleeding.

C) Whitney's baby was in no risk of respiratory complications and anoxia.

D) Whitney was 39 weeks pregnant.

39) The highest rate of cesarean sections is performed in

A) Brazil.

B) France.

C) Germany.

D) the United States.

40) If the delivery takes too long, the baby can develop

A) anesthesia.

B) anorexia.

C) anoxia.

D) alexia.

41) Laura had informed her doctor that she wanted to have a natural birth without too many medical and surgical interventions, right in the beginning of her pregnancy. However, the doctor has just informed Laura's husband that the delivery is taking too long. With this in mind, the hospital wants her husband to give consent for an emergency cesarean section. Which of the following is MOST likely to happen to the baby if Laura's husband refuses to give consent for the cesarean section?

A) cord around neck

B) anoxia

C) complications of cesarean section

D) hyperglycemia

42) During the birth process, the baby's body secretes large quantities of ________ to help the baby withstand the stress of birth.

A) oxytocin and Pitocin

B) vernix caseosa and Wharton's jelly

C) prostaglandins

D) adrenaline and noradrenaline

43) When babies are born, they are covered with a protective skin grease called

A) Wharton's jelly.

B) vernix caseosa.

C) meconium.

D) lanugo.

44) Which of the following is thought to help protect the baby's skin against heat loss before and during birth?

A) sebum

B) vernix caseosa

C) meconium

D) Wharton's jelly

45) The Apgar Scale rates infants' responses in the areas of heart rate and respiratory effort as well as

A) muscle tone, motor maturity, and appearance.

B) muscle tone, reflex irritability, and body color.

C) body color, motor maturity, and reflex irritability.

D) body color, muscle tone, and motor maturity.

46) Which of the following is used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth?

A) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

B) Apgar Scale

C) Fagan Test

D) Denver Developmental Screening Test

47) The Apgar Scale involves newborns receiving a score of 0, 1, or 2 on five health signs, with a score of at least ________ required to assume that the newborn's condition is good.

A) 5

B) 3

C) 7

D) 10

48) A total Apgar score of ________ indicates there may be developmental difficulties.

A) 5–7

B) 4–6

C) 7–8

D) 9–10

49) A recent study demonstrated that the risk of developing ADHD for newborns with an Apgar score of 1 to 4 was how much higher than the risk for newborns with an Apgar Score of 9 or 10?

A) 75 percent

B) 89 percent

C) 38 percent

D) 20 percent

50) Immediately after Renée delivered her baby boy, the nurse took the baby to the doctor for an assessment of the various aspects of the newborn's functioning that may signal developmental problems. The doctor rated the newborn's heart rate, respiratory effort, body color, reflex irritability, and muscle tone on a scale of 0–2, and the cumulative rating was used to pronounce the baby healthy. The doctor is using the ________ here.

A) Apgar Scale

B) Preterm Outcome Scale

C) Denver Developmental Screening Test

D) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

51) After Brenda's difficult and prolonged labor, she and her husband, Phil, observed as their baby was given a test and then rapidly shifted to the neonatal intensive care unit. They were informed that the baby required urgent medical help as indicated by the Apgar Scale. The baby's total Apgar Scale score is most likely to fall in the range of ________.

A) 0–3

B) 5–7

C) 7–8

D) 9–10

52) Which of the following measures of neonatal health and responsiveness is typically performed within 24 to 36 hours after birth?

A) Apgar Scale

B) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

C) Bayley Scales of Infant Development

D) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

53) The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is primarily used to determine a newborn's

A) attachment styles with parents and other caregivers.

B) neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects.

C) socioemotional ability and cognitive development.

D) physiological growth and bonding ability.

54) The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is typically performed

A) within the first five minutes after birth.

B) within 24 to 36 hours after birth.

C) between 1 to 3 years of age.

D) immediately after birth, and only for "at-risk" infants.

55) By the time Taylor reached the hospital toward the end of the 38th week of conception, her baby had already moved down the birth canal and a cesarean section could not be conducted. Taylor had an extremely difficult and prolonged labor, as her baby was in breech position. After doctors had successfully delivered Taylor's baby, they had to wait a bit before the baby cried. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale was conducted the next day, and the baby obtained a very low score. Which of the following is TRUE with regard to Taylor's baby?

A) The baby's neurological competence is satisfactory.

B) The baby has brain damage or healable brain stress.

C) The baby was preterm, as it was born in the 38th week of gestation.

D) The baby is highly unlikely to be an "at-risk" infant.

56) Which of the following instruments provides the most comprehensive analysis of a newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities?

A) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

B) Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale

C) Apgar Scale

D) Preterm Stimulation Assessment Scale

57) Which of the following differentiates between the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)?

A) The NBAS must be used within minutes after birth to be accurate, while the NNNS can be used for infants between 0 and 3 years of age.

B) The NBAS was developed to assess normal, healthy, full-term infants, while the NNNS was developed to assess the "at-risk" infant.

C) The NBAS can be used in conjunction with prenatal diagnostic tests, while the NNNS can be used only after the birth of the baby.

D) The NBAS is used only for low birth weight infants, while the NNNS is used for preterm and small for date infants.

58) A low birth weight infant weighs less than ________ pounds at birth.

A) 3.5

B) 4.0

C) 5.5

D) 2.0

59) A very low birth weight infant weighs less than ________ pounds at birth.

A) 3.5

B) 4.0

C) 5.5

D) 2.0

60) An extremely low birth weight infant weighs less than ________ pounds at birth.

A) 3.5

B) 4.0

C) 5.5

D) 2.0

61) Kyle was born 34 weeks after conception and weighed about six pounds. He was a

A) preterm baby.

B) low birth weight infant.

C) small for date infant.

D) full-term infant.

62) Babies are considered preterm if they are born

A) between 37 to 39 weeks of gestation.

B) between the 39th and 40th week of gestation.

C) between 40 to 42 weeks of gestation.

D) before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation.

63) Which individual has the highest chance of giving birth to a preterm infant?

A) a White female

B) a non-Latino female

C) an African American female

D) They all have equal probabilities of giving birth to a preterm infant.

64) Which synthetic hormone has been used by physicians to try to reduce preterm births?

A) oxytocin

B) vasopressin

C) progestin

D) leptin

65) In the developing world, low birth weight stems mainly from

A) the high age of mothers.

B) lack of exercise by mothers.

C) excessive smoking by fathers.

D) mothers' poor health and nutrition.

66) In developed countries, low birth weight stems mainly from

A) the young age of mothers.

B) lack of exercise by mothers.

C) cigarette smoking during pregnancy.

D) mothers' poor health and nutrition.

67) Very preterm infants are those born between ________ weeks of gestation.

A) 33 and 36

B) 28 and 33

C) 25 and 28

D) 36 and 38

68) Julie, who was scheduled to have her baby in the last week of November, has delivered her baby eight weeks before the scheduled due date in the last week of September. Doctors have reassured her that the baby stands a good chance of survival because it has gained weight well during the pregnancy and its heart and lung functions are responding well to medical help. Julie's baby is a(n) ________ baby.

A) very low birth weight

B) small for date

C) extremely preterm

D) very preterm infant

69) Sarah's husband is taking her for sessions with a therapist, as they have recently lost their first child. The baby, born at the 27th week of conception, was treated with life-saving drugs and placed in the incubator with life support, but it succumbed on the second day in the neonatal intensive care unit. Sarah's baby was a(n)

A) extremely preterm infant.

B) breech baby.

C) very preterm infant.

D) full term infant.

70) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) All preterm babies are also low birth weight babies.

B) Low birth weight and preterm birth (together) are associated with higher levels of brain injury.

C) The reasons for low birth weight are constant across developed and developing countries.

D) No amount of remedial enrichment programs can reverse the negative outcomes of low birth weight.

71) Two increasingly used interventions to nurture preterm babies in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are

A) acupuncture and waterbirth.

B) hypnosis and music therapy.

C) kangaroo care and massage therapy.

D) music therapy and incubation.

72) Taylor had a preterm baby born in the 36th week of conception. Taylor has been asked to hold her preterm infant against her bare chest for three hours a day so that there is skin-to-skin contact. This is an example of

A) acupuncture.

B) cognitive behavioral therapy.

C) the Lamaze method.

D) kangaroo care.

73) Niam and Sarah had a preterm baby, born only 34 weeks into conception. Doctors have informed the couple that their baby has a weak heart and is receiving medications to stabilize his condition. They have also stressed the fact that because the baby was born much earlier than desirable, some of his basic functions like breathing, heart rate, and body temperature are not well regulated. In addition to medication, they are likely to recommend ________ to help in stabilizing this baby's condition.

A) the Lamaze method

B) acupuncture

C) kangaroo care

D) schema therapy

74) Marlena gave birth to a low birth weight infant. Each day Marlena spends two to three hours with her infant in a diaper held upright against her bare chest. As a result of this practice, we can predict that Marlena's infant will

A) become co-dependent on Marlena during the teenage years.

B) gain weight more rapidly.

C) form an insecure attachment to Marlena.

D) show delays in her neurological functioning.

75) Infant Cicily was born extremely low birth weight, but she has received kangaroo care for the last four months. What physiological benefits is infant Cicily likely to display?

A) increased weight gain

B) more stable heart rate

C) improved respiratory functioning

D) all of these

76) Recent studies have identified all the following benefits associated with kangaroo care for infants EXCEPT

A) decreased pain.

B) more rapid weight gain.

C) increased neurological maturation.

D) increased difficulties with their homeostasis processes.

77) Which hormone is released as a result of massage therapy given to preterm infants?

A) progesterone

B) testosterone

C) estrogen

D) insulin

78) ________ therapy for preterm infants has been linked to improved weight gain and a three- to six-day earlier discharge from the hospital.

A) Dismissal

B) Massage

C) Hydro

D) Physical

79) The period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbearing is called the ________ period.

A) parturition

B) gestation

C) postpartum

D) neonatal

80) Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your text as an area that requires maternal and paternal adjustments during the postpartum period?

A) emotional

B) psychological

C) physical

D) financial

81) During the postpartum period, increased stress, relationship conflict, and impaired decision making can all result from

A) sleep deprivation.

B) too much television viewing.

C) an increased exercise regime.

D) excessive support from family and friends.

82) It has been estimated that the primary caregiver may lose as many as ________ hours of sleep in the first year following the baby's birth.

A) 200

B) 550

C) 700

D) 1,000

83) Postpartum depression affects approximately what percentage of new mothers?

A) 10 to 14 percent

B) 16 to 22 percent

C) 21 to 25 percent

D) roughly 30 percent

84) Postpartum depression tends to last for

A) hours following the delivery of the infant.

B) days following the delivery of the infant.

C) a couple of weeks following the delivery of the infant.

D) weeks to months, usually starting four weeks after the delivery of the infant.

85) Which of the following are risk factors for developing postpartum depression?

A) history of depression

B) depression during pregnancy

C) lack of social support

D) all of these

86) Perinatal-related stressors linked to the development of postpartum depression include all of the following EXCEPT

A) type of delivery.

B) temperament of infant.

C) infant health.

D) postpartum blues.

87) A history of physical abuse, migrant status, and postpartum physical complications are all risk factors for females developing

A) postpartum depression.

B) the baby blues.

C) separation anxiety.

D) high self-esteem.

88) The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size is called

A) dilation.

B) contraction.

C) prolapse.

D) involution.

89) Which of the following happens during the process of involution?

A) The cervix opens and the amniotic sac ruptures.

B) The placenta and umbilical cord are expelled.

C) The levels of estrogen and progesterone rise steeply.

D) The uterus returns to its prepregnant size.

90) Which of the following aids the process of involution?

A) consuming medicines for postpartum depression

B) engaging in kangaroo care

C) taking synthetic hormones like Pitocin

D) nursing the baby

91) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the postpartum period?

A) The adjustments made in the postpartum period are purely physical, like involution.

B) The postpartum period is defined as the three-week period following childbirth.

C) Primary caregiver experiences can result in a major loss of sleep in this period.

D) Exercises are prohibited during the postpartum period, as the body needs rest to recover from childbirth.

92) Hyeree had a baby girl over a month ago. Hank, her husband, has noticed that Hyeree cries and worries a lot nowadays. He has also noted that she is unable to sleep well and has been eating less than she normally does. She has been making many mistakes, forgetting routine tasks, and is having trouble coping with her daily routine. Which of the following is true with regard to Hyeree's current condition?

A) Hyeree is having a normal reaction to childbirth, experienced by many women.

B) Hyeree needs to stop breastfeeding her baby in order to return to her normal physical state.

C) Hyeree needs time before she opts for psychotherapy and medication, as she is breastfeeding her baby.

D) Hyeree should seek professional counseling, as her depressive symptoms are strong and prolonged.

93) Emotional fluctuations in the first few weeks after childbirth most often

A) require intensive psychotherapy.

B) abate on their own after a few days or weeks.

C) irreversibly hamper the relationship with the baby.

D) require antidepressants and mood stabilizers.

94) When is postpartum depression, if it occurs, most likely to begin?

A) about four weeks after delivery

B) about six days after delivery

C) about eight weeks after delivery

D) about ten days after delivery

95) Which of the following is TRUE about postpartum depression?

A) Postpartum depression usually subsides on its own within about two weeks.

B) A woman with postpartum depression is usually able to continue doing her daily tasks.

C) Without treatment, postpartum depression may last for many months.

D) Postpartum depression usually has minimal effects on the baby.

96) Which of the following is an example of postpartum depression?

A) Helen reported experiencing feelings of anxiety and sadness once in a while in the two weeks following the birth of her baby, after which Helen coped better with the demands of the new baby.

B) Nancy reported that she felt low and tearful five days after the delivery of her baby boy, but she added that these feelings did not persist.

C) Dora told her doctor that she has been feeling extremely low and helpless ever since she had her baby two months back and often feels incapable of nurturing her baby well.

D) Wendy has been experiencing bursts of feeling low and moody but she also feels excited about nurturing her baby along with her husband.

97) Which type of therapy has proven MOST effective for treating women suffering from postpartum depression?

A) antidepressant drugs

B) cognitive

C) behavioral

D) psychoanalytic

98) Salma has taken as few drugs as possible during delivery so that she can be alert after her baby is born. She also wants the baby to sleep in her room (a rooming-in arrangement) so that they can be together after birth. From the information provided in the scenario, we can say that Salma is trying to

A) avoid postpartum depression.

B) speed up the process of involution.

C) reduce her need for support from others.

D) improve the bonding experience.

99) Which of the following statements about bonding is TRUE?

A) The newborn must essentially have close contact with the mother in the first few days of life to develop optimally.

B) Drugs given to mothers during childbirth can negatively affect the bonding experience right after birth.

C) Bonding is an exclusive bilateral process between the baby and the mother.

D) "Rooming-in" arrangements may increase the risk of postpartum depression for mothers.

100) Brenda is very tired after the birth of her baby and wants the baby to stay in the nursery to allow Brenda to recover from the birth. If the baby does spend this time away from Brenda, then

A) the critical opportunity to bond will be lost.

B) Brenda will still be able to bond with her baby.

C) bonding with the baby will subsequently only be at a physical level.

D) the baby will develop an avoidant attachment style.

101) Describe the longest stage of the birth process.

102) During which stage of the birth process does the baby move through the cervix and the birth canal? What are the events that occur during that stage?

103) What is afterbirth? What are the events associated with afterbirth?

104) Describe recent trends in the U.S. regarding home vs. hospital births and why a woman might choose to have a home birth

105) Your friend Natalie has just found out that she is pregnant. She is not sure whether she should go for a certified-nurse mediated delivery or a physician mediated delivery. What will be your advice?

106) Your friend Natalie works with a not-for-profit that helps low-income women. She is contemplating whether their organization should go ahead with a program that will provide doula support to low-income pregnant women. What will be your advice?

107) What are the drugs that are commonly used for labor?

108) Your friend Ruth is going to have her first child in seven months. She is determined to go through the childbirth process without using any drugs and does not even want to read up on the various childbirth medications that are available. What information could you give her to help her make decisions about this issue?

109) What is an epidural block? What are some of the concerns associated with its usage?

110) What are the similarities and differences between general anesthesia and an epidural block?

111) Compare and contrast natural and prepared childbirth methods.

112) Cindy is in the 40th week of her pregnancy, and the uterine contractions associated with the birth process have started. Cindy's obstetrician tells her that her baby is in a breech position. What are the possible implications of this for Cindy and her baby?

113) What are the circumstances in which a cesarean delivery is recommended? Are there circumstances when a cesarean delivery is not appropriate?

114) Describe a few in-built mechanisms a baby has that help it withstand the birth process.

115) Compare and contrast the Apgar Scale and the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.

116) Describe a measure of neonatal health and responsiveness that is used to assess "at-risk" infants.

117) Compare and contrast infants who have low birth weight with those who are small for date.

118) What are the long-term effects of low birth weight?

119) How does kangaroo care benefit preterm infants?

120) Bernard and Helena had a baby two months ago. However, they are unsure of some of the emotions they are experiencing. What are some of the possible emotional responses to pregnancy by mothers and fathers, and what should they be concerned about?