Cognitive Development in Infancy Test Bank Answers Ch.6 14e

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 6 Cognitive Development in Infancy

1) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to Piaget's theory of infant development?

A) Piaget's theory represents a biologically based understanding of cognition in infants and toddlers.

B) Piaget's theory strengthens the view that one's genetic material is the primary determinant of one's cognitive abilities.

C) Piaget's theory posits the view that biology and experience sculpt cognitive development in children.

D) Piaget's theory takes a purely ecological approach to understand cognitive development in infants and children.

2) In the context of Piaget's theory, ________ is the process of adjusting to new environmental demands.

A) adaptation

B) evolution

C) involution

D) attention

3) Piaget stressed that

A) children are passive recipients of information from the environment.

B) the sole determinant of a child's cognitive development is the culture in which he or she is born.

C) children actively construct their own cognitive worlds.

D) the cognitive development of children has a purely biological basis.

4) In Piaget's theory, ________ are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

A) schemes

B) engrams

C) modes

D) morphemes

5) A baby's schemes are structured by ________ that can be performed on objects, such as sucking, looking, and grasping.

A) complex behaviors

B) diverse actions

C) mental strategies

D) simple actions

6) In Piaget's theory, mental schemes first develop in

A) infancy.

B) childhood.

C) adolescence.

D) adulthood.

7) Assimilation occurs when children

A) adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

B) develop one scheme that applies to all information and experiences they encounter.

C) prevent the incorporation of new environmental experiences and information.

D) use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

8) In Piaget's theory, ________ is defined as the tendency of children to adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

A) assimilation

B) accommodation

C) evolution

D) externalization

9) ________ in Piaget's theory is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.

A) Clustering

B) Screening

C) Organization

D) Natural selection

10) In trying to understand the world, the child is constantly faced with inconsistencies and counterexamples to his or her existing schemes. This phenomenon is known as

A) disequilibrium.

B) deconstruction.

C) reactance.

D) disruption.

11) For Piaget, an internal search for equilibrium is MOST likely to result in the child

A) retaining old and dysfunctional schemes permanently.

B) displaying delays in learning language and social behavior.

C) failing to develop new schemes after a point.

D) experiencing renewed motivation to change and adapt.

12) The mechanism Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next is known as

A) vocalization.

B) equilibration.

C) conceptualization.

D) causation.

13) Samantha, a 2-week-old infant, sucks instinctively when her lips are touched or stroked. She achieves this by

A) moving beyond self-preoccupation.

B) coordinating schemes for vision and touch with intentionality.

C) coordinating sensation and action through reflexive behavior.

D) experimenting with new behavior.

14) Richard is a 5-month-old baby. His parents frequently sit by his side to cuddle him or to speak to him in loud and affectionate tones. Richard seems to enjoy this attention very much and makes cooing sounds to encourage his parents' warm interactions with him. Richard's act of cooing to obtain parental attention is a function of the ________ substage given by Piaget.

A) secondary circular reactions

B) simple reflexes

C) internalization of schemes

D) first habits and primary circular reactions

15) Wayne's father hung a bright yellow tennis ball over Wayne's crib and dangled it whenever he stood by the crib. Within a day or two of doing this, Wayne was seen kicking his legs in the air to reach the ball successfully. Wayne's action is an example of the ________ substage given by Piaget.

A) simple reflexes

B) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

C) coordination of secondary circular reactions

D) internalization of schemes

16) In the context of Piaget's sensorimotor development, a ________ is a scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance.

A) secondary circular reaction

B) simple reflex

C) tertiary circular reaction

D) primary circular reaction

17) Ruella and Raymond are amazed at the range of new things their 6-month-old daughter, Anna, seems to be learning every day. Recently, while playing with a toy, Anna tossed it out of the crib. Immediately, Ruella picked it up and placed it in Anna's hand and talked to her for a bit. Ever since this incident, Anna keeps throwing her toys out of the crib, expecting one of her parents to give her toy back to her and to cuddle her a bit. From this scenario, we can say that Anna is in the sensorimotor substage of

A) internalization of schemes.

B) tertiary circular reactions.

C) coordination of secondary circular reactions.

D) secondary circular reactions.

18) On Dora's first birthday, one of her aunts brought a set of Lego basic bricks that she absolutely loves. Dora spends hours building, breaking, and rebuilding towers from the bricks and smiles widely whenever she discovers something new she can do with them. Dora's preoccupation with manipulating the building bricks in different ways reflects a function of the sensorimotor substage of

A) secondary circular reactions.

B) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity.

C) first habits and primary circular reactions.

D) simple reflexes.

19) According to Piaget, which of the following is TRUE about the life of a newborn?

A) There is no differentiation between the self and the world.

B) The ability to use primitive symbols is completely developed in newborns.

C) Newborns understand that objects have a separate and permanent existence.

D) The newborn is aware of the existence of its mother when she disappears.

20) ________ is defined as the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen,

A) Concept formation

B) Object orientation

C) Deferred imitation

D) Object permanence

21) Which of the following situations testifies that the infant has developed a sense of object permanence?

A) The infant assumes that an object that is out of sight does not exist.

B) The infant shows no reaction when an interesting object is taken away.

C) The infant searches for an interesting object when it disappears.

D) The infant tries to grab an interesting object with his whole hand.

22) In Piaget's theory, which of the following mistakes is an important feature of infants who are progressing into the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage?

A) Type I error

B) A-not-B error

C) equilibration

D) Type II error

23) Which of the following is an example of an A-not-B error?

A) Dora had a fall while climbing a chair and complained to her mother that the chair is "bad" and began hitting it.

B) Dennis cannot comprehend that a ball made out of his clay modeling set can also be used to make a box or a tower.

C) Devon's mother taught him to say "Dad," and he now uses the term to refer to any male he comes across irrespective of age or familiarity.

D) Daniel always looks below the bed first when he cannot find his toy because that was the first place where his father had hidden his toy, even though his father now hides the toy in different locations.

24) Research by Renée Baillargeon found that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to be

A) substantial.

B) temporary.

C) intangible.

D) transient.

25) Which of the following states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems?

A) epigenetic approach

B) constructivist approach

C) generalized knowledge approach

D) core knowledge approach

26) Which of the following is a critique of the core knowledge approach according to Mark Johnson?

A) Infants come into the world with knowledge systems for space, number sense, object permanence, and language.

B) Infants come into the world with soft biases to perceive and attend to different aspects of the environment, and to learn about the world in particular ways.

C) Infants have an innate sense of the world when they are born that is independent of environmental experiences.

D) The core domains provide a foundation from which infants manifest their genetically hardwired manner of understanding the world and develop more mature cognitive functioning and learning.

27) The field of developmental cognitive neuroscience focuses on connections among the brain, cognition, and

A) development.

B) feelings.

C) emotions.

D) weight.

28) Dr. Wisenberg is studying the connections among the brain, cognition, and development. His specialty lies in the field of

A) psychoanalysis.

B) behavioral genetics.

C) developmental cognitive neuroscience.

D) evolutionary psychology.

29) According to your text, a "short looker" is an infant

A) who is below average in height.

B) whose processing speed is highly efficient.

C) whose attention span is shorter than other infants.

D) who is likely to have cognitive problems during the preschool years.

30) On a test involving attention, infant Jillian was described as a "short looker." This suggests that Jillian

A) will demonstrate higher executive functioning during the preschool years.

B) will lag behind her peers in language development.

C) is not securely attached to her caregivers.

D) will remain physically behind her peers but ahead in emotional sensitivity.

31) Cognitive flexibility and better inhibitory control are both components of higher level

A) gross motor skills.

B) fine motor skills.

C) executive function.

D) sensory memory.

32) The focusing of mental resources on select information that improves cognitive processing on many tasks is referred to as

A) sensation.

B) attention.

C) perception.

D) transduction.

33) ________ allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar.

A) The investigative process

B) Orienting attention

C) Sustained attention

D) Divided attention

34) ________ is defined as the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A) Orientation

B) Investigation

C) Habituation

D) Imitation

35) ________ is defined as the increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation.

A) Dishabituation

B) Generalization

C) Inhibition

D) Introspection

36) Infants' attention to objects is strongly governed by the ________ and habituation.

A) obscurity of the object

B) frequency of interactions with the object

C) familiarity with the object

D) novelty of the object

37) Research on habituation has shown that

A) continual stimulation over extended periods of time using the same object is the best way to elicit a child's attention.

B) the extent to which infants can see, hear, smell, taste, and experience touch cannot be empirically studied.

C) it is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the infant stops responding.

D) habituation is inadequate as a variable in studying an infant's maturity and well-being.

38) ________ attention occurs when individuals focus on the same object or event and are able to track each other's behavior; one individual directs another's attention, and reciprocal interaction is present.

A) Orienting

B) Joint

C) Investigative

D) Covert

39) Which of the following is a prerequisite condition for joint attention to occur?

A) reciprocal interaction

B) multiple caregivers

C) the infant's ability to use abstract thought

D) the infant's ability to use two-word utterances

40) Attention plays an important role in memory as part of a process called ________, which is the process by which information gets into memory.

A) encoding

B) maintaining

C) filtering

D) inhibiting

41) ________ is a central feature of cognitive development, involving the retention of information over time.

A) Emotion

B) Memory

C) Consciousness

D) Intuition

42) Which of the following refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences?

A) non-declarative memory

B) procedural memory

C) implicit memory

D) explicit memory

43) Which of the following would come under the domain of implicit memory?

A) ability to drive a car

B) ability to recite a poem

C) ability to name the president

D) ability to recall complex formulas

44) Which of the following would come under the domain of explicit memory?

A) ability to play a musical instrument

B) ability to type with high speed and accuracy

C) ability to play soccer

D) ability to name the people present at a recent party

45) Recent research has suggested that joint attention skills at 12 months of age are related to

A) better fine motor skills at 3 years of age.

B) better self-regulation skills at 3 years of age.

C) reduced memory capacity at 3 years of age.

D) decreases in perceptual processing at 3 years of age.

46) According to a recent study, problems in joint attention as early as eight months were linked with the diagnosis of what condition by age 7?

A) ADHD

B) anxiety disorder

C) autism

D) schizophrenia

47) From about 6 to 12 months of age, the maturation of the ________ make the emergence of explicit memory possible.

A) hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex

B) olfactory bulb and the ventral areas of the frontal lobe

C) pons and the surrounding areas of the brainstem

D) medulla oblongata and the surrounding areas of the brainstem

48) Most older children can remember little if anything from the first three years of their life. This reflects the operation of

A) infantile amnesia.

B) infantile psychosis.

C) juvenile dementia.

D) infantile neurosis.

49) One reason older children and adults have difficulty recalling events from their infancy and early childhood years is that during these early years, the

A) primary somatosensory cortex is undeveloped.

B) occipital lobe of the brain is in the process of developing.

C) sensory and motor association areas are immature.

D) prefrontal lobes of the brain are immature.

50) According to Andrew Meltzoff, the infant's imitative abilities are

A) indiscriminate and generalized.

B) inflexible and rigid.

C) biologically based.

D) unseen till two years after birth.

51) Carol was about a year and a half old when her father, who was caring for her for the day, noticed that she was using a rattle to brush her hair just the way his wife had brushed her hair before she left about three hours earlier. Carol's father was sure this was something new she had learned. This is an example of

A) concept formation.

B) deferred imitation.

C) centration

D) perceptual organization.

52) ________ are defined as cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

A) Data

B) Scripts

C) Concepts

D) Records

53) Infants who classify birds as animals and airplanes as vehicles, even though the objects are perceptually similar, are engaging in ________ categorization.

A) conceptual

B) perceptual

C) surface-level

D) superficial

54) In the context of gender-based concept formation in a major study of 11-month-old to 6-year-old children, which of the following are likely to be the subject of more intense interest among girls?

A) dinosaurs

B) trucks

C) books/readings

D) balls

55) In the context of testing and assessment of infant development, the most important early contributor was

A) A. S. Kaufman.

B) Patricia Kuhl.

C) Nancy Bayley.

D) Arnold Gesell.

56) An overall score that combines the subscores in the four domains of the Gesell test assessment of infants is known as the ________ quotient.

A) deviation

B) developmental

C) clinical

D) intelligence

57) The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were developed in order to

A) evaluate a child's heart and lung functioning at birth.

B) assess infant behavior and predict later development.

C) differentiate potentially normal babies from abnormal ones.

D) combine the height and weight of an infant into a singular metric.

58) The Bayley Scales of Infant Development are administered to

A) the infant.

B) the caregiver.

C) both the infant and the caregiver.

D) older siblings.

59) What does the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence focus on?

A) caregiver interactions with the infant

B) the infant's ability to process information

C) social interaction with the infant's siblings

D) fine and gross motor skills

60) According to a recent longitudinal study, intelligence in infancy

A) varies considerably from late infancy through the preschool years.

B) remains fairly stable from late infancy through the preschool years.

C) is strongly correlated to IQ scores in adulthood.

D) is too difficult to measure due to infants' lack of language skills.

61) Which of the following is NOT a studied information processing domain in the assessment of intelligence?

A) attention

B) processing speed

C) object permanence

D) memory

62) A link between measures of habituation and dishabituation and later intelligence has been documented in infants as young as

A) 3–6 months.

B) 7–9 months.

C) 12–15 months.

D) 33–36 months.

63) When compared to intelligence tests of older children, tests for infants are characterized by a

A) greater emphasis on measures of verbal intelligence.

B) lesser emphasis on perceptual-motor development.

C) greater emphasis on social interaction in infants.

D) lesser emphasis on the relationship with the infant's caregiver(s).

64) The ________ is/are correlated with measures of intelligence in older children.

A) Apgar Scale

B) Gesell Test

C) Fagan Test

D) Bayley Scales

65) ________ is a form of communication that is based on a system of spoken, written, or signed symbols.

A) Proprioception

B) Haptics

C) Telepathy

D) Language

66) Which of the following is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a fixed set of words and rules?

A) parsing

B) chunking

C) universal language acquisition

D) infinite generativity

67) Lillian gave her class of 12 students a sentence-making exercise in her English class. She provided the students with 7 words and instructed them to create as many sentences as they could with this set of words only. Lillian's exercise tests

A) infinite generativity.

B) perceptual organization.

C) emotional intelligence.

D) postconventional reasoning.

68) Which of the following is defined as the sound system of the language?

A) morphology

B) phonology

C) semiotics

D) grammar

69) In English, the sound represented by the letter p, as in the words pot and spot, is a

A) scheme.

B) word.

C) morpheme.

D) phoneme.

70) ________ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.

A) Morphology

B) Phonology

C) Graphology

D) Philology

71) ________ involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

A) Semiotics

B) Syllable

C) Syntax

D) Haptics

72) ________ involves the appropriate use of language in different contexts.

A) Semiotics

B) Semantics

C) Pragmatics

D) Haptics

73) Patricia Kuhl's research has demonstrated that from birth up to about 6 months of age, infants are "citizens of the world." In the context of Kuhl's research, what does this expression convey?

A) Infants recognize when sounds change most of the time, irrespective of the language being spoken.

B) Infants are exclusively sensitive to the language their parents speak between birth and 6 months of age.

C) Long before infants speak recognizable words, they produce a number of vocalizations in order to specifically imitate the language their parents speak.

D) Infants respond quickly to polite speech in their native language between birth and 6 months of age.

74) The strings of consonant-vowel combinations produced by babies in the middle of the first year is called

A) crying.

B) labeling.

C) cooing.

D) babbling.

75) The gurgling sound made in the back of the throat by babies, usually to express pleasure during interaction with the caregiver, is known as

A) cooing.

B) crying.

C) babbling.

D) murmuring.

76) Receptive vocabulary comprises the

A) words that a child speaks but does not understand.

B) first words a child uses to speak as a sentence.

C) words that a child understands but cannot speak.

D) first words that a child babbles to his or her caregivers.

77) Which of the following represents a rapid increase in the number of words children know that begins at approximately 18 months?

A) overextension

B) spontaneous vocalization

C) first words

D) vocabulary spurt

78) Rachel looks at their neighbor walking their dog and exclaims "not monkey" in a loud and urgent tone. This is an example of

A) two-word utterances.

B) word of mouth.

C) babbling.

D) pragmatics.

79) ________ is defined as the use of content words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.

A) Gesture

B) Elaborative speech

C) Receptive speech

D) Telegraphic speech

80) ________ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words.

A) Zona incerta

B) Broca's area

C) Reticular formation

D) Wernicke's area

81) When an individual experiences brain damage affecting his or her Broca's area or Wernicke's area, it leads to specific language deficiencies that are collectively referred to as

A) anoxia.

B) ataxia.

C) aphasia.

D) amnesia.

82) Lily was five when a car accident damaged a crucial portion of her brain that controlled language functioning. Following the accident, Lily was unable to speak, although she could understand the meaning of the words being spoken to her. From the information provided in this scenario, we can infer that the brain damage Lily suffered affected her

A) Wernicke's area.

B) limbic system.

C) Broca's area.

D) amygdala.

83) Jason fell off his bicycle and hit his head against the pavement when he was 6 years old. Though the doctors did their best to repair any brain damage he incurred, Jason sustained severe injuries that left him unable to understand language. Jason is able to speak, but his sentences make no sense and do not aid communication. From the information provided in this scenario, we can infer that the brain damage Jason suffered affected his

A) reticular formation.

B) Broca's area.

C) Wernicke's area.

D) tegmentum.

84) Which of the following statements reflects the views of Noam Chomsky on language?

A) The LAD is a physical part of the brain rather than a theoretical construct.

B) Children do not have an innate ability to detect the sounds of language.

C) Children are born with an innate device to learn language.

D) Language acquisition in humans is an environmentally conditioned process that starts at birth.

85) ________ is a term devised by Noam Chomsky that refers to a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.

A) Language acquisition device

B) Linguistic relativity tendency

C) Infinite generativity potential

D) Genetic imprinting potential

86) Which of the following is an important function of child-directed speech?

A) It captures the infant's attention and maintains communication.

B) It reduces the occurrence of infantile amnesia for the earliest memories of infancy.

C) It reduces the need for reciprocal interaction between caregivers and children.

D) It assists in prolonging REM sleep in infants.

87) Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, with simple words and sentences to communicate meaningfully and clearly, is known as ________ speech.

A) elaborative

B) abstract

C) telegraphic

D) child-directed

88) ________ is rephrasing something the child has said by turning it into a question or restating the child's immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence.

A) Recasting

B) Relearning

C) Labeling

D) Overextending

89) Child-directed speech involves

A) using a higher-pitch and simple words.

B) two infants babbling to each other.

C) parents cooing to other parents.

D) using only holophrases when communicating with infants.

90) Although only 4 years old, Michael is likely to use child-centered speech when talking to his

A) mother.

B) father.

C) little sister.

D) older brother.

91) The use of child-directed speech has been associated with all the following benefits EXCEPT

A) higher vocabulary.

B) greater word production.

C) better word-processing skills.

D) gains in height and weight.

92) According to recent research, parents on welfare spend ________ time talking to their infants than parents who are professionals.

A) more

B) less

C) equal

D) None of these answers is correct.

93) Which of the following is a parent who is a professional more likely to ask than a parent on welfare?

A) What do you want to eat?

B) What time is dinner?

C) What is your friend's name?

D) Tell me more about what you did in Math today.

94) Children of parents who are professionals have ________ vocabularies at age 36 months compared to children whose parents are on welfare.

A) larger

B) smaller

C) equal

D) None of these answers is correct.

95) Which of the following is NOT one of the best predictors of a child's vocabulary growth?

A) amount of maternal talk

B) mother's literacy skills

C) mother's use of diverse vocabulary

D) maternal language skills

96) According to research, what is linked to growth in young children's receptive and expressive language development from 18 to 36 months?

A) watching television

B) maternal sensitivity

C) outside activity

D) intrusive parenting

97) ________ is a strategy used to increase children's acquisition of language by adding to a child's incomplete sentence or phrasing.

A) Screening

B) Labeling

C) Expanding

D) Identifying

98) ________ is a strategy used to increase children's acquisition of language by identifying the names of objects the child seems interested in.

A) Rephrasing

B) Labeling

C) Expanding

D) Restating

99) An interactionist view emphasizes that both ________ and experience contribute to language development.

A) culture

B) parenting style

C) ecological context

D) biology

100) Which of the following actions will help parents facilitate language development in children?

A) Parents should help infants and toddlers by supplying them with words and thoughts they cannot communicate.

B) Parents should speak to infants and toddlers in abstract and high-level ways.

C) Parents should understand that different children acquire language at different speeds.

D) Parents should actively discourage any idiosyncrasies the child shows while communicating.

101) Name the different processes delineated by Piaget to explain how children construct their understanding of the world.

102) What are Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor development?

103) What are the milestones of the sixth sensorimotor substage given by Piaget?

104) What is object permanence?

105) What are the salient features of the core knowledge approach?

106) Describe the nature-nurture controversy in relation to the cognitive development of infants.

107) Describe attention in the first year of the infant's life.

108) Distinguish habituation from dishabituation. What is the significance of these concepts in the context of cognitive development in infants?

109) What is joint attention? Give an example of how joint attention plays an important role in many aspects of infant development.

110) Distinguish between implicit and explicit memory.

111) What is infantile amnesia? Explain the best understood cause of infantile amnesia.

112) What are Meltzoff's views on imitation in infants?

113) What is perceptual categorization?

114) How is Gesell's measurement of infant development used? Name the four categories of behavior in the current version of the Gesell test.

115) Describe the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.

116) What is the relationship between language and phonology?

117) Describe the nature and function of pragmatics with an example.

118) Long before infants speak recognizable words, they produce a number of vocalizations. What are the functions of these vocalizations?

119) Explain the role of Broca's area and Wernicke's area with regard to language.

120) What is labeling?