Socioemotional Development in Infancy Verified Test Bank Ch7

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 7 Socioemotional Development in Infancy

1) ________ is defined as feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially in relation to his or her well-being.

A) Perception

B) Emotion

C) Attention

D) Affection

2) Which of the following is characterized as a positive emotion?

A) guilt

B) anxiety

C) enthusiasm

D) anger

3) The ________ aspect is at the forefront of emotion in infancy.

A) communication

B) motivation

C) personality

D) disposition

4) Which of the following is characterized as a negative emotion?

A) joy

B) love

C) enthusiasm

D) anxiety

5) When infants are stressed, they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers

A) are abusive.

B) are neglectful.

C) ignore them.

D) are sensitive.

6) According to your text, Japanese parents

A) encourage their children to laugh and cry.

B) try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.

C) try to help their children cope after experiencing negative emotions.

D) are more expressive in their emotions than non-Latino White parents.

7) Infant Carolina is more likely to show jealousy-related behaviors when her mother gives attention to

A) a stuffed animal.

B) a book.

C) a lifelike doll.

D) any foreign object.

8) The emotions that appear in the first six months of the human infant's development are known as the ________ emotions.

A) basic

B) primary

C) social

D) self-conscious

9) Which of these is a primary emotion according to Michael Lewis?

A) pride

B) empathy

C) surprise

D) guilt

10) According to Lewis' classification, ________ emotions involve a sense of "me." An example of such an emotion is pride.

A) non-social

B) primary

C) basic

D) self-conscious

11) Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

A) embarrassment

B) surprise

C) sadness

D) disgust

12) Which of these emotional expressions is/are among a baby's first forms of communication when interacting with his or her parents?

A) speech

B) smiles

C) gestures

D) postures

13) ________ is the most important mechanism that the newborns have for communicating with others.

A) Smiling

B) Gesturing

C) Crying

D) Shouting

14) When the cry of a baby is following a rhythmic pattern consisting of a cry followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry, it is called the ________ cry.

A) anger

B) colicky

C) pain

D) basic

15) A basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords is known as the ________ cry.

A) anger

B) pain

C) hunger

D) colicky

16) Parents who elicit talk about emotions with their toddlers have toddlers who

A) are more likely to share and be helpful.

B) are emotionally withdrawn.

C) have difficulty with their siblings.

D) show early signs of jealousy.

17) When mothers who have experienced negative emotions are reunited with their infants, the infants

A) are oblivious to the mother's emotional state.

B) are curious about their mother's emotional state.

C) appear to synchronize with the mother's emotional state.

D) start crying immediately.

18) A(n) ________ cry is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding.

A) anger

B) pain

C) colicky

D) basic

19) The ________ cry is triggered by a high-intensity stimulus.

A) hunger

B) anger

C) pain

D) reflexive

20) Which of the following conditions is MOST likely to incite a basic cry?

A) joy

B) high-intensity stimulus

C) amusement

D) hunger

21) ________ is critical as a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social signal.

A) Fear

B) Smiling

C) Anxiety

D) Crying

22) A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and usually appears during sleep is known as the ________ smile.

A) reflexive

B) social

C) conscious

D) joyful

23) A ________ smile occurs in response to an external stimulus. In the case of a young infant, this stimulus is often a face.

A) superficial

B) social

C) conscious

D) reflexive

24) Which of the following is the MOST frequent expression of an infant's fear?

A) separation protest

B) transition apprehension

C) stranger anxiety

D) social consciousness

25) Which of the following terms refers to an infant's distressed reaction when the caregiver leaves?

A) stranger anxiety

B) social consciousness

C) transition apprehension

D) separation protest

26) Which of the following terms refers to individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding?

A) stranger anxiety

B) temperament

C) separation protest

D) social referencing

27) A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences is referred to as a(n) ________ child.

A) easy

B) difficult

C) inhibited

D) slow-to-warm-up

28) A(n) ________ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

A) easy

B) slow-to-warm-up

C) difficult

D) inhibited

29) A child, who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood, is called a(n) ________ child.

A) easy

B) difficult

C) uninhibited

D) slow-to-warm-up

30) According to research, difficulties in infant soothability at 6 months of age is predictive of

A) a secure attachment at 12 months of age.

B) an insecure attachment at 12 months of age.

C) a tendency to become more autonomous at 2 years of age.

D) greater expression of emotion during adolescence.

31) Kagan's uninhibited children fall into which of the following dimensions of temperament according to Rothbart and Bates' classification?

A) negative affectivity

B) extraversion/surgency

C) shyness

D) effortful control

32) Children included under which dimension of Rothbart and Bates' classification are easily distressed?

A) effortful control

B) inhibition

C) negative affectivity

D) extraversion

33) Kagan's inhibited children fall into which category of temperament according to Rothbart and Bates' classification?

A) negative affectivity

B) effortful control

C) shyness

D) surgency

34) According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament, which of the following dimensions includes attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure capabilities?

A) extraversion

B) neuroticism

C) negative affectivity

D) effortful control

35) According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament, the negative affectivity dimension includes

A) positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation-seeking tendencies.

B) attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure conditions.

C) shyness, subdued affect, and timidity factors.

D) fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort factors.

36) Which of the following is one of the categories of temperament included in Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament?

A) openness to experience

B) agreeableness

C) neuroticism

D) effortful control

37) According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament, which of the following dimensions includes attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure capabilities?

A) extraversion

B) neuroticism

C) negative affectivity

D) effortful control

38) Which of the following is a part of the brain that plays an important role in fear and inhibition?

A) amygdala

B) cochlea

C) vestibule

D) pinna

39) According to Bates, the development of effortful control is linked to advances in the ________ lobes of the brain.

A) parietal

B) frontal

C) temporal

D) occipital

40) Physiological characteristics have been linked with different temperaments. In particular, a(n) ________ temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes a high and stable heart rate, a high level of the hormone cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

A) inhibited

B) extraverted

C) negative

D) uninhibited

41) The physiological pattern associated with an inhibited temperament includes a high and stable heart rate, high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain, and high levels of the hormone

A) oxytocin.

B) vasopressin.

C) cortisol.

D) epinephrine.

42) The physiological pattern associated with inhibited temperament may be tied to the excitability of the

A) cerebellum.

B) pons.

C) thalamus.

D) amygdala.

43) Which of the following is NOT considered a self-regulatory dimension of temperament?

A) adaptability

B) soothability

C) persistence

D) creativity

44) Infant Chloe demonstrates fairly high levels of behavior inhibition. According to the concept of goodness of fit, Chloe will show the greatest adjustment with parents from

A) Canada.

B) the United States.

C) China.

D) Finland.

45) Which of the following terms refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope?

A) separation protest

B) goodness of fit

C) stranger anxiety

D) effortful control

46) According to Erik Erikson, the first year of life is characterized by the ________ stage of development.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt

B) initiative versus guilt

C) industry versus inferiority

D) trust versus mistrust

47) Twenty-five-month-old Allen is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Allen will most likely

A) touch his nose to wipe off the spot.

B) touch the image of his nose in the mirror to try and wipe the spot off his own nose.

C) touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.

D) crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

48) According to Margaret Mahler, the ________ process involves the development of self.

A) separation

B) individuation

C) rapprochement

D) internalization

49) Who among the following psychiatrists argued that the child goes through a separation and then an individuation process, in his or her theory on personality development?

A) Margaret Mahler

B) Erik Erikson

C) John Bowlby

D) Sigmund Freud

50) Erikson describes the second stage of development as the stage of

A) trust versus mistrust.

B) initiative versus guilt.

C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

D) identity versus role confusion.

51) Samuel is 18 months old. He can walk, climb, and open and close a door on his own. He takes pride in all his accomplishments and likes to do things independently. According to Erikson, Samuel is in the ________ stage of development.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt

B) trust versus mistrust

C) identity versus role confusion

D) industry versus inferiority

52) With reference to Erikson's stages of development, the toddlers who are consistently overprotected by their parents or continuously criticized for accidents develop an excessive sense of

A) autonomy.

B) trust.

C) identity.

D) shame.

53) By ________ months of age infants respond to people differently from the way they do to objects, showing more positive emotions toward people than inanimate objects such as puppets.

A) 2 to 3

B) 4 to 5

C) 6 to 7

D) 8 to 9

54) Which of the following helps infants to understand the intentions and goal-oriented behavior of others?

A) individuation

B) attachment

C) joint attention

D) habituation

55) ________ occurs when the caregiver and the infant focus on the same object or event.

A) Joint attention

B) Habituation

C) Sustained attention

D) Attachment

56) ________ is the term used to refer to "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation.

A) Joint attention

B) Social referencing

C) Cognitive sensitivity

D) Reciprocal socialization

57) Julia, a 2-year-old girl, looks at her mother for cues when she is offered a toy by a neighbor, in order to decide whether to take it or not. If her mother looks happy, Julia might take the doll, and if her mother has a disapproving facial expression, Julia will not take it. This behavior of Julia's shows that she has developed

A) joint attention.

B) goal-oriented behavior.

C) social referencing.

D) reciprocal socialization.

58) According to Harry Harlow, infants' attachment depends in large part on

A) the facial expressions of the mother.

B) contact comfort.

C) oral satisfaction or food.

D) responsiveness.

59) John Bowlby, on the basis of ethological evidence, suggested that

A) both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

B) the critical element in the attachment process of infants is constant care and contact comfort.

C) infants' sense of trust developed due to sensitive care is the foundation for attachment.

D) infants become attached to a person who provides oral satisfaction and food.

60) According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, in phase 1 of development,

A) attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.

B) infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.

C) infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

D) infants are aware of others' feelings and take them into account in forming their actions.

61) According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, in phase 2 of development,

A) attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.

B) infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.

C) infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

D) infants are aware of others' feelings and take them into account in forming their actions.

62) According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, when babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father, they are said to be in

A) phase 1.

B) phase 2.

C) phase 3.

D) phase 4.

63) According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, in phase 4 of development,

A) attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.

B) infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.

C) infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

D) infants are aware of others' feelings and begin to take them into account in forming their actions.

64) With reference to the Strange Situation, babies that show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance, or display specific behaviors like extreme fearfulness around the caregiver, will be classified as ________ babies.

A) insecure avoidant

B) securely attached

C) insecure resistant

D) insecure disorganized

65) In the Strange Situation, the babies who engage in no interaction with the caregiver and are not distressed when the caregiver leaves the room are described as ________ babies.

A) insecure avoidant

B) securely attached

C) insecure resistant

D) insecure disorganized

66) With reference to the Strange Situation, ________ babies often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

A) insecure avoidant

B) securely attached

C) insecure resistant

D) insecure disorganized

67) With reference to the Strange Situation, when the mother of a securely attached baby leaves the room, the baby

A) will continue to play with toys and may or may not seek out the mother when she returns.

B) will show high distress and be difficult to console until the mother returns.

C) will not show distress.

D) may protest mildly.

68) When put on the floor to play, Lillian cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, Lillian pushes her away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Lillian is a(n) ________ baby.

A) insecure avoidant

B) insecure resistant

C) securely attached

D) insecure disorganized

69) When baby Jeremy's mother leaves the room, he does not cry. When she returns to the room, Jeremy does not usually reestablish contact with her and sometimes even turns his back on her. According to Mary Ainsworth, Jeremy's attachment to his mother is

A) secure.

B) insecure avoidant.

C) insecure resistant.

D) insecure disorganized.

70) The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth is an observational measure of

A) self-directed behavior.

B) infant attachment.

C) an infant's response to cues.

D) habituation.

71) In terms of attachment, social cognitive advances that allow infants to develop expectations for the caregiver's behavior include all of the following EXCEPT

A) caregiver face recognition.

B) caregiver voice recognition.

C) an internal working model of expectations about the caregiver.

D) the presence or absence of life-like dolls in the environment.

72) Which type of early attachment pattern is MOST strongly linked to externalizing problems such as hostility and aggression?

A) secure

B) avoidant

C) resistant

D) disorganized

73) Positive mental health, high self-esteem, self-confidence, and socially competent interaction with peers are all associated with the ________ attachment pattern.

A) secure

B) avoidant

C) resistant

D) disorganized

74) Caregivers of avoidant babies

A) are sensitive to their signals and are consistently available to respond to their infants' needs.

B) often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.

C) often don't respond to their babies' signals and have little physical contact with them.

D) tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to their babies' needs, and sometimes they don't.

75) Caregivers of disorganized babies

A) are sensitive to their signals.

B) often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.

C) tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to their babies' needs, and sometimes they don't.

D) often neglect or physically abuse them.

76) Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification, the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is

A) insecure avoidant.

B) insecure disorganized.

C) insecure resistant.

D) secure attachment.

77) Which of the following factors is MOST likely to be linked to secure attachment in infants in the United States?

A) physical comfort

B) maternal sensitivity

C) social referencing

D) reciprocal socialization

78) Which of the following statements is a major criticism of attachment theory?

A) It acknowledges the importance of the role played by genetic characteristics and temperament in a child's social competence.

B) It emphasizes that infants are highly resilient and adaptive.

C) It ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant's world.

D) It considers the influence of culture on the nature of attachment in infants.

79) Infants who are insecurely attached to both parents ("double insecure") at the age of 15 months

A) have more externalizing problems in elementary school years.

B) are often attached to a grandparent.

C) have more positive peer evaluations in preschool.

D) are shorter in stature than their securely attached counterparts.

80) The ________ model focuses on connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes and often includes social contexts as well.

A) developmental cascade

B) all-inclusive developmental

C) developmental triarchic

D) monumental developmental

81) A recent meta-analysis of 127 research reports into issues related to the developmental cascade model concluded that

A) attachment stability is greatest when the time span is between 2 and 5 years.

B) insecurely attached children at risk are likely to continue to be insecurely attached.

C) very high stability of attachment security occurs from early infancy to adulthood.

D) significant stability is maintained for time periods over 15 years.

82) In a recent study, fathers with lower levels of ________ engaged in more optimal parenting practices with their infants.

A) testosterone

B) serotonin

C) dopamine

D) oxytocin

83) Paternal improvements in parenting, such as increased positive affect and vocal synchrony, were associated with the administration of

A) oxytocin.

B) estrogen.

C) dopamine.

D) testosterone.

84) In which of the following cultures do grandmothers and siblings provide significant care to infants?

A) Hausa culture

B) North American culture

C) German culture

D) Japanese culture

85) Which of the following neuropeptide hormones has the most important role in the formation of a positive maternal infant bond?

A) serotonin

B) cortisol

C) leptin

D) oxytocin

86) Which of the following hormones is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth?

A) cortisol

B) oxytocin

C) estradiol

D) serotonin

87) Research on the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in attachment has emphasized the importance of two neuropeptide hormones—oxytocin and ________—in the formation of the maternal-infant bond.

A) vasopressin

B) estradiol

C) cortisol

D) serotonin

88) Which of the following terms refers to the collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure?

A) hypothalamus

B) amygdala

C) nucleus acumens

D) hippocampus

89) Reciprocal socialization occurs when

A) children socialize with peers.

B) parents socialize children.

C) children and parents socialize each other.

D) parents socialize children in ways similar to how their parents socialized them.

90) Which of the following terms refers to adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child's performance?

A) reciprocal socialization

B) social referencing

C) goodness of fit

D) scaffolding

91) Brianna is playing with her son, Kevin. When Brianna smiles at Kevin, he smiles back at her, and when Kevin smiles at his mother she responds by smiling back at him. This shows that Brianna and Kevin are engaging in

A) reciprocal socialization.

B) social referencing.

C) secure attachment.

D) indirect interactions.

92) Caregiver-infant games such as peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake exemplify

A) social referencing.

B) scaffolding.

C) secure attachment.

D) indirect interactions.

93) Managing and guiding infant behaviors involves

A) childproofing the environment.

B) engaging in coercive parenting.

C) avoidance of discipline of any kind.

D) day care providers, but not parents.

94) According to your text, there was an increase from 1.6 million to ________ stay-at-home fathers in the United States between 2004 to 2012.

A) 2 million

B) 3 million

C) 5.5 million

D) 7 million

95) In which of the following cultures do fathers and mothers spend almost equal time interacting with their infants?

A) Hausa culture

B) Aka pygmy culture

C) African American culture

D) Asian culture

96) The current family leave policy in the United States allows up to ________ weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn.

A) 6

B) 12

C) 15

D) 18

97) In ________, parents can take an 18-month job-protected parental leave with benefits that can be shared by parents and applied to full-time or part-time work.

A) Sweden

B) United States

C) Mexico

D) Denmark

98) Jay is a new father. Based on gender trends, which of the following activities is Jay more likely to engage in with his infant than the infant's mother?

A) changing diapers

B) throwing the infant into the air

C) bathing the infant

D) feeding the infant

99) High-quality child care includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) high teacher-child ratios.

B) age-appropriate toys.

C) age-appropriate activities.

D) a safe environment.

100) A comprehensive, longitudinal study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) found that

A) child care tends to have a negative effect on infant attachment.

B) lower-income families are more likely than more affluent families to use child care.

C) child care tends to cause behavioral problems in securely attached children.

D) most of the children in child-care setting obtain high quality positive nonparental child care.

101) What is emotion? Give one example each for positive and negative emotions.

102) How did Michael Lewis distinguish between primary emotions and self-conscious emotions?

103) What are the three different types of cries?

104) List the three basic types of temperament described by Chess and Thomas in their classification.

105) Mention the three broad dimensions given by Rothbart and Bates' classification to characterize temperament.

106) According to the studies conducted by Chess and Thomas, how is temperament in childhood linked with adjustment in adulthood?

107) How does Erikson describe the second stage of development in infants?

108) How does locomotion help infants in achieving independence and also in the development of social skills?

109) How does the development of social referencing help infants?

110) What is attachment? Explain the view of Sigmund Freud on attachment in infants.

111) What is the Strange Situation? Who proposed this measure?

112) How do caregivers of insecurely attached babies interact with them?

113) What are some criticisms of attachment theory?

114) What are the direct and indirect effects of subsystems on each other in a family, as stated by Jay Belsky?

115) What is the Bringing Home Baby project? How has it helped new parents?

116) What is reciprocal socialization?

117) What is scaffolding? Mention a game that exemplifies scaffolding.

118) How do mothers and fathers interact differently with infants, as observed across most cultures?

119) What constitutes a high-quality child-care program for infants?

120) What are the child-care strategies given by Kathleen McCartney that parents can follow?