Exam Prep Prenatal Development Chapter 3

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 3 Prenatal Development

1) Fertilization usually occurs in the

A) ovary.

B) uterus.

C) vagina.

D) fallopian tube.

2) A fertilized egg is also known as a(n)

A) fetus.

B) zygote.

C) embryo.

D) blastocyst.

3) The germinal period is approximately ________ long.

A) one month

B) two weeks

C) one week

D) two months

4) The germinal period includes

A) formation of the amnion.

B) formation of the placenta.

C) creation of the zygote.

D) creation of the organs.

5) A(n) ________ later develops into an embryo.

A) placenta

B) ectoderm

C) trophoblast

D) blastocyst

6) During implantation, the zygote attaches to the wall of the

A) ovaries.

B) vagina.

C) uterus.

D) fallopian tubes.

7) The zygote attaches to the uterine wall during the ________ period.

A) germinal

B) embryonic

C) fetal

D) blastoderm

8) Which of the following terms refers to an outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period and later provides nutrition and support for the embryo?

A) ectoderm

B) endoderm

C) blastocyst

D) trophoblast

9) Implantation takes place about ________ after conception.

A) 10 to 14 days

B) 20 days

C) 25 to 30 days

D) 40 days

10) The embryonic period lasts ________ weeks after conception.

A) from ten to sixteen

B) from two to eight

C) from eight to ten

D) from zero to two

11) The endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm form during the ________ period.

A) fetal

B) zygotic

C) germinal

D) embryonic

12) Which of the following structures of an embryo are derived from the endoderm?

A) Hair, skin, and nails

B) Muscles and bones

C) Digestive and respiratory systems

D) Nervous system

13) Yolanda's doctor told her that her baby might be born with problems in her respiratory and digestive systems. According to the doctor, there was a problem in the formation of the

A) ectoderm.

B) endoderm.

C) mesoderm.

D) trophoderm.

14) Which of the following structures of an embryo are derived from the ectoderm?

A) nervous system and brain

B) muscles and bones

C) digestive and respiratory systems

D) circulatory system

15) Juan was born with defective vision and diminished auditory abilities. Most likely, Juan's problems came from defects in the formation of the

A) ectoderm.

B) endoderm.

C) mesoderm.

D) trophoderm.

16) The circulatory system develops from the

A) ectoderm.

B) mesoderm.

C) endoderm.

D) trophoderm.

17) Harry was born with defects in the excretory system and the reproductive system. Most likely, Harry's problems came from defects in the formation of the

A) ectoderm.

B) endoderm.

C) mesoderm.

D) trophoderm.

18) During which prenatal period are the placenta and the umbilical cord formed?

A) zygotic

B) germinal

C) embryonic

D) fetal

19) The ________ consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

A) umbilical cord

B) amnion

C) placenta

D) endoderm

20) When a blood test was performed on Cindy's fetus, the doctors found some of Cindy's red blood cells in the fetus's circulatory system. We know that this

A) is normal because the mother is the source of red blood cells for the fetus.

B) is normal because the mother's red blood cells are a source of oxygen for the fetus.

C) indicates a problem with the placenta, which should block the mother's red blood cells.

D) indicates a problem with the amnion, which should eliminate the mother's red blood cells.

21) Which of the following is/are MOST likely to pass through the placental wall?

A) carbon dioxide

B) most bacteria

C) red blood cells

D) hormones

22) Which of the following is/are LEAST likely to pass through the placental wall?

A) carbon dioxide

B) water

C) salt

D) hormones

23) Juanita is having a normal pregnancy and the fetus is developing well. However, Juanita has recently picked up an infection and bacteria have accumulated in her blood stream. We know that most likely,

A) many of these bacteria will be able to enter the fetus's circulation.

B) the bacteria will be eliminated by the white blood cells of the fetus.

C) the bacteria will be eliminated by the antimicrobicidal secretions of the amnion.

D) the placental wall will block the bacteria from entering the fetus.

24) The baglike structure that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is called the

A) placenta.

B) fallopian tube.

C) amnion.

D) uterus.

25) The doctor has told Sheryl and Jason that their unborn baby is having problems because of significant changes in the temperature around the fetus. The most likely explanation for this problem is that the ________ has failed to perform its protective function.

A) uterus

B) amniotic fluid

C) placenta

D) trophoblast

26) Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period of prenatal development?

A) A growth spurt occurs in the body's lower parts.

B) The life-support systems for the embryo develop.

C) All the major reflexes appear.

D) The mother can feel arm and leg movements.

27) ________ is the name given to the process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development.

A) Mitosis

B) Organogenesis

C) Fertilization

D) Implantation

28) The neural tube eventually becomes the

A) spinal cord.

B) optic nerve.

C) umbilical vein.

D) placenta.

29) A mother can feel arm and leg movements of her unborn child for the first time during the ________ period.

A) zygotic

B) germinal

C) embryonic

D) fetal

30) Tamika says that she is currently in the longest period of her pregnancy. Tamika's pregnancy is in the ________ period.

A) germinal

B) embryonic

C) fetal

D) zygotic

31) Irregular breathing movements begin occurring in the fetus by the end of the ________ month.

A) third

B) fourth

C) fifth

D) sixth

32) The fetal period ends

A) at the end of the first trimester.

B) when implantation is complete.

C) at the end of the third trimester.

D) when the heart begins to beat.

33) Which of the following events in fetal growth occurs during the last two months of pregnancy?

A) The heartbeat begins.

B) Irregular breathing begins.

C) Organogenesis occurs.

D) Fatty tissues develop.

34) Which of the following happens toward the end of a baby's development in the womb?

A) Irregular breathing movements occur.

B) The grasping reflex develops.

C) Fetal movements are felt by the mother.

D) The fetus gains most of its weight.

35) When do the germinal and embryonic periods occur?

A) first trimester

B) first and second trimesters respectively

C) second trimester

D) second and third trimesters respectively

36) Viability (the potential to survive outside the womb) occurs

A) at the very end of the third trimester.

B) toward the middle of the second trimester.

C) at the very end of the second trimester.

D) toward the middle of the third trimester.

37) ________ occurs when the head end of the neural tube fails to close.

A) Megalencephaly

B) Anencephaly

C) Rachischisis

D) Spina bifida

38) Neurogenesis begins to take place at about the ________ week.

A) fifth prenatal

B) tenth prenatal

C) fifteenth prenatal

D) twenty-second prenatal

39) Which of the following make(s) up the largest portion of weight gain during pregnancy in the third trimester?

A) tissue fluid

B) increased blood volume

C) uterus and breasts

D) fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid

40) Expectant mothers who gain more than the recommended amount of weight during their pregnancy are, as a result, at risk for all of the following EXCEPT

A) hypertension.

B) diabetes.

C) infections.

D) cancer.

41) Infants who are born to mothers who gain more than the recommended weight during pregnancy show higher rates of all of the following EXCEPT

A) neural tube defects.

B) preterm birth.

C) type 2 diabetes.

D) cleft palate.

42) What is the recommended weight gain for mothers who are obese prior to getting pregnant?

A) 5–10 pounds

B) 11–20 pounds

C) 21–30 pounds

D) 31–40 pounds

43) Which of the following exercises is NOT recommended for women in the latter part of their pregnancies?

A) bicycling

B) swimming

C) jogging

D) walking

44) Now that Chloe is pregnant, she will have to increase several nutrients over the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for nonpregnant women. Which of the following nutrients should have the largest percentage increase?

A) vitamin A

B) riboflavin

C) iron

D) calcium

45) Now that Denise is pregnant, she needs to increase her daily vitamin intake. The intake of which of the following vitamins should be increased the most?

A) vitamin C

B) vitamin D

C) vitamin E

D) vitamin A

46) Which of the following exercises is recommended the LEAST for the latter part of pregnancy?

A) bicycling

B) walking

C) swimming

D) jogging

47) During the second or third trimester of pregnancy, a major focus of prenatal classes is

A) preparing for the birth.

B) development of the embryo and fetus.

C) sexuality during pregnancy.

D) nutrition, rest, and exercise.

48) Recent research has shown that benefits from doing tai chi/yoga while pregnant include all of the following EXCEPT

A) reduced sleep disturbances.

B) decreased depression.

C) decreased anxiety.

D) decreased appetite.

49) Which of the following activities should be avoided during pregnancy?

A) cycling

B) downhill snow skiing

C) swimming

D) walking

50) Early prenatal classes often discuss

A) preparations for the birth.

B) infant care issues.

C) postpartum self-care.

D) sexuality during pregnancy.

51) The word teratogen comes from the Greek word tera, which means

A) poison.

B) monster.

C) defect.

D) sorrow.

52) Any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defect is known as a

A) mutagen.

B) pyrogen.

C) zymogen.

D) teratogen.

53) Which of the following is TRUE regarding teratogens?

A) Teratogens cause anatomical defects after organogenesis is complete.

B) A fetus is most vulnerable to teratogens during the fetal period.

C) Practically every fetus is exposed to at least some teratogens.

D) Potential effects of most teratogens become apparent at birth.

54) If Jennifer wants to reduce the risk of having a baby with a birth defect caused by an environmental substance like drugs or alcohol, she should understand that exposure to teratogens can cause the most damage during

A) conception.

B) gametogenesis.

C) the fetal period.

D) the embryonic period.

55) Exposure to teratogens during the fetal period will most likely

A) cause anatomical defects.

B) lead to faulty organ functioning.

C) result in miscarriage.

D) affect implantation of the zygote.

56) The probability of a structural defect is greatest ________, when organs are being formed.

A) at the end of the fetal period

B) early in the germinal period

C) early in the embryonic period

D) at the time of implantation

57) After ________ is complete, teratogens can no longer cause anatomical defects.

A) morphogenesis

B) organogenesis

C) histogenesis

D) embryogenesis

58) The most common birth defect associated with women who took thalidomide during pregnancy was

A) emotional disturbances in the child.

B) physical deformities of the limbs.

C) cognitive abnormalities.

D) preterm births.

59) What common acne medication is prescribed to teenagers but also appears on the prohibited list of drugs that should never be taken during pregnancy?

A) isotretinoin

B) progestin

C) streptomycin

D) tetracycline

60) Consuming large amounts of caffeine while pregnant was linked in a recent study to

A) infants born at a low birth weight or who were small for the gestational age.

B) increased risk of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

C) reduced social functioning.

D) emotional disturbances in adolescence.

61) According to your text, the risk of early pregnancy loss is elevated when

A) both men and women consume alcohol during the week of conception.

B) mothers drink moderate or lower levels of caffeine during the week of conception.

C) mothers stop drinking once they learn they are pregnant.

D) mothers take nonprescription drugs during the third trimester.

62) Jamie was born with facial deformities and defects of the limbs, face, and heart. Jamie is also below average in intelligence. Jamie's mother most likely consumed ________ during pregnancy.

A) alcohol

B) caffeine

C) heroin

D) nicotine

63) A cluster of abnormalities that appear in a newborn and include facial and limb deformities and defects of the limbs, face, and heart, and also often include neurocognitive difficulties and learning problems, are known as

A) cocaine-induced syndromes.

B) embryonic nicotine syndromes.

C) drug-induced fetal disorders.

D) fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

64) Sheila wants to have a baby. She drinks one to two drinks a day. She has vowed that as soon as she finds out she is pregnant she will stop drinking completely. Sheila does not realize that

A) alcohol can cause adverse effects only after the germinal period.

B) moderate drinking of alcohol during pregnancy does not affect the fetus.

C) alcohol does not cause any adverse effects during the embryonic period.

D) consumption of alcohol during the week of conception increases the risk of early pregnancy loss.

65) Cigarette smoking by pregnant women has been associated with a higher incidence of

A) spontaneous abortion.

B) facial deformities.

C) defective newborn reflexes.

D) sudden infant death syndrome.

66) Gina is pregnant and is a heavy smoker. Her baby is more likely to experience ________ than the baby of a nonsmoker.

A) facial and limb deformities

B) sudden infant death syndrome

C) anatomical defects of the heart

D) defective reflexes

67) Frank smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. His wife, Lauren, is pregnant and the doctor is concerned that Frank's smoking will result in the baby

A) developing FASD after birth.

B) developing facial deformities.

C) having a low birth weight.

D) being born with heart defects.

68) Children born to cocaine-using mothers are likely to

A) be born with facial and limb deformities.

B) have neurological and cognitive deficits.

C) succumb to sudden infant death syndrome.

D) be born with heart defects.

69) ________, like cocaine, speeds up an individual's nervous system.

A) Heroin

B) Marijuana

C) Methamphetamine

D) Alcohol

70) Preterm and low birth weights are most closely associated with which teratogen?

A) alcohol

B) nicotine

C) aspirin

D) tetracycline

71) Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (secondhand smoke) increases the risk of

A) stillbirth.

B) ADHD.

C) weakening of the immune system.

D) all of these.

72) The use of methamphetamines during pregnancy has been linked to all the following birth defects EXCEPT

A) flattened cheek bones and thin upper lips.

B) infant mortality.

C) behavioral problems.

D) smaller head circumference.

73) Learning and memory difficulties in later childhood are most closely linked to which teratogen?

A) caffeine

B) marijuana

C) Accutane

D) synthetic estrogen

74) Nicole smoked marijuana while she was pregnant, As a result, her son, who is now 14 years old, is

A) likely to be taller than other teens his age.

B) more likely to start smoking marijuana.

C) less likely to use other recreational drugs.

D) less likely to start smoking marijuana.

75) ________ has been linked with high infant mortality, developmental and behavioral problems, and low birth weight.

A) Heroin

B) Marijuana

C) Methamphetamine

D) Cocaine

76) The Rh factor can result in a risk to a child if

A) the fetus's blood is Rh negative and the mother's is Rh positive.

B) the fetus's blood is Rh positive and the mother's is Rh negative.

C) the father's Rh factor and the mother's Rh factor are both negative.

D) the father's Rh factor and the mother's Rh factor are both positive.

77) When a mother's blood type is Rh negative and the child's blood type is Rh positive,

A) there is no available medical treatment for the incompatibility of blood types.

B) certain prescription drugs can be taken by the mother to keep the baby safe.

C) breastfeeding is not recommended for the first two months.

D) the baby may be given blood transfusions before or immediately after birth.

78) Which drug is used to try to minimize or counter the effects of heroin on prenatal development?

A) methadone

B) caffeine

C) alcohol

D) oxytocin

79) ________ is a sexually transmitted infection, and it damages organs after they have formed.

A) Rubella

B) Eczema herpeticum

C) Pseudoangiomatosis

D) Syphilis

80) The greatest risk for prenatal defects exists when a mother contracts rubella

A) in the third month of pregnancy.

B) in the second trimester of pregnancy.

C) right before birth.

D) in the third or fourth week of pregnancy.

81) At what stage of pregnancy is syphilis most likely to be damaging?

A) four months or more after conception

B) during conception

C) during implantation

D) in the first trimester of pregnancy

82) Sharon, who is seven months pregnant, just visited her doctor, who discovered that Sharon has a particular infection. The doctor said that if he performs a cesarean section birth, Sharon will not pass her disease on to her child. Sharon is most likely suffering from

A) genital herpes.

B) rubella.

C) syphilis.

D) toxoplasmosis.

83) If a mother has been diagnosed as having the AIDS virus, which of the following is most likely to be suggested to help reduce the likelihood that the AIDS virus will be transmitted to her fetus?

A) testing the baby for infection early in the pregnancy

B) vaccinating the fetus while in the womb

C) treating the mother with AZT during pregnancy

D) breastfeeding the baby as soon as it is born

84) A woman with which of the following diseases is MOST likely to deliver a very large infant (weighing 10 pounds or more)?

A) AIDS

B) rubella

C) gestational diabetes

D) syphilis

85) If a mother's total caloric intake and intake of proteins, vitamins, and minerals is insufficient, a child born to the mother is more likely to

A) develop eating disorders in adolescence.

B) develop heart disease.

C) have brittle bones.

D) be malformed.

86) Folic acid, a B-complex vitamin, is important in preventing

A) brittle bones.

B) neural tube defects.

C) facial deformities.

D) cognitive problems.

87) The American Pregnancy Association (2017) has given the following recommendation for women of childbearing age and young children: Don't eat

A) swordfish.

B) shrimp.

C) salmon.

D) catfish.

88) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has given the following recommendation for pregnant women: Increase your consumption of fish such as

A) swordfish.

B) shark.

C) king mackerel.

D) cod.

89) Mary, a 16-year-old, found out she was pregnant and went to a clinic to get some advice. There she learned that babies born to adolescent mothers are

A) much more likely to be stillborn and have higher infant mortality rates.

B) more prone to be born with facial and limb deformities.

C) at a higher risk for developing behavioral disorders.

D) more likely to develop eating disorders as adolescents.

90) Jo-Mei is 14 years old and pregnant. Compared to a pregnant woman in her 20s, Jo-Mei is more likely to have

A) a baby with Down syndrome.

B) a baby with a propensity for high blood pressure.

C) a baby that dies shortly after birth.

D) difficulty getting pregnant a second time.

91) Advanced maternal age confers a much greater risk of having a baby with

A) heart defects.

B) Down syndrome.

C) diabetes.

D) respiratory diseases.

92) While pregnant, Diana experienced several traumatic life changes. She separated from her husband, discovered that her mother was seriously ill, and began a more stressful job. Diana is at increased risk for having a child with

A) facial deformities.

B) heart defects.

C) defects of the limbs.

D) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

93) Depression during pregnancy has been linked to women who

A) have babies with limb defects.

B) have babies who will develop high blood pressure.

C) feel morning sickness after conception.

D) deliver their babies prematurely.

94) According to recent studies, depression during pregnancy can result in an increase in ________ in infants.

A) low birth weights

B) physical abnormalities

C) sensory difficulties

D) cognitive abilities

95) One study has shown that males who are long-term cocaine users have elevated risks of all of the following EXCEPT

A) low sperm count.

B) abnormally formed sperm.

C) low motility.

D) increased fertility.

96) Males over 40 who become fathers increase the risk of having offspring that

A) develop schizophrenia.

B) are intellectually gifted.

C) are overly dependent on their mothers.

D) show abnormally high signs of creativity.

97) Rick is 42 years old and considering becoming a father. Should he be concerned that his age will affect the child?

A) No, paternal age is not related to any known birth defects.

B) No, only the age of the mother can affect the developing fetus.

C) Yes: Because Rick is over 40, the child is more likely to have a smaller head circumference.

D) Yes: Because Rick is over 40, the child is more likely to be autistic.

98) Regarding paternal factors and pregnancy, an increased risk for developing cancer is associated with fathers

A) over the age of 40.

B) who smoked prior to and during the pregnancy.

C) who consumed minimal amounts of alcohol during the pregnancy.

D) who were between the ages of 25 and 35.

99) Regarding paternal factors, autism is linked to

A) the father using cocaine.

B) the father drinking at the time of conception.

C) fathers under the age of 20.

D) fathers over the age of 40.

100) Describe the important events and facts pertaining to each of the three periods of prenatal development.

101) Scenario: Timothy was born at the end of the seventh month of pregnancy. Which part of prenatal development did he miss out on?

102) What are the similarities and differences between the birth defects anencephaly and spina bifida?

103) Other than not using drugs, list at least three ways pregnant women can improve the likelihood of a healthy pregnancy and healthy baby. How does each help?

104) Scenario: Janise, who is African American, is living in the inner city and is pregnant with her second child. She supports herself by working two part-time jobs. Food stamps supplement her living allowance. Neither of her employers offers coverage for prenatal care because of her part-time status. What are the risks to her baby? How might things be different if Janise were living in, say, Norway?

105) Compare and contrast the effects of the mother's drug use and the father's drug use on the fetus.

106) Scenario: During Joann's teenage years she had multiple sexual partners and contracted syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. Now she is married and wants to have a child. If Joann does become pregnant, what are the risks to the fetus?

107) Laura contracted AIDS a few months before her pregnancy. What are the possible outcomes for her child with regard to the HIV infection?

108) Because of her job, Laura was exposed to high levels of X-ray radiation during the first few weeks of her pregnancy. What are the possible outcomes for her child?

109) Janice contracted AIDS a month after her son was born. Is it possible for her son to get infected from her, and if so, how?

110) Jennifer has developed gestational diabetes during her pregnancy. What are the risks this condition poses to her child?

111) Sandra was obese before her pregnancy. Even though she was advised by her doctor to lose weight, she has not done much about it and has stayed obese during her pregnancy. What are the risks her offspring faces?

112) What are the possible effects of folic acid deficiency in a pregnant woman's diet?

113) Julia has eaten a lot of shark, swordfish, and king mackerel during her pregnancy because eating fish is often recommended as part of a healthy diet. What are the risks this may pose to her child?

114) Helen works as a nutritionist and dietitian with an obstetrics/gynecologist group. What advice is she likely to give pregnant women about eating fish?

115) Compare and contrast the risks of pregnancy during adolescence with the risks when mothers are over the age of 35.

116) Rachel lost her job, found out that her husband is cheating on her, and lost her only brother to an automobile accident during the first seven months of her first pregnancy. What are the possible consequences of these events on her child?

117) What are the possible consequences of a father's cocaine abuse on the outcomes of a pregnancy?

118) Tom and Jenny have been trying unsuccessfully to have a child for the past seven months. Their doctor has told them that Tom's regular use of cocaine is the reason for their failure to conceive. Is Tom's cocaine-related infertility irreversible?

119) What are the risks an older father's advanced age poses to his unborn child?