Chapter 9: How Does Gender Affect the Type of Work We Do and the Rewards We Receive for Our Work?

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Men are more likely to take part in ______ while women are more likely to take part in ______.

A. formal paid labor, informal labor

B. informal labor, family wage labor

C. vulnerable employment, formal paid labor

D. vulnerable employment, informal labor

Answer Location: Measuring the World’s Work

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A person who is self-employed and hires no employees to work for them is best described as a(n) ______.

A. contributing family worker

B. own-account worker

C. informal laborer

D. family wage worker

Answer Location: Measuring the World’s Work

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Indira helps her husband to shear the sheep and regularly cleans the pen, but she receives no pay in return for her labor. Her husband receives all the money from shearing and selling the sheep. Indira is an example of what type of worker?

A. Contributing family worker

B. Own-account worker

C. Informal laborer

D. Family wage worker

Answer Location: Measuring the World’s Work

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. What might explain the lower participation of women in the global workforce than of men?

A. Women do not have the same desire or willpower as men to work.

B. Women are more demanding employees and are therefore less desirable.

C. The construction of work as something people do for pay in the formal economy obscures much of the labor women contribute.

D. There is more “men’s work” than “women’s work” that needs to be done in any society

Answer Location: Measuring the World’s Work

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. _______ is an exaggerated form of masculinity where men engage in drugs, alcohol, and sexual carousing to demonstrate independence from both the control of their wives and the establishment.

A. Hegemonic masculinity

B. Patriarchal masculinity

C. Compensatory masculinity

D. Oppositional masculinity

Answer Location: A Man’s Job: Masculinity and Work

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The construction of masculinity often means that men link their jobs with their ______.

A. masculinity

B. identity

C. gender roles

D. sexuality

Answer Location: A Man’s Job: Masculinity and Work

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Their enactment of ______ allows higher class men to define themselves in contradiction to the behaviors of working-class men.

A. hegemonic masculinity

B. egalitarian masculinity

C. compensatory masculinity

D. oppositional masculinity

Answer Location: A Man’s Job: Masculinity and Work

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. A coherent set of values, beliefs, and practices that reaffirms distinctions from the majority culture and mitigates the effects of oppression is known as: :

A. Hegemonic masculinity

B. Compensatory culture

C. Egalitarian masculinity

D. Oppositional culture

Answer Location: When Men Can’t Work

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Anderson argues that for today’s young African American men, ______ is no longer part of the definition of masculinity.

A. academic performance

B. work

C. musical prowess

D. family

Answer Location: When Men Can’t Work

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. From colleagues in the workplace, men receive a status ______ from being one of the few men working in a predominantly female occupation.

A. increase

B. decrease

C. stigmatization

D. consistency

Answer Location: Men in Predominantly Female Occupations

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The invisible pressure that men face to move upward in their professions is known as the:

A. Glass ceiling

B. Glass elevator

C. Glass escalator

D. Glass wall

Answer Location: The Glass Ceiling and the Glass Escalator

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Male social workers, nurses, librarians, and elementary teachers are often tracked toward administrative jobs regardless of their actual interest in administration. This phenomenon is known as_____________.

A. The glass ceiling

B. The glass escalator

C. Nepotism

D. The sticky floor

Answer Location: The Glass Ceiling and the Glass Escalator

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The concentration of women and men into different jobs, occupations, and firms is known as____.

A. Household division of labor

B. Gender segregation

C. Job queuing

D. Sex segregation

Answer Location: Sex Segregation in the Workplace

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. As a given job is restructured to reduce autonomy, decrease pay, and simplify the required skillset, it will typically see a(n) _______ in male employees and a(n) ______ in female employees.

A. increase; decline

B. decline; stagnation

C. decline; increase

D. increase; stagnation

Answer Location: The Anatomy of Sex Segregation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Protective labor legislation argued that women could not work ______ because it would lead to detrimental effects on their health and hinder their ability to perform crucial household duties.

A. in factories

B. with male coworkers

C. too many hours

D. with machines

Answer Location: Gender and Dangerous Work: Protective Labor Laws

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The process by which elementary school teaching transitioned from being the profession of men to one most often associated with women, is known as______.

A. Ghettoization

B. Patriarchal dissolution

C. Resegregation

D. Protective labor

Answer Location: Gender and Dangerous Work: Protective Labor Laws

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. When lower paid “women’s” jobs are separated from better paid “men’s” jobs within an occupation, job, or firm through the use of informal gender typing, this is known as_____.

A. Ghettoization

B. Patriarchal dissolution

C. Resegregation

D. Protective labor

Answer Location: The Anatomy of Sex Segregation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The occupations of typesetter and composer transitioned from 30% female in 1970 to 72% by 1989. This shift is an example of which process?

A. Ghettoization

B. Patriarchal dissolution

C. Resegregation

D. Protective labor

Answer Location: The Anatomy of Sex Segregation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. Because working-class men are not perceived as having careers and because their lower earnings given them less status as providers within the household, Pyke argued that working-class families_______.

a. incorporate more flexible gender roles.

b. are more likely to be happy.

c. rely on rigidly gendered divisions of labor.

d. are more suceptible to insurance scams.

Answer Location: A Man’s Job: Masculinity and Work

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. The fact that women earn about 77 cents per male dollar earned is known as_________.

A. Ghettoization

B. The gender wage gap

C. Division of labor

D. Job queuing

Answer Location: The Wage Gap: Why Sex Segregation Matters

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which theoretical explanation for sex segregation argues that once gender is internalized, it affects decisions at the individual level such as job choice?

A. Human capital theory

B. Gendered organizations theory

C. Socialization theory

D. Social networktheory

Answer Location: Socialization as an Explanation for Sex Segregation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Which theoretical explanation for sex segregation asserts that men and women invest in their earning potential differently?

A. Human capital theory

B. Gender schema theory

C. Docialization theory

D. Queuing theory

Answer Location: Human Capital Theory

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. What global phenomenon is often credited to actress Alyssa Milano’s tweets about Harvey Weinstein, but was initially started by Tarana Burke, a Black woman, years before?

A. Sex Segregation

B. Intersectional Feminism

C. #BlackLivesMatter

D. The #MeToo movement

Answer Location: #MeToo, Sexual Harassment, and Sex Segregation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Which theoretical approach argues that sex segregation is a fundamental part of how businesses work?

A. Human capital theory

B. Gendered organizations theory

C. Docialization theory

D. Queuing theory

Answer Location: Gendered Organizations

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Because men have been thought of as primary or sole breadwinners, a woman’s wage has often been considered ______.

A. supplemental to the family budget

B. superfluous to the family budget

C. too low to impact the family budget

D. integral to the family budget

Answer Location: Gendered Organizations

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. The income necessary to sustain an entire family is known as which of the following?

A. Gendered inequity

B. Family wage

C. Sex segregation

D. Breadwinner salary

Answer Location: Gendered Organizations

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Inequalities between men and women in the workplace are sometimes attributed to how sex segregation shapes access to ______, or structured opportunities for advancement within the organization.

A. external labor markets

B. internal labor markets

C. gendered organizations

D. gender pay gap

Answer Location: Gendered Organizations

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The advantages men in general gain from the subordination of women is known as ______.

A. hegemonic masculinity

B. the patriarchal dividend

C. gendered queuing

D. human capital

Answer Location: Trans Men at Work

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. A policy that seeks to raise the wages of low-paying jobs occupied predominantly by women by demonstrating the gendered ways in which jobs are socially constructed is known as______.

A. job evaluation

B. comparable worth

C. equal pay for equal work

D. right to work

Answer Location: Comparable Worth

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. In cases where one consistent job evaluation plan is used to set pay throughout a firm or organization, women nearly always receive _______ wages than men.

A. higher

B. lower

C. significantly less

D. the same

Answer Location: Comparable Worth

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

31. Research suggests that rates of women’s employment and a country’s economic growth are connected.

Answer Location: Measuring the World’s Work

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Research has shown that women see their job as their main source of identity.

Answer Location: A Man’s Job: Masculinity and Work

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Owing to large barriers to employment as a stable source of masculine identity, many young African American men participate in oppositional culture.

Answer Location: When Men Can’t Work

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. The gender wage gap exists even when women and men have comparable qualifications.

Answer Location: Men in Predominantly Female Occupations

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. The fact that 97% of preschool and kindergarten teachers are female is an example of occupational sex segregation.

Answer Location: Sex Segregation in the Workplace

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. Protective labor legislation prohibited women from working in places that sold alcoholic beverages as it might corrupt their morality.

Answer Location: Gender and Dangerous Work: Protective Labor Laws

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Tarana Burke created #MeToo to draw attention to the experiences of women, and particularly women of color, with sexual violence .

Answer Location: #MeToo, Sexual Harassment, and Sex Segregation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. One way in which the gender wage gap and sex segregation are related is the tendency for lower paying jobs to also involve more authority or supervision of other workers than higher paying jobs.

Answer Location: Making Connections: Sex Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Research has shown that experiencing sexual harassment at work could signficantly impact a person’s lifetime earnings and career trajectory.

Answer Location: #MeToo, Sexual Harassment, and Sex Segregation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Socialization theory argues that our learned gender experiences lead men and women to prefer different types of jobs.

Answer Location: Socialization as an Explanation for Sex Segregation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. The author of the text argues that the family wage is a way of sustaining a social order in which women are dependent on men.

Answer Location: Gendered Organizations

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Female-to-male transgender people provide an “outsider-within” perspective to gender, since they experienced gender from both outside and within the identity and status of a man.

Answer Location: Trans Men at Work

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Human capital theory argues that gender is an organizational characteristic that must be studied at the institutional level.

Answer Location: Human Capital Theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. In comparable worth cases, job evaluation is used to generate rankings of jobs within an organization or firm.

Answer Location: Comparable Worth

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Workers in the informal economy are generally considered less vulnerable than those employed in the formal economy.

Answer Location: Measuring the World’s Work

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

46. How does sex segregation in the workplace lead to gender inequality? What is one step that could be taken to reduce sex segregation in the workplace?

Answer Location: Sex Segregation in the Workplace, The Anatomy of Sex Segregation, Comparable Worth

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. What is the family wage? How did the family wage foster gender inequality?

Answer Location: Gendered Organizations

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Diffulty Level: Medium

48. A friend of yours argues that men and women have identical wage-earning opportunities in the United States today. Describe your reply based on what you have learned from reading the text.

Answer Location: Sex Segregation in the Workplace

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Compare and contrast human capital theory and gendered organizations theory. Be sure to (1) define the key concepts and arguments of each theory, (2) identify the level of analysis required for each perspective (individual, interactional, institution), and (3) explain how each of them accounts for sex segregation in the workplace.

Answer Location: Human Capital Theory

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. The text argues that women’s employment rates are often tied to economic development. Why might this be?

Answer Location: Measuring the World’s Work

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium