Chapter 8: How Does Gender Impact the People We Live Our Lives With?

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following theoretical perspectives asserts that institutions such as marriage and the family produce gender, and without these, gender as we know it does not exist?

A. Institutional approach

B. Individual approach

C. Interactional approach

D. Bioevolutionary approach

Answer Location: Introduction

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. From a sociological perspective, the fact that marriage is a ______ makes it difficult to change, such as legalizing same-sex partnerships.

A. politically-charged topic

B. international phenomenon

C. public sector organization

D. social institution

Answer Location: Something Old, Something New\

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The Anglo-European idea of finding love in marriage is about ______ years old.

A. 50

B. 100

C. 200

D. 500

Answer Location: A Brief History of Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. A pattern in which women tend to “marry up” while men “marry down” in mate selection is known as ______.

A. companionate marriage

B. marriage gradient

C. heterogamy

D. homogamy

Answer Location: Antony and Cleopatra: The Real Story

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The expectation that spouses experience romantic and sexual attraction to each other is known as ______.

A. companionate marriage

B. marriage gradient

C. heterogamy

D. homogamy

Answer Location: So What Is Marriage, Then?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. A shortage of one sex or the other in the age group in which marriage generally occurs is known as a ______.

A. sex ratio

B. demographic fraction

C. marriage squeeze

D. marriage gradient

Answer Location: The Marriage Squeeze

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. When the _______ is imbalanced, it can cause a ________.

A. demographic fraction, sex ratio

B. sex ratio, marriage gradient

C. sex ratio, marriage squeeze

D. marriage squeeze, marriage gradient

Answer Location: The Marriage Squeeze

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. One of the concerns of China’s impending marriage squeeze is ______.

A. an increase in fertility

B. an expansion of the sex industry

C. an increase in sex-selective abortions

D. delayed marriage

Answer Location: The Marriage Squeeze

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The tendency, sometimes enforced by norms or rules, to marry only others within the same social group is known as:

A. Endogamy

B. Exogamy

C. Homogamy

D. Monogamy

Answer Location: Race and the Marriage Squeeze

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Rates of marriage for men within which group are decreasing?

A. Men with a college degree

B. Men without a college degree

C. Men previously married

D. Men with children

Answer Location: Transnational Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which theory argues that marriage evolved as a tool for the subordination of women?

A. Protection theory of marriage

B. Nuclear family theory of marriage

C. Exploitation theory of marriage

D. Cooperation theory of marriage

Answer Location: Transnational Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. _______ is defined as a sense that certain tasks are more appropriate for one gender than the other.

A. Household task factor

B. Institutionalized labor pattern

C. Sexual division of labor

D. Patriarchal dividend

Answer Location: Who Does What? The Gendered Division of Labor

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The example of the Mbuti African tribe in which men and women hunt and gather together demonstrates _______.

A. the social construction of the sexual division of labor

B. a biological basis for the gendered division of labor

C. an institutional approach to gendered relations within the marriage

D. the importance of the interactional approach

Answer Location: Who Does What? The Gendered Division of Labor

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. According to Pfeffer and LaRossa’s research, cisgender women who began their relationship with trans men before they transitioned reported regularly performing ________.

A. less housework than their trans partner

B. more housework than their trans partner

C. alternatively more and less housework than their partner each week

D. equal amounts of housework as their trans partner

Answer Location: Transgender Families and the Division of Labor

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. According to Marxist feminists, which of the following results in the devaluation of women as a gender?

A. Allocation of childcare to women

B. Lack of opportunities equal to those given to men

C. Patriarchy and capitalism

D. Alienation of labor force participation

Answer Location: The Sexual Division of Labor and Gender Inequality

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. A legal partnership freely chosen on the basis of love and compatibility, and composed of a sole male breadwinner plus economically dependent wife and children is known as _______ .

A. institutionalized marriage

B. marriage gradient

C. gendered intimacy

D. modern marriage

Answer Location: Modern Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The societal shift which allowed one to choose a marriage partner rather than have one arranged for them is a result of ideas from the Enlightenment and _______ .

A. the sexual revolution

B. demands for wage labor

C. the women’s suffrage movement

D. the agricultural revolution

Answer Location: Modern Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The doctrine of separate spheres sees the ______ sphere as masculine and the ______ sphere as the place where women belong.

A. private, public

B. public, Familial

C. familial, private

D. public, private

Answer Location: Gender and the Doctrine of Separate Spheres

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. The doctrine of separate spheres created a gender system in which women were considered _____ beings and men were _______beings.

A. rational, moral

B. moral, rational

C. instrumental, expressive

D. expressive, instrumental

Answer Location: Gender and the Doctrine of Separate Spheres

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The network of grandmothers, sisters, aunts, or cousins who shared the tasks of child rearing in the African American community came to be known in the 1980s and 1990s as which of the following?

A. Transnational mothers

B. Othermothers

C. Comadres

D. The sandwich generation

Answer Location: Separate Spheres in Global Perspective

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Living in one country, but arranging for the care of your children in another country is known as ______.

A. cross-county care work

B. transnational motherhood

C. international nurturance

D. distance parenting

Answer Location: Transnational Motherhood

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Transnational mothers have redefined motherhood to include which role more commonly associated with fatherhood?

A. Coach

B. Mentor

C. Disciplinarian

D. Breadwinning

Answer Location: Transnational Motherhood

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Studies on Mexican transnational families demonstrate a preference for ______to take over childcare responsibilities, while in Vietnam, _______ are more likely to care for children.

A. father, cousins

B. paternal grandmother, aunts

C. maternal grandmother, cousins

D. maternal grandmother, fathers

Answer Location: Transnational Fatherhood

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. The household division of labor such that a woman has to come home from her job and also take care of the household upkeep and childcare is known as the _______.

A. gendered division

B. patriarchal reward

C. second shift

D. reduction of needs

Answer Location: The Second Shift

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which theoretical perspective would say that even household chores and childcare are ways we perform gender?

A. Doing gender

B. Hegemonic masculinity

C. Intersectionality

D. Heteronormativity

Answer Location: The Second Shift

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. ______ stepfamilies emphasized financial independence, labor-work participation, and sharing the provider role.

A. White lesbian

B. Black lesbian

C. White gay

D. Black gay

Answer Location: Gay and Lesbian Households

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. A way of dividing housework and childcare that is based on personal choice, aptitude, and fairness rather than the gendered division of labor is known as _______.

A. gendered parenting

B. co-parenting

C. degendered parenting

D. egalitarian parenting

Answer Location: Gay and Lesbian Households

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The only industrialized nations that provide no federally mandated paid parental leave are ______.

A. The United States and Russia

B. Australia and Russia

C. The United States and Australia

D. England and Russia

Answer Location: Power and the Household Division of Labor

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. A group of people not related by blood, marriage, or adoption, but who think of themselves as family are known as ______.

A. modern families

B. nuclear families

C. families of choice

D. families by the census

Answer Location: Families in Transition

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. A family grouping that consists of a mother, a father, and their children is known as a ______.

A. modern family

B. postmodern family

C. common family

D. nuclear family

Answer Location: Families in Transition

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

31. Early marriages, which were often forged for political reasons, gave women access to power.

Answer Location: A Brief History of Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. A marriage based on love is a fairly new idea.

Answer Location: A Brief History of Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Companionate marriage is the expectation that spouses do not experience romantic and sexual attraction for each other. Rather, they experience a caring friendship.

Answer Location: So What is Marriage, Then?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. The US Supreme Court ruled in the 1972 Eisenstadt v. Baird case that contraception could be sold to single women.

Answer Location: All the Single Ladies

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. In 2010, the sex ratio at birth (SRB) in China was 118 (meaning 118 men for every 100 women).

Answer Location: The Marriage Squeeze

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Demographers suggest that the lack of available, age-appropriate men to marry for baby boom women may have contributed to the women’s movement.

Answer Location: Transnational Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Trans men and their cis women partners divide household labor equally.

Answer Location: The Sexual Division of Labor and Gender Inequality

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Wage labor made young men less dependent upon their parents and allowed them greater choice in marriage partner.

Answer Location: Modern Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Before the nineteenth century, mothers were thought to have responsibility for children and thus were usually awarded custody in divorces.

Answer Location: Gender and the Doctrine of Separate Spheres

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. The doctrine of separate spheres is racially biased in that it assumes men of all racial categories have had equal access to earning a wage that would allow him to support his family.

Answer Location: Separate Spheres in Global Perspective

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. In Vietnam, children of transnational mothers are more likely to live with a grandparent while their mothers are working abroad.

Answer Location: Transnational Fatherhood

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Women worldwide are more likely to work in the formal economy.

Answer Location: The Sexual Division of Labor and Gender Inequality

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Hochschild found that in dual-earner families, household tasks are evenly divided.

Answer Location: The Second Shift

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. In Black lesbian families, biological mothers often provide more childcare.

Answer Location: Gay and Lesbian Households

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Women with children aged one and over now have the exact same rate of labor force participation as childless women.

Answer Location: Families in Transition

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

46. Discuss the relationship between the institutional approach to marriage and the “doing gender” perspective. Specifically, do these theories offer competing viewpoints, or are they complementary perspectives? Explain.

Answer Location: Something Old, Something New

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Explain how marriage has changed over time, with attention to the role of (1) motivations to marry and (2) love in marriage. Finally, why is it important to be aware of historical changes in marriage?

Answer Location: A Brief History of Marriage

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Describe the separate spheres ideology. How has this ideology influenced (1) the world of work, (2) the institution of marriage, and (3) the household division of labor?

Answer Location: The Doctrine of Separate Spheres

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Explain the marriage gradient in relation to the marriage squeeze. How do these concepts intersect with race in the US?

Answer Location: Race and the Marriage Squeeze

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Discuss some of the differences in marriage and partnership across the world as discussed in the text. How might gender, sexuality, race/ethnicity, and/or other concepts from the text shape these differences?

Answer Location: Who does what? The Gendered Division of Labor, Race and the Marriage Squeeze

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium