Exam Prep Chapter.7 Urban Culture And Lifestyles 11e

CHAPTER 7

Multiple Choice:

1. Who made the observation, “What is the city but the people?”

a. Shakespeare

b. Weber

c. Marx

d. Tonnies

2. According to older urban-rural formulations, __________.

a. city and country life were remarkably similar

b. rural areas were characterized by stable rules, roles and relationships

c. cities represented continuity and conformity

d. isolation is part of rural life

3. The classical Chicago School focused on __________.

a. the political structure of the metropolis

b. the way urban life disrupted traditional ties to kin and community

c. the class struggle within the city

d. the homogenous groups in the city

4. The distinction between societies based on “mechanical solidarity” and those based on “organic solidarity” is associated with __________.

a. Karl Marx

b. Ferdinand Tonnies

c. Emile Durkheim

d. Max Weber

5. Tonnies' name is associated with his description of the shift from __________.

a. traditional society to rational society

b. mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity

c. feudal relationships to market-based relations

d. gemeinschaft to gesellschaft

6. Early Chicago School sociologists were most strongly influenced by __________.

a. Marx's view of class conflict in the city

b. Weber's view of bureaucracy in the city

c. Simmel's view of social psychological over-stimulation in the city

d. Alvin Toffler's writing in Future Shock

7. A prominent member of the Chicago School of Sociology was __________.

a. Wirth

b. Weber

c. Toffler

d. Tonnies

8. “Urbanism as a Way of Life” suggests that __________.

a. cities create a distinct way of life

b. the smaller the city, the more urbanism is prevalent

c. urbanism is economically destructive but socially successful

d. cities promote a homogeneity or likeness among their residents

9. William F. Whyte’s study of an Italian Boston slum stresses __________.

a. determinist theory

b. calculated expediency

c. social disorganization

d. sociocultural continuity

10. Which of the following coined the term “nervous stimulation” when talking about the effects of urban life?

a. Milgram

b. Simmel

c. Toffler

d. Gans

11. “Urbanism as a Way of Life” includes the characteristic of __________.

a. a weak and simple division of labor

b. strengthening bonds of kinship

c. an increase of cultural homogeneity

d. spatial segregation by income, status, ethnicity, race, etc.

12. Sociocultural continuity and the vitality of traditional Italian culture in Boston was stressed by __________.

a. Karl Marx

b. Louis Wirth

c. William F. Whyte

d. Georg Simmel

13. Whyte's classic study on peer group social values was called __________.

a. Street Corner Society

b. Ethnic Villagers

c. Blue Denim

d. Blue Collar Aristocrats

14. Gans suggests that the individual is most influenced by __________.

a. the heterogeneity of the urban area

b. the density of the population

c. the size of the city

d. his or her local community and peer group

15. Gans suggested that Wirth's “urbanite” could best be seen as __________.

a. alienated by life in the city

b. a product of urban industrial society

c. lacking ethnic affiliation

d. a product of traditional lifestyles

16. The theory that there is not one urban way of life but many urban lifestyles is called __________.

a. compositional theory

b. urbanist theory

c. determinist theory

d. subculture theory

17. The text generally concludes that __________.

a. urbanism is a major contributor to social disorganization

b. the relationship between urbanism and social disorganization has been underestimated

c. many city dwellers are largely isolated from depersonalizing aspects of urban life

d. urbanism has impaired mental health

18. The following is generally true of the age structure of cities: __________.

a. urban populations are younger than rural counterparts in less developed countries, but this pattern is reversed in North America

b. urban populations are older than rural counterparts in industrialized countries

c. urban populations are older than rural counterparts in U.S. metropolitan areas, but this is a uniquely American phenomenon

d. urban populations are younger than their rural counterparts

19. Claude Fischer claims that __________.

a. urbanism strengthens sub-cultural groups

b. urbanism breaks down and destroys social groups

c. subcultures are broken down by the mainstream of society

d. urbanism does not shape social life

20. Sub-cultural Theory is most closely associated with __________.

a. Herbert Gans

b. Claude Fischer

c. Louis Wirth

d. Alvin Toffler

21. The age of city residents reflects __________.

a. higher birth rates

b. immigration into cities

c. services available to pre- and post-working ages

d. out-migration to the suburbs

22. According to a Brookings Institution study middle-income city

neighborhoods have been ________.

a. increasing in percent of the city

b. having more children and elderly

c. decreasing in percent of the city

d. staying about the same

23. In developed countries the following pattern tends to emerge: __________.

a. more males leave the countryside for heavily administration-oriented cities

b. a greater number of women migrate to urban places

c. unmarried females are less socially integrated

d. there are 3 males for every 2 females in the cities

24. According to the text, the age of urban residents influences __________.

a. city size

b. city shape

c. the number of bars

d. the type of city government

25. The following is generally true of urban populations: __________.

a. urban populations have more elderly than rural populations

b. rural areas are more heterogeneous

c. homogeneity is one of the basic attributes of the city

d. urban populations are more heterogeneous

26. The incidence of crime in the city is most related to the characteristic of _____.

a. age

b. income

c. race

d. ethnicity

27. The following is the most accurate in describing city composition: __________.

a. cities are more racially and ethnically homogeneous than the countryside

b. ethnic and racial homogeneity raise the potential for competition and conflict

c. ethnic and racial heterogeneity can lead to tolerance or to competition and conflict

d. cleavage is less likely to occur when racial and ethnic boundaries parallel socioeconomic boundaries.

28. According to the text, the “Quiet Revolution” refers to __________.

a. the movement of middle class, white-collar workers from the central cities to the suburbs

b. dramatic political and social changes that took place in Quebec, Canada as French speaking people assumed greater control

c. the increase in political power among the urban underclass in U.S. cities

d. the loss of power by cosmopolites to the unmarried and childless

29. According to the text, perhaps the most cosmopolitan city in North America is __________.

a. Montreal

b. Chicago

c. New Orleans

d. Los Angeles

30. In urban areas socioeconomic status is most frequently measured by __________.

a. income, education and occupation

b. family, national origin and religion

c. religion, race and ethnicity

d. schools, friends and group membership

31. The following is true of U.S. cities: __________.

a. the suburbs have become poorer

b. central city residents, overall, have not kept up with suburbs in income

c. there is relatively little neighborhood variation in socioeconomic status

d. rural areas use socioeconomic status criteria to order people more often than urban areas

32. According to the text, which of the following statements can be regarded as the most accurate?

a. All central-city populations have high rates of alienation and disorganization.

b. Social problems are evenly dispersed across the urban population.

c. Cities generally have the highest rates of social problems.

d. Alienation and disorganization are evenly dispersed across all areas--rural and urban.

33. David Brooks has identified a new emerging upper-middle class of city dwellers who combine a strong work ethic with a love of ease. He refers to them as ________________.

a. yuppies

b. dinks

c. bobos

d. friends

34. Working class ethnic populations (ethnic villagers) __________.

a. are socially and psychologically integrated into the city as a whole

b. have a strong sense of territory

c. are unlikely to know their next door neighbors

d. have had their norms changed due to the women's movement

35. Working class neighborhoods place heavy emphasis on __________.

a. political affiliation

b. government intervention

c. formal control mechanisms

d. primary-group relationships

36. An important urban population Gans overlooked is__________.

a. cosmopolites

b. bourgeoisie

c. ethnic villagers

d. LGBT households

37. Urban villages can be best be characterized as __________.

a. slums

b. expensive high-rise apartments

c. gated suburban communities

d. areas whose shabby outside appearance misrepresents the vitality of the community within

38. The primary integrative mechanism of stable inner-city, ethnic neighborhoods is the __________.

a. peer group

b. political party

c. neighborhood organization

d. city government

39. Suttles' study of Chicago points out that __________.

a. urbanism leads to alienation, delinquency and social disorganization

b. unstable slums lead to a culture of poverty

c. ethnic affiliations in the city are vanishing

d. ethnic groups have their own provincial enclaves and social rules

40. Inner-city blue-collar, ethnic neighborhoods are less likely to exhibit __________.

a. ordered segmentation

b. ethnic or racial affiliation

c. psychological and social identity with the rest of the city

d. territoriality

41. Family life in settled ethnic working class areas __________.

a. is child oriented

b. is adult oriented

c. revolves around the job occupation

d. stresses social mobility

42. Sociability among adults in settle ethnic working class areas revolves around __________.

a. kinship or long-standing friendship and association

b. occupation

c. a search for new or different friends

d. material possessions

43. Gay male households are most likely to be located in _________.

a. the inner areas of cities

b. the outer areas of cities

c. suburbs

d. rural areas

44. Studies show that in United States working-class families, interaction is more focused on __________.

a. relatives of the same generation

b. horizontal relationships

c. the family patriarch

d. the family matriarch

45. Politically, working-class ethnic neighborhoods have __________.

a. been vulnerable because of their peer group orientation

b. had heavy clout at city hall

c. demonstrated impressive organizational and political skills

d. an extensive knowledge of how to lobby city government

46. Lower-class unstable slums are characterized by __________.

a. being included as a vital part of the economic life of the larger city

b. high rates of residential mobility

c. emphasis on long range goals

d. low rates of victimization

47. Florida suggests successful cities __________.

a. are mostly located in the Sunbelt

b. have long urban histories

c. attract educated and talented young workers

d. have high rates of urbanization

48. Working-class ethnic neighborhoods are characterized by __________.

a. depersonalization

b. isolation

c. social disorganization

d. self-imposed psychological distance from the rest of the city

49. Which of the following would be considered a “Brain Gain” city?.

a. Cleveland

b. Saint Louis

c. San Diego

d. Detroit

50. To the urban underclass, the home is basically __________.

a. a place of refuge

b. a place of comfort

c. an extension of one's personality

d. a symbol of one's status in society

51. “Brain Gain” cities are likely to have a high percentage of workers employed in __________.

a. manufacturing

b. technology and the arts

c. construction

d. retail trade

52. The middle-class frequently views housing __________.

a. as a place of refuge

b. as a place of comfort

c. as an extension of one's personality

d. as a symbol of respectability

53. Survival skills for those in the “outcast” group of urban poor include __________.

a. developing long-range goals

b. suspiciousness, blaming and shaming

c. learning marketable skills

d. continuing education

54. According to the text, which of the following is true about the urban underclass in the U.S.?

a. Poverty and economic instability lock the underclass at the bottom of the social ladder.

b. For the outcast poor, life is getting better.

c. Poverty is evenly distributed across all groups.

d. Ninety percent of all the homeless are addicted to drugs and/or alcohol.

55. Whose perspective on urban life has been referred to as “deterministic theory”?

1. Toffer
2. Fisher

c. Webber

d. Wirth

True-False :

56. The hallmark of the city is its diversity.

a. T

b. F

57. The idea that the city is the source of isolation and alienation for the individual as well as the cause of social problems developed in the second half of the 20th century.

a. T

b. F

58. The text mentions Charlie Chaplin's classic film, “Modern Times” as an example of the view that modern mass society was destroying close attachments to kin and community.

a. T

b. F

59. Tonnies used the terms “traditional society” and “rational society”.

a. T

b. F

60. French sociologist Emile Durkheim used the terms “mechanical solidarity” and “organic solidarity” to distinguish between rural and urban societies.

a. T

b. F

61. In Marx's treatise on capitalism, the workers' unity is based on a common bond of urban residential patterns.

a. T

b. F

62. The Chicago School of sociology focused on the way urban life disrupted traditional ties to kin and community.

a. T

b. F

63. Research gives no support to Simmel's belief that the city produces nervous stimulation.

a. T

b. F

64. Wirth viewed urbanism as economically successful and socially destructive.

a. T

b. F

65. One of the characteristics of the urban way of life described by Wirth is that it places emphasis on kin and friendship ties and downplays achievement and social mobility.

a. T

b. F

66. One of the characteristics of the urban way of life described by Wirth is that it tends to substitute formal, secondary-group control mechanisms for primary group and neighborhood control over the individual.

a. T

b. F

67. One of the characteristics of the urban way of life described by Wirth is the increase in cultural homogeneity and a decline in the diversity of values, views and opinions.

a. T

b. F

68. The text concludes that the Chicago School underplayed the role of the city as a social integrator and underestimated the strength of traditional ways of life in the city.

a. T

b. F

69. Today, Wirth’s essay “Urbanism as a Way of Life” does not influence professional and popular thought about cities.

a. T

b. F

70. Louis Wirth's perspective on the city has also been called “determinist theory”.

a. T

b. F

71. Research shows that mental health appears to be better in rural than urban areas.

a. T

b. F

72. Herbert Gans argues that Wirth confuses urbanization with general modernization in society and that people are depersonalized by a modern mass society--not city life, itself.

a. T

b. F

73. “Compositional Theory” was developed by Claude Fischer as an alternative to determinist theory.

a. T

b. F

74. Subculture theory states that urbanism often strengthens social grouping.

a. T

b. F

75. Herbert Gans states that urbanization causes a particular way of life to emerge.

a. T

b. F

76. Sculpture theory suggests that space does indeed matter, and there is something different about cities.

a. T

b. F

77. Subculture theory was developed by Louis Wirth.

a. T

b. F

78. One of the main arguments of Claude Fischer is that place does matter and that being middle-class in a small town is not the same as being middle class in a large city.

a. T

b. F

79. Urban populations in less developed countries are older than their rural counterparts.

a. T

b. F

80. Urban populations tend to be younger because they contain large numbers of immigrants who are young adults.

a. T

b. F

81. Youth and crime are related--those aged 16 to 25 commit the most crimes.

a. T

b. F

82. The TV show “Sex in the City” was based partially on the social consequences of a limited number of marriageable males being found in cities such as New York.

a. T

b. F

83. There is a higher proportion of males living in cities in less developed countries, than there are in the developed nations.

a. T

b. F

84. Cities are more racially, ethnically and religiously homogeneous than the countryside.

a. T

b. F

85. U.S. cities are losing the middle-class and increasingly house the upper and lower classes.

a. T

b. F

86. In the text, the “Quiet Revolution” refers to white flight of urban professionals from the central city to the suburbs.

a. T

b. F

87. In urban areas, socioeconomic status criteria have supplanted traditional ordering criteria used in rural towns.

a. T

b. F

88. All central-city populations have high rates of personal alienation and social disorganization.

a. T

b. F

89. “Yuppies”, “Dinks”, and Millennials generally fall into Gans' urban lifestyle category, “the unmarried or childless”.

a. T

b. F

90. Austin is an example of a “Brain Gain” city.

a. T

b. F

91. Brain-gain cites look to the future rather than the past.

a. T

b. F

92. Brain-gain cities are cities with modern suburban neighborhoods and few pedestrian oriented areas.

a. T

b. F

93. According to census, gay male households are more likely to live urban gay neighborhoods, while lesbians more commonly reside in suburban areas.

a. T

b. F

94. A significant urban population that Gans overlooked are LGBT households.

a. T

b. F

95. Often, the “slums” inhabited by urban villagers are in better condition than they appear to be from the outside.

a. T

b. F

96. The primary integrative mechanism of stable, inner city ethnic neighborhoods is the church.

a. T

b. F

97. Ecologically, ethnic areas are usually characterized by ordered segmentation.

a. T

b. F

98. The term “ordered segmentation” means that urban villagers have a formally defined hierarchy within their communities.

a. T

b. F

99. According to the text, when discussing urban neighborhood characteristics, family life in middle-class families is child-oriented.

a. T

b. F

100. According to the text, when discussing urban neighborhood characteristics, family life in settled ethnic working class areas is child-oriented.

a. T

b. F

101. According to the text, sociability for middle-class professionals in urban areas revolves around occupation or a search for new friends.

a. T

b. F

102. Urban ethics are politically skilled and often unite to be part of the political pressure-group system.

a. T

b. F

103. Social closeness among residents of ethnic neighborhoods is encouraged by the tendency of local landlords to rent apartments to their married children, relatives, and friends.

a. T

b. F

104. Blue-collar ethnic neighborhoods have failed to maintain a psychological distance between themselves and other areas of the city.

a. T

b. F

105. Urban ethnics do not turn to outside bureaucratic structures in times of trouble.

a. T

b. F

106. Urban ethnics place great trust and faith in city government and the courts to assist them with problems that they experience.

a. T

b. F

107. Elijah Anderson conducted a 14-year study of two Philadelphia neighborhoods which revealed street etiquette used by young males to get and keep respect.

a. T

b. F

108. According to the text, there is little hope for improvement by inner city black males as their unemployment rates have continued to rise in the 1990s.

a. T

b. F

109. Decreases in discrimination can heighten the isolation between the poor and middle to upper class blacks.

a. T

b. F

110. The text concludes that there is one single urban life-style that forms a general pattern in all cities.

a. T

b. F

Short Answer (in addition to those found at the end of the chapter):

111. Discuss the traditional perspective on urban and rural ways of life and how this is evaluated today. (Include major points from the classical social theorists including Tonnies, Marx, Durkheim, Weber, and Simmel).

112. Urbanism as a way of life was viewed by Louis Wirth and others as producing a number of characteristics and changes. Describe and evaluate at least four of these.

113 . It is said that “territoriality” and “peer-group orientation” are characteristics of stable working-class neighborhoods. Describe what is meant by these terms.

114. Describe some of the characteristics of urban populations both in the U.S. and in less developed countries.

115. Discuss the Chicago School. What was its emphasis? Who influenced the Chicago urban sociologists? What was its contribution to sociology?

116. Discuss alternatives to Wirth's social disorganization theory. Give examples that support these theories.

117. Describe and evaluate Herbert Gans' four general urban lifestyles. Who does he leave

out?

118. Discuss the relationship between urbanism and social disorganization. Give examples of specific research to support your views.

119. Discuss the relationship of housing to socioeconomic status. What does housing mean to each group?

120. Discuss the status of slum dwellers in urban settings. Why do they live there? What is urban life like for them?

121. Examine some of the current social and health problems facing American society (poverty, aging, drug usage). What effect do urban lifestyles have on these problems?

122. Is your city a “Brain Gain” or “Brain Loss” location? Explain.

123. The text states “blue-collar ethnic neighborhoods ... maintain a psychological distance between themselves and other areas”. Explain this statement. What does this mean in terms of imagery, city living and urban power?

124. Describe the age characteristics of city residents and explain what implications this has for society.

125. Discuss the statement that the “Brain-Gain” cities look to the future rather than the past.