Test Bank Urban Social Environment Issues Chapter 8 - Urban World 11e | Practice Test Bank Palen by J. John Palen. DOCX document preview.
Multiple Choice:
1. Lyn Lofland suggests we deal with strangers by __________.
a. identifying them on the basis of their appearance and spatial location in the city
b. identifying their politics
c. identifying their code of behavior
d. avoidance behavior
2. Of the following, the best example of an urban code of behavior is __________.
a. following the “rules of the road”
b. dating only within one's neighborhood
c. being a “real neighbor”
d. establishing close community ties
3. Keeping to the right as one walks down the street is an example of __________.
- dealing with strangers
b. a code of behavior
c. neighboring
d. defending one's turf
4. In the text, Ray Oldenburg suggests that cities provide a “third place” that __________.
a. is a formal school system that socializes children and makes them urbanites
b. means government centers where people can meet and exchange ideas
c. includes bars, beauty parlors, and coffee shops where people can come and go as they please and feel comfortable
d. is comprised of city streets and avenues where people can feel that they are a part of urban life
5. Research by Kasarda and Janowitz on neighboring indicates that the likelihood of neighborhood involvement is linked to __________.
a. age of residents
b. work status
c. longevity in neighborhood
d. marital status
- Reduced functional interdependence is exhibited by __________.
a. those having similarity of socioeconomic status
b. those belonging to the same ethnic or religious affiliation
c. those working together on an activity that generates social cooperation
d. those with reduced mobility or the elderly
7. Fischer suggests that persons who neighbor are likely to be __________.
a. new to a neighborhood
b. short-term residents of an area
c. raising a family
d. politically involved
8. The Yankee City study of Newburyport, Massachusetts was done by __________.
a. Robert Lynd
b. W. Lloyd Warner
c. Claude Fischer
d. Stephan Thernstrom
9. In the writings of the Chicago School, the term “community” was synonymous with __________.
.
a. a small city
b. an urban neighborhood
c. a one-block area
d. an international group
10. The results of the Middletown study indicated that residents __________.
a. became radicalized with the decrease in control over their community
b. resented loss of economic control
c. retained traditional values and normative structures
d. lacked functional interdependence
11. Yankee City dealt with __________.
a. the effects of mass industrial production on the sense of community
b. the effects of propinquity on the sense of community
c. the effects of conscious communities on ethnic identification
d. the effects of federal programs on the sense of community
12. The term “community” __________.
a. is used differently by different writers
b. most commonly means a block in a city
c. always involves a territorial base
d. relates to a localized semi-isolated population
13. Ecologists generally use the term “community” to designate __________.
- a group of individuals with like interests (i.e., community of scholars)
b. a religious group
c. ethnic interdependence
d. a territorial unit
14. Keller and Fischer suggest urbanites intermingle on the basis of __________.
a. propinquity
b. neighborhood groups
c. common interests
d. ethnic ties
15. The concept of the community of limited liability states that __________.
a. neighborhoods assume a common residential identification and identity
b. the amount of involvement of an urban resident in a community is dependent on that community's meeting the resident's needs
c. traditional values and normative structures still exist in neighborhoods but to a much more limited extent
d. social mobility among neighborhood residents decreases as neighborhoods age
16. A community that is defined by internal community awareness is __________.
a. the defended neighborhood
b. the community of limited liability
c. the expanded community of limited liability
d. the contrived community
17. Local organizations and planning agencies __________.
- are most interested in conscious communities
- have little interest in local communities
c. have a vested interest in communities of limited liability
d. are bureaucratic extensions of the larger urban government
18. A community defined by commercial interests and government agencies is __________.
a. the defended neighborhood
b. the community of limited liability
c. the conscious community
d. the functional community
19. According to the text, the most homogeneous type of community tends to be __________.
a. the conscious community
b. the community of limited liability
c. the expanded community of limited liability
d. the expanded neighborhood
20. The effects of density and crowding in urban areas __________.
- have been demonstrated by experiments with human subjects conducted by John Calhoun
b. are dependent on individual and cultural definitions and expectations
c. are social disorganization, social problems, and poor mental health--across all classes
d. were dismissed by the Chicago School as not being a true social problem
21. Residents of conscious communities are commonly bound by similarities in all of the following except __________.
- race
- ethnicity
- social class
d. sex
22. Urban crowding and high density for human populations __________.
- cause social problems and pathology
b. do not have any clear and definite association with pathology
c. create emotional tension and aggression
d. lead to mental health problems
23. The text concludes that studies of the effects of crowding on animals __________.
- are directly transferable to human groups
- have some value in predicting how humans will react to crowding
- have not yet been applied to human groups
d. really cannot be applied to humans
24. Community studies of working class urban neighborhoods indicate __________.
- that density leads to social pathology
- people fear high density and are depressed over it
c. that working class residents often view high density as a positive sign of community vitality
d. that crowding is considered the major problem of neighborhood living
25. William H. Whyte observed that most social interaction takes place __________.
- in planned plazas
- in parks
- in shops and stores
d. in the middle of pedestrian traffic
26. The text claims that in urban areas, street musicians and sidewalk vendors __________.
a. contribute to the social and economic vitality of a streetscape
b. cause an increase in street crime
c. have little or no effect on the urban setting
d. should be removed to designated urban areas
27. Data about the homeless is disputable because __________.
- the numbers are growing faster than data is being collected
b. of the transience of the population
c. researchers have shown limited interest in accurate data collection
d. most homeless are social isolates
28. Data on the homeless indicate that approximately __________ percent are single.
- 52
b. 66
c. 80
d. 90
29. Slightly over __________ of the homeless are men.
- one-third
- one-half
c. two-thirds
d. three-quarters
30. Which of the following statements is true regarding the homeless?
a. Most homeless have high rates of social disabilities.
b. Approximately 90 percent of the homeless are mentally ill.
c. About 90 percent of the homeless have spent time in jail.
d. The homeless are like the rest of the population except for having the bad luck of being homeless.
31. According to the text, all of the following are responsible for taking away social support from the homeless except:
- the deindustrialization of the economy.
b. “get tough policies on crime”.
c. the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill.
d. the dismemberment of urban welfare and mental health systems.
32. According to the text, public attitudes toward and tolerance of the homeless, especially panhandlers, have __________ in the last ten years.
- softened
- remained the same
c. hardened
d. Public attitudes on homelessness have not been measured with any degree of accuracy.
33. Over the last two decades, homelessness has increased partly due to the decline in affordable housing. The text states that the number of Single Room Occupancy units has decreased by __________ percent since 1980.
- 50
- 60
- 70
d. 80
34. The text claims that there are some bright spots regarding homelessness in the United States. One of them is __________.
a. that cities are beginning to build supportive SROs that have actually helped the homeless
b. that the number of homeless people declined very sharply during the last decade
c. that urban employment agencies are making great headway in finding jobs for the homeless
d. the crime rate among the homeless has been declining
35. Which of the following is true about crime in U.S. cities? Between 1992 and 2013 urban crime __________.
a. showed sharp declines
b. remained steady
c. showed slight increases
d. showed sharp increases
36. According to the text, the most serious problem reported by urban residents is __________.
- high density
b. crime
c. inadequate housing
d. poor schools
37. Wilson and Kelling's “Broken Window Theory” states that if you want to reduce the incidence of all crime in the city, __________.
- you must concentrate your efforts on reducing drug abuse
- you must deal forcibly with youth-generated crime
c. you must focus on preventing minor quality-of-life offenses like drinking in public
d. you must concentrate on solving major crimes
38. According to the text, the crime rate in the United States __________.
- is lower than almost all other developed nations
- is about average when compared to other developed nations
c. is higher than almost all other developed nations
d. is the absolute lowest among the developed nations
39. The Uniform Crime Reports most accurately report __________.
a. homicides
b. burglaries
c. narcotics offenses
d. larcenies
40. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, about __________ of all crimes are reported to the police.
- one-fourth
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
41. Most urban street crime is __________.
- white on white crime
- white on black crime
c. black on black crime
d. black on white crime
42. The crime most likely to be interracial is __________.
- homicide
- rape
- larceny
d. robbery
43. The group having the highest crime rate is __________.
- women
b. those under age 25
c. the working class
d. the poor
44. Crime rates within urban areas generally are highest in __________.
a. inner-city areas and decrease as one moves toward the periphery
b. inner-city areas and the suburbs and lower in between
c. the old inner-ring suburbs
d. newer suburban areas
45. African Americans have the lowest arrest rates for __________.
- violent crimes
- homicides
c. white-collar crimes
d. street crimes
46. Crime rates are higher __________.
- in the suburbs
b. in inner-city neighborhoods
c. in ethnic neighborhoods
d. in rural areas
47. Inner-city areas that have not been invaded by disadvantaged newcomers __________.
a. are often among the most stable low-crime areas in the city
b. do not display tight social control by family and neighbors
c. have high crime rates
d. generally fall into decline and decay
48. Suburban crime is __________.
a. growing, but still lower than urban rates
b. concentrated in newer suburbs
c. generally more violent than city crime
d. generally distributed evenly throughout the suburb
49. High crime suburbs tend to have __________.
- high income residents
- high employment
c. low income residents
d. affluent homes
50. Within the suburbs, crime is __________.
- randomly distributed
b. concentrated in lower-income areas whose characteristics match the central city
c. more prevalent in the outer rings of suburbia
d. prevalent in affluent areas
True-False:
51. According to Lofland, we identify strangers on the basis of appearance and spatial location in the city.
a. T
b. F
52. In the United States as in England social custom dictates that people formally queue up when waiting for the bus.
a. T
b. F
53. Oldenburg defines the term, “third place”, as an informal gathering spot in the city (such as a bar or beauty parlor) where people can feel comfortable.
a. T
b. F
54. Codes of behavior are universally evident across cultural lines.
a. T
b. F
55. Goffman pointed out that even a supposedly random activity, such as walking down the street, has a whole set of social rules.
a. T
b. F
56. Working class persons tend to rely less on neighbors than middle-class individuals.
a. T
b. F
57. Length of residency is positively correlated with neighborhood identification and involvement.
a. T
b. F
58. Fischer's research suggests that persons who neighbor are unlikely to be raising a family.
a. T
b. F
59. Fischer's research suggests that large-city dwellers are less likely to engage in neighboring.
a. T
b. F
60. A recent American Housing Survey done by the U.S. Census Bureau indicates that neighborhood pride in cities has declined sharply and is in danger of disappearing.
a. T
b. F
61. In the writings of the Chicago School, the term “community” was often a synonym for “urban neighborhood”.
a. T
b. F
62. Middletown residents lost local control over their destiny and alienation; radicalization and changing values followed.
a. T
b. F
63. There is currently no consensus on the significance of community in modern social life.
a. T
b. F
64. Yankee City suggests that urbanites engage in community activities on the basis of propinquity.
a. T
b. F
65. One type of local community, the defended neighborhood, is defined in the text as the smallest spatial unit within which co-residents assume a relative degree of security on the streets as compared to adjacent areas.
a. T
b. F
66. The concept of the defended neighborhood emphasizes the voluntary and limited involvement of residents in the local community.
a. T
b. F
67. The community of limited liability is defined by commercial interests and government agencies—NOT by internal community awareness.
a. T
b. F
68. The expanded community of limited liability is less fragmented and diffuse than the community of limited liability.
a. T
b. F
69. Conscious communities tend to be more homogeneous than other communities.
a. T
b. F
70. The Chicago School of urban sociology did not regard high urban rates of density as a social problem.
a. T
b. F
71. Experimental animal studies tend to support the view that high density and crowding produce a long list of physical and behavioral pathologies among animals.
a. T
b. F
72. Research studies in urban areas have shown a clear correlation between density and human pathology.
a. T
b. F
73. The level of crowding is socially defined.
a. T
b. F
74. According to the text, upper middle-class white populations in the U.S. have been socialized to view high density and crowding as a positive sign of community vitality.
a. T
b. F
75. Whyte discovered that people move toward urban spaces of highest per-person density.
a. T
b. F
76. Incentive zoning produced areas of social interaction.
a. T
b. F
77. Whyte’s research indicated that to restore lively and safe street life to an urban area, one of the things that must be done is to ensure that all new buildings have retail shops on the street level.
a. T
b. F
78. According to the text, most studies about the extent of homelessness in the U.S. estimate the number of homeless to be 4 million people.
a. T
b. F
79. A 2007 report by the Department of Housing and Urban Development and a2012 report respectively estimated that there were 754,000 and 633,782 homeless people each night in the U.S.
a. T
b. F
80. The report by the Department of Housing and Urban Development estimated that approximately 66 percent of the homeless are single.
a. T
b. F
81. The report by the Department of Housing and Urban Development estimates that blacks and whites are equally likely to be homeless.
a. T
b. F
82. The Department of Housing and Urban Development estimates that homeless families are more likely to be headed by men.
a. T
b. F
83. The report by the Department of Housing and Urban Development estimates that about two-thirds of the homeless are male.
a. T
b. F
84. A report by the Department of Housing and Urban Development concludes that Hispanics comprise nearly 41 percent of all homeless people in the U.S.
a. T
b. F
85. According to the text, about one-third of the homeless are mentally ill.
a. T
b. F
86. What is beyond dispute is that the homeless are marginalized in a North American urban society.
a. T
b. F
87. The deindustrialization of the economy, the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill, and the dismemberment of urban welfare systems have left the homeless without even the marginal support of decades past.
a. T
b. F
88. The text concludes that the homeless in the U.S. are like the rest of the population except for having the bad luck of being homeless.
a. T
b. F
89. North American urban society has little interest in providing the homeless with the broad-based treatments that they require.
a. T
b. F
90. Public attitudes toward, and tolerance of, the homeless, and especially homeless panhandlers, have softened in the U.S. over the last decade.
a. T
b. F
91. The number of Single Room Occupancy units, which provide affordable housing for the homeless, has declined by approximately 80 percent.
a. T
b. F
92. Between the years 1990 and 2018, federal funding for low-cost housing increased by 50 percent.
a. T
b. F
93. The text concludes that with regard to affordable housing for the homeless, things were better 30 years ago than they are today.
a. T
b. F
94. Between 1992 and 2018, urban crime experienced an increase.
a. T
b. F
95. The U.S. national murder rate is lower than in the 1980s.
a. T
b. F
96. The “broken window theory”, advanced by Wilson and Kelling, argues that the best way to control crime is to concentrate police efforts on solving major crimes.
a. T
b. F
97. The “broken window theory” suggests that the best way to control crime is to prevent it.
a. T
b. F
98. The “broken window theory” suggests that the best way to control crime is by concentrating police efforts on solving major crimes, and not on preventing minor quality–of-life offenses such as drinking in public and public vandalism.
a. T
b. F
99. Today, the U.S. has the highest crime rate of any developed nation except Russia.
a. T
b. F
100. High rates of urban violence have increased equally in all urban areas across the globe.
a. T
b. F
101. The text concludes that today U.S. cities have lower crime rates than most cities elsewhere in the world.
a. T
b. F
102. Robbery is the only largely interracial crime.
a. T
b. F
103. Within urban areas, U.S. crime rates do not reflect the Burgess hypothesis.
a. T
b. F
104. In U.S. suburbs, crime is concentrated in lower-income suburbs whose characteristics most closely approximate the central city.
a. T
b. F
105. Within suburbs crime is randomly distributed.
a. T
b. F
Short Answer (in addition to those found at the end of the chapter):
106. According to the text, what kinds of people tend to “neighbor” more and what makes people who live near each other turn into real neighbors? Cite specific research findings.
107. Explain the difficulties urban sociologists have in defining community. What significance does community have in modern social life?
108. Delineate and explain the types of local community that have been defined in the professional literature.
109. What does the research say about the way we deal with strangers? How does this differ from culture to culture?
110. What are the effects of density and crowding? Why does the media view differ from the sociological view?
111. What has been the pattern of crime rates over the past 20 years? Explain.
112. Discuss suburban crime. How does if differ from central city crime?
113. What are the Uniform Crime Reports? How accurate are they?
114. Describe the two important pre-World War II community studies done by Lynds and Lloyd Warner. What were the results of these studies? Why do they remain important?
115. The text states that “crime rates within urban areas generally reflect Burgess’ hypothesis”. Explain this statement.
116. From what you have learned in this chapter, list some suggestions you would make to improve the safety and vitality of cities and towns in the U.S.
117. Discuss the question of the homeless in America. How great is the problem and who are the homeless?
118. What recent changes are taking place regarding dealing with homelessness?
119. Discuss and critique the “Broken Window Theory.”
120. What is predictive policing? What are its strengths and weaknesses?