Arnett, Human Development: A Cultural Approach, First edition

Chapter 9: Emerging adulthood

Section 1: Physical development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. In the past, the transition to young adulthood occurred when people were married, entered parenthood and started stable work. Around what age does this happen for most people today who live in developed countries?

A. 20 years

B. 25 years

C. 30 years

D. 35 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

2. What are the typical ages for emerging adulthood?

A. 12 to 17 years

B. 18 to 25 years

C. 26 to 30 years

D. 31 to 35 years

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

3. What was the median age of marriage for women in most developed countries in 1960?

A. 18 years

B. 21 years

C. 24 years

D. 27 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

4. What was the median age of marriage for men in most developed countries in 1960?

A. 20 years

B. 23 years

C. 27 years

D. 30 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

5. What is the median age of marriage for women in most developed countries today?

A. 20 years

B. 23 years

C. 27 years

D. 30 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

6. The median age of marriage for men in most developed countries today is close to _____.

A. 22 years

B. 25 years

C. 32 years

D. 35 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

7. According to the text, what is one explanation for the dramatic rise in the typical ages of entering marriage and parenthood today?

A. Marriage is not necessary for sexual relationships

B. Parents today discourage early marriage

C. Fear of divorce

D. Emerging adults cannot make decisions

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

8. According to the text, what is one explanation for the dramatic rise in the typical ages of entering marriage and parenthood today?

A. The difficulty in finding employment

B. The increase in the number of years to complete formal education

C. The difficulty in finding someone with whom to be romantic

D. Society does not encourage early marriage

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

9. What is the best way to describe the occupational possibilities for young women today?

A. Good, but there are still gender-specific occupations

B. About what it was in the 1960s

C. Virtually unlimited

D. Improving, but problematic

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

10. What are five characteristics that distinguish emerging adulthood from other age periods?

A. It is the age of identity explorations, instability, being self-focused, feeling in-between, and possibilities.

B. It is the age of stability, being other-focused, identity diffusion, feeling in-between and stagnation.

C. It is the age of identity moratorium, stability, feeling marginalised, being self-focused and developing a global worldview.

D. It is the age of instability, being other-focused, identity foreclosure, feeling marginalised and possibilities.

Learning Objective: 9.1

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

11. Characteristics that distinguish emerging adulthood from other periods begin to develop ____ emerging adulthood and ____.

A. before; cease to develop afterward

B. before; continue to develop afterward

C. after; cease to develop afterward

D. after; continue to develop afterward

Learning Objective: 9.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

12. The age of ____ is an age when people explore various possibilities in love and work as they move towards making enduring choices.

A. instability

B. feeling in-between

C. possibilities

D. identity explorations

Learning Objective: 9.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

13. Which of the following best captures the characteristics of the age of identity explorations?

A. An understanding of one’s multifaceted self, to possess instability in one’s occupational field, to understand one’s biological heritage and to reflect on one’s life with high integrity

B. An understanding of one’s gender identity, to possess stability in one’s career, to understand one’s ethnic heritage and biological beginnings

C. An understanding of who one is, what one’s capabilities and limitations are, what one’s beliefs and values are and how one fits into the society around them

D. An understanding of who others are, what a person’s temperament is, how the genetic lineage affects longevity and to have a shaky global view

Learning Objective: 9.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

14. Patrick is an emerging adult. For a time period he lived with a group of friends from high school, then he moved back home with his parents, and now he has an apartment of his own. Which of the following characteristics of emerging adulthood best describes Patrick’s situation?

A. Age of identity explorations

B. Age of possibility

C. Age of instability

D. Self-focused age

Learning Objective: 9.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

15. What is the most distinctive characteristic of emerging adulthood? It is the age of ____.

A. identity exploration

B. instability

C. self-focusing

D. possibilities

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

16. What age group moves from one residence to another the most frequently?

A. 8- to 12-year-olds

B. 13- to 18-year-olds

C. 20- to 29-year-olds

D. 30- to 35-year-olds

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

17. What percentage of Australians will move back into their parents’ home at least once during emerging adulthood?

A. 15%

B. 32%

C. 46%

D. 70%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

18. The goal of emerging adults’ self-focusing is learning to stand alone as a self-sufficient person, but emerging adults ____.

A. are not able to meet this goal

B. do not see self-sufficiency as a permanent state

C. need nearly total assistance from their parents during this time

D. have very little cognitive or financial resources to make this happen

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

19. Your 26-year-old brother finished university and is working and living by himself. You asked him how it feels to be on his own and he told you he feels like ____.

A. an adult now

B. he is not quite an adult yet, but certainly not a kid

C. he is still an adolescent, but living alone

D. he is fearful of failure

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

20. When asked, ‘Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?’ the majority of emerging adults respond: ____.

A. Yes.

B. No.

C. In some ways.

D. I’ve felt like an adult for years.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

21. You overhear your brother, who is 32, talking to his friends who are about the same age as he is. They are speaking about how they feel about adulthood. The consensus is that they all felt like adults around what age?

A. They still do not feel like adults

B. When they were in their late teens

C. When they were in their early twenties

D. When they were in their late twenties

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

22. Which of the following time periods has the greatest degree of residential change or changing where a person lives?

A. Childhood

B. Emerging adulthood

C. Middle adulthood

D. Late adulthood

Learning Objective: 9.1

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

23. In one national survey of 18- to 29-year-olds in the United States, nearly all – 89% – agreed with the statement:

A. ‘I have chosen a career path that brings satisfaction and stability to my life.’

B. ‘I am financially independent and emotionally mature.’

C. ‘I am who I am and that is never going to change.’

D. ‘I am confident that eventually I will get to where I want to be in life.’

Learning Objective: 9.1

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

24. The time period of emerging adulthood is more likely to be seen in ____.

A. developed countries

B. developing countries

C. collective cultures

D. individualistic cultures

Learning Objective: 9.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

25. The time period of emerging adulthood is more likely to be seen in which of the following countries?

A. Afghanistan, Chad and Ethiopia

B. the United States, Australia and Japan

C. South Africa, Papa New Guinea and Cambodia

D. Zimbabwe, Liberia and Brazil

Learning Objective: 9.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

26. The time period of emerging adulthood is more likely to be a part of ____, and absent in ____.

A. developed countries; rural developing countries

B. rural developing countries; developed countries

C. collective cultures; individualistic cultures

D. developed countries; urban developing countries

Learning Objective: 9.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

27. What is required for emerging adulthood to exist?

A. A relatively high median age of entering marriage and parenthood

B. An economy that has high interest rates

C. A population that exceeds 150 million

D. A population in which there is large ratio of males to females

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

28. You are talking to your roommate who is European and you ask about when people in Europe expect to get married and to start a family. How does your roommate respond? The median age when people in most European countries enter marriage and parenthood is ____.

A. late teens

B. early 20s

C. near 30

D. after 35

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

29. Which of the following regions of the world has the longest and most leisurely experience for emerging adulthood?

A. Australia

B. Europe

C. South America

D. Southeast Asia

Learning Objective: 9.2

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

30. Which of the following emerging adults have a high degree of pressure to develop an identity that places an emphasis on obligation to parents and others?

A. Asian

B. European

C. North American

D. Australian

Learning Objective: 9.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

31. In the United States and Europe, the most important criteria is for becoming an adult is ____, whereas in Asia it is ____.

A. financial independence; the capacity to support one’s parents financially

B. the capacity to support one’s parents financially; financial independence

C. emotional maturity; behavioural and cognitive majority

D. behavioural and cognitive maturity; emotional maturity

Learning Objective: 9.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

32. In the United States, which of the following is the most cited criterion as a marker of adulthood?

A. Financial independence

B. The capacity to support one’s parents financially

C. Emotional and cognitive maturity

D. Behavioural and spiritual maturity

Learning Objective: 9.2

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

33. In Asia, which of the following is the most cited criterion as a marker of adulthood?

A. Financial independence

B. The capacity to support one’s parents financially

C. Emotional and cognitive maturity

D. Behavioural and spiritual maturity

Learning Objective: 9.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

34. Your developmental class is having an interesting discussion about what it means to be an adult. Most of the class includes individuals who are emerging adults. What is the consensus of your class? The most important marker for adulthood is ____.

A. financial independence

B. when they are capable of supporting their parents financially

C. when people get married

D. when people start having children

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

35. Your developmental class is having an interesting discussion about what it means to be an adult. Most of the class includes individuals who are emerging adults from various Asian countries. What is the consensus of your class? The most important marker for adulthood is ____.

A. financial independence

B. when they are capable of supporting their parents financially

C. when people get married

D. when people start having children

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

36. In developing countries, in what areas is emerging adulthood most likely to be experienced?

A. Near the borders of developed countries

B. Urban

C. Rural

D. In places where universities exist

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

37. ____ reflects the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs.

A. Maximum oxygen uptake

B. Minimum oxygen absorption

C. Mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide

D. Microscopic oxygen use

Learning Objective: 9.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

38. Cardiac output peaks in which of the following time periods of life?

A. Childhood

B. Adolescence

C. Emerging adulthood

D. Middle adulthood

Learning Objective: 9.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

39. At which of the following time periods of life is one likely to see a peak in grip strength, cardiac output, maximum oxygen uptake and bone density?

A. Teens

B. 20s

C. 30s

D. 40s

Learning Objective: 9.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

40. What is the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs?

A. Aerobic ability

B. Anaerobic ability

C. Max VO₂

D. Peak physical conditioning

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

41. At what age does cardiac output reach its peak?

A. 15 years

B. 20 years

C. 25 years

D. 30 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

42. For most sports, the peak age of performance occurs during the ____.

A. Teens

B. 20s

C. 30s

D. 40s

Learning Objective: 9.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

43. Your 20-year-old brother is 5′10″ tall. He claims that he is going to grow another 2 inches. Is this likely?

A. Yes, most people grow taller until bone growth completion around age 24.

B. Yes, most people grow taller until bone growth completion around age 21.

C. No, most people are their full adult height by 18 years of age.

D. No, most people reach their full adult height by 14 years of age.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

44. What are the major health risks for emerging adults?

A. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes

B. Sexually transmitted infections

C. Carelessness

D. Car accidents and substance abuse

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

45. When is the immune system the most efficient?

A. During the teenage years

B. During emerging adulthood

C. During early adulthood

D. During middle adulthood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

46. Your 20-year-old brother and your father are playing a game that requires quick responses and your brother is consistently winning. Why? Your brother ____.

A. is just getting lucky

B. is 20 years old and 20-year-olds have the fastest reaction times

C. has more experience playing this game

D. is cheating

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

47. At what age is peak bone mass generally reached?

A. During the teenage years

B. During the 20s

C. During the 30s

D. During the 40s

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

48. For which of the following time periods is an individual the least susceptible to physical illness?

A. Childhood

B. Adolescence

C. Emerging adulthood

D. Late adulthood

Learning Objective: 9.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

49. Longitudinal studies in the United States and Finland have found that physical activity, sports participation and exercise ____.

A. plateau from adolescence to late adulthood

B. plateau from emerging adulthood to late adulthood

C. increase from adolescence to emerging adulthood

D. decline from adolescence through emerging adulthood

Learning Objective: 9.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

50. ____ is a pattern of sleeping far longer on weekends and holidays than on school or work days, which leads to poor academic and job performance.

A. A phased advanced delay

B. Insomnia

C. Hypersomnia

D. Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Learning Objective: 9.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

51. Your roommate sleeps quite a bit during the late afternoon. According to research (Brown et al., 2002), university students are more than twice as likely as other adults to report ____.

A. taking naps

B. delayed sleep phase syndrome

C. insomnia

D. serious night terrors

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

52. When your little sister, who is a university freshman, comes home to visit, she sleeps all weekend. Why? She has accumulated ____.

A. a sleep debt

B. a sleeping disorder

C. an exhaustive sleep disorder

D. a very bad sleeping habit

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

53. ____ of university students report occasional sleep problems and ____ report frequent severe sleep disturbances such as insomnia and insufficient sleep.

A. A majority; a minority

B. A minority; a majority

C. All; a small handful

D. A small handful; all

Learning Objective: 9.4

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

54. What percentage of university students report frequent severe sleep disturbances such as insomnia and insufficient sleep?

A. 25%

B. 50%

C. 75%

D. 100%

Learning Objective: 9.4

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

55. Sleep disturbances are related to which of the following factors?

A. Diabetes, a difficult temperament and anxiety

B. Hypertension, an insecure attachment and concentration

C. A difficult attachment, emotional instability and memory

D. Deficits in attention, memory and critical thinking

Learning Objective: 9.4

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

56. Depression, anxiety and deficits in attention, memory, concentration and critical thinking are all related to ____.

A. sleep disturbances

B. diabetes

C. temperament

D. hypertension

Learning Objective: 9.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

57. As cited in the text, which of the following might be related to whether or not a person can be classified as high in morningness or eveningness – that is, their preference for either going to bed early and waking up early or going to bed late and waking up late?

A. Growth hormone

B. Melatonin

C. Caffeine

D. Acetylcholine

Learning Objective: 9.4

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

58. You are very interested in research regarding sleep. You are an emerging adult who is in university, and your sleep patterns include occasional bouts of insomnia, as well as a tendency to sleep very late on weekends and during holiday breaks while still attending 8 a.m. classes during the week. Research suggests that these sleep patterns are distinctive during emerging adulthood in ways that provide the ____.

A. best support of your cognitive functioning and emotional well-being

B. best support of your immune system

C. worst support of your immune system

D. worst support of your cognitive functioning and emotional well-being

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

59. Sleep researchers have established that people vary in their morningness and eveningness. These preferences change with age due to ____.

A. testosterone levels

B. growth hormone levels

C. neurotransmitter levels

D. oestrogen levels

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

60. Which of the following is one recommendation to promote positive sleep hygiene?

A. Sedative use

B. Watch television

C. Limit caffeine intake

D. Caffeinated green tea

Learning Objective: 9.4

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

61. A very large study (Rosenneberg et al., 2007) of 5,500 Europeans from childhood through late adulthood found that eveningness peaked at what age?

A. 10 to 11 years

B. 20 to 21 years

C. 30 to 31 years

D. 40 to 41 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

62. Your roommate seems to have a bit of a problem with time management and ends up studying all night for an exam or writing a paper. Is this unusual behaviour for a university student?

A. Yes, only 20% of university students ever pull an all-nighter.

B. Yes, only 40% of university students ever pull an all-nighter.

C. No, 60% of university students pull an all-nighter at least once.

D. No, 80% of university students pull all-nighters.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

63. Your roommate seems to have a bit of a problem with time management and ends up studying all night for an exam or writing a paper. She usually tells you that she did great on her exam after studying all night. From your knowledge, is she accurate in her assessment? How do students who pull all-nighters generally perform?

A. Worse than their initial assessment

B. About how they thought they would

C. Much better than their initial assessment

D. The data are equivocal so there really is no answer

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes of emerging adulthood

64. In the United States, young people aged ____ have the highest rates of car accidents, injuries and fatalities of any age group.

A. 16–24

B. 18–28

C. 20–30

D. 22–32

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

65. In the United States which of the following groups have the highest rates of automobile accidents, injuries and fatalities of any age group?

A. Adolescents and emerging adults

B. Aging adults

C. Children and young adolescents

D. Middle adults and aging adults

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

66. Which of the following is a leading cause of death for emerging adults?

A. Car injuries

B. Cancer

C. Suicide

D. Accidental falls

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

67. Which of the following best explains why the United States has a higher rate of death for emerging adults from car accidents than other Western countries?

A. Other countries have a higher minimum driving age and have less access to automobiles

B. Other countries have stronger drivers’ education programs and have fewer automobiles

C. Other countries promote automobile responsibility at a very young age and have a higher minimum driving age

D. Other countries have comprehensive mandatory drivers’ education programs and require all drivers to prove that they are extremely skilled at handling an automobile

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

68. Which of the following are two major contributing factors of why young drivers have a greater incidence of accidents and deaths?

A. Inexperience and risk-taking behaviours

B. Difficult temperament and an inability to foresee future consequences

C. Egocentrism and a lower degree of personal fables

D. Hyperactivity and hormone imbalances

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

69. Which of the following individuals are more likely to drive at excess speeds, follow too closely to other vehicles, violate traffic signs and signals and take more risks while driving a motorised vehicle?

A. A female who is in her late teens

B. A male who is in his early 20s

C. A female who is in her early 30s

D. A male who is in his early 40s

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

70. What are the restraints on behaviour imposed by social obligations and relationships called?

A. Social modification

B. Social control

C. Social pressure

D. Social skills

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

71. In the United States, who has the highest rates of car accidents, injuries and fatalities of any age group?

A. 16 to 24 year olds

B. 26 to 34 year olds

C. 46 to 54 year olds

D. 66 to 74 year olds

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

72. Across developing countries, what is the leading cause of death during emerging adulthood?

A. Cardiovascular disease

B. Cancer

C. Car injuries

D. Infections

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

73. Nearly ____ of American university students report driving while intoxicated within the past year.

A. 25%

B. 50%

C. 75%

D. 100%

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

74. Young people are less likely than older drivers to wear seat belts. In serious car crashes, occupants not wearing seat belts are ____ likely to be killed and ____ as likely to be injured compared with those wearing seat belts.

A. 25% more; twice

B. twice as; three times

C. 75% more; six times

D. half as; eight times

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

75. You are very angry with your brother, who is in a fraternity in university. After speaking with him, he confessed that he has driven several times during the past few months while he was intoxicated, but insists that most of his friends do it, too. What percentage of university students report having driven intoxicated within the past year?

A. 70%

B. 50%

C. 30%

D. 10%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

76. At the time of the accident, drivers aged 21 to 24 involved in fatal accidents are most likely to have been ____.

A. texting on their cell phones

B. talking on their cell phones

C. changing lanes without signaling

D. driving while intoxicated

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

77. Young people are less likely than older drivers to wear seat belts. In a serious automobile accident, occupants not wearing seat belts are ____.

A. twice as likely to be killed

B. more likely to be thrown from the car where it is safer

C. more likely to survive a water crash

D. more likely to be intoxicated

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

78. Which of the following are two interventions that can reduce the rate of car accidents and fatalities for young drivers?

A. Law enforcement monitoring of young drivers

B. Increased mandatory drivers’ education and a period of restricted license driving

C. Increased probationary time for a learner’s permit and mandatory drivers’ education

D. Increased automobile safety and laws that require all occupants of a vehicle to wear a seat belt

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

79. Which of the following interventions have been shown to have the greatest effect on reducing automobile injuries and fatalities for young drivers in the United States?

A. Graduated driver licensing

B. Mandatory driver’s education

C. Increasing the minimum driving age

D. Parental monitoring

Learning Objective: 9.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

80. What is the program in which young people obtain driving privileges gradually, contingent on a safe driving record?

A. Safety sure licensing

B. Graduated driver licensing

C. Driver’s education licensing

D. Automobile knowledge and skills licensing

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

81. Substance use of all kinds rises through the late teens and peaks in the ____ then ____.

A. early 20s; declines in the late 20s

B. early 20s; plateaus in the late 20s

C. early 30s; declines in the late 30s

D. early 30s; plateaus in the late 30s

Learning Objective: 9.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

82. Keith is meeting his friends at the lake for a camping trip. He bought a case of beer but only plans to drink half of it on Friday night and the other half on Saturday night. By the end of Friday night, to Keith’s surprise he only drank seven beers, all of which occurred after dinner while sitting by the campfire. From this scenario, Keith’s drinking behaviour is best described as ____.

A. binge drinking

B. social drinking

C. alcoholism

D. irresponsible drinking

Learning Objective: 9.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

83. Which of the following demographics has the highest rate of alcohol use?

A. Late teens who are enrolled in high school

B. Late teens who are not enrolled in high school

C. Young adults who are enrolled in university

D. Young adults who are not enrolled in university

Learning Objective: 9.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

84. Consuming five or more drinks in a row for men, and four in a row for women, is known as ____.

A. binge drinking

B. alcoholism

C. social drinking

D. risk-taking drinking

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

85. According to Wayne Osgood (2009), all deviance can be explained on the basis of ____.

A. propensity and opportunity for deviance

B. personality for and inability to control deviance

C. temperament and social reinforcers for deviance

D. genetics and an environmental upbringing for deviance

Learning Objective: 9.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

86. Which of the following best illustrates Osgood’s notion of propensity for deviance?

A. Sufficient motivation

B. Sufficient personality

C. Sufficient opportunity

D. Sufficient justification

Learning Objective: 9.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

87. According to Osgood, adolescents and young adults have a high rate of ____, which in turn allows them to engage in deviant behaviours such as alcohol and marijuana use.

A. disregard for social norms

B. testosterone

C. unstructured socialising

D. antisocial tendencies

Learning Objective: 9.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

88. Fatal car crashes, unintended pregnancies, criminal activity and physical fights are all outcomes related to ____.

A. binge drinking

B. unemployment

C. growth hormone in adolescence

D. socioeconomic status

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

89. What term does Osgood use to describe behaviour including riding around in cars for fun, going to parties, visiting friends informally and going out with friends?

A. Structured socialisation

B. Friendliness

C. Social investment

D. Unstructured socialising

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

90. Osgood and others have found that there is a relationship between risky behaviour such as crime and dangerous driving and ____.

A. structured socialisation

B. friendliness

C. social investment

D. unstructured socialising

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

91. Your little brother is 22 and is pretty wild. The biggest concern that your family has is that he seems to be involved in substance abuse. At what age is he likely to stop engaging in this type of risky behaviour?

A. Mid to late 20s

B. Early 30s

C. Mid to late 30s

D. Early 40s

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

92. Your sister’s roommate was recently married and now has a full-time job. Before that time, she partied a lot and was pretty crazy, wild and engaged in quite a bit of risky behaviour. According to Osgood, because of your sister’s roommate’s new role transition, she is engaging much less in ____.

A. antisocial aggressive reactions

B. delinquent behaviour

C. structured socialisation

D. unstructured socialisation

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

Short

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

94. Is emerging adulthood a universal period of human development? Why or why not?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: the emergence of emerging adulthood

95. Describe at least one sleep problem of emerging adults. In your answer, include who most of the participants have been in this research.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes and emerging adulthood

96. Looking back on the days when you first started driving, what aspects, if any, of a graduated driver licensing program (GDL) would have made you a better/safer driver? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

97. How do researchers operationalise binge drinking, and is it merely an American phenomenon? Why or why not?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

98. Although emerging adulthood is a very healthy time of life for most, there are certainly a number of factors that can undermine health and safety. Drawing upon research, describe at least one of the risk factors.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes and emerging adulthood

99. Your friend with an adolescent the same age as yours (16 years) stated, ‘I don’t know why they don’t just let kids drive after nine and without an adult; I don’t have time to be in the car with my son all the time. Besides, the only way he will get to be a good driver is to drive more and without all these ridiculous restrictions.’ Does the research support her claim? Why or why not?

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: risk behaviour and health issues

Section 2: Cognitive development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What concept in emerging adulthood involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations?

A. Pragmatism

B. Practicality

C. Concrete thinking

D. Applied logic

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

2. Labouvie-Vief (1990) presented a story that described a man who was a heavy drinker. His wife had warned him that if he came home drunk one more time, she would leave him and take the children. At a later time, he went to an office party and came home drunk. Labouvie-Vief asked adolescents what they thought the wife would do. How did the adolescents respond?

A. Without much hesitation, they thought that she left.

B. Without much hesitation, they thought that she stayed.

C. They appreciated the situation that the wife was in and examined several possibilities rather than just one potential solution.

D. They examined multiple scenarios and definitely thought that the wife would stay.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

3. According to Piaget, formal operations are fully attained and cognitive maturation is complete by ____.

A. at least age 12

B. at least age 20

C. at least age 30

D. at least age 40

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

4. Jean Piaget proposed that cognitive development reaches full maturity at formal operations; however, contemporary researchers propose that this is not the case, but rather that cognitive maturity extends into ____.

A. post-formal thinking

B. pre-formal thinking

C. metacognitive thinking

D. analytical thinking

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: C

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

5. Two of the most notable aspects of post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood are ____.

A. animism and personal fables

B. egocentrism and reality testing

C. hypothetical and deductive reasoning

D. pragmatism and reflective judgment

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

6. ____ involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations.

A. Concrete thought

B. Hypothetical and deductive reasoning

C. Pragmatism

D. Reflective judgments

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

7. According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief, cognitive development in emerging adulthood is distinguished from adolescent thinking by ____.

A. the better coordination of sensory input with motor skills

B. the disappearance of egocentric thought and animism

C. a greater recognition and incorporation of practical limitations to logical thinking

D. a greater use of hypothetical and inductive reasoning for concrete problems

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

8. According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief, adolescents and many young adults are confined to formal operations and do not possess post-formal operational thought because they ____.

A. are often limited by their egocentrism and concrete-operational thoughts

B. often lack the ability to coordinate their sensory modalities with motor skills

C. often exaggerate the extent to which logical thinking can be applied to real-life situations

D. are often cognitively unaware of how personal fables and an imaginary audience affects egocentric thought

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

9. Which of the following best describes pragmatism as a component of post-formal operational thought?

A. An awareness of how sensory input and motor skills can be incorporated to solve situational problems that are more concrete

B. An awareness of how social factors and factors specific to a given situation must be taken into account in approaching most of life’s problems

C. An awareness of how logic can be used to solve all of life’s problems

D. An awareness of how one’s internal state affects his or her physiological response

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

10. Which of the following best describes pragmatism?

A. Using language and mental images as a basis for problem-solving on tangible concrete items

B. Coordinating sensory modalities with motor skills as a basis for an individual’s perception of his or her world

C. Applying rigid logical thought to solve real-life situations that contain complexities and inconsistencies

D. Adapting logical thought to solve practical real-life situations that contain complexities and inconsistencies

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

11. When presented with the following story, according to Labouvie-Vief, how would an adolescent who is in formal operations respond? ‘Jim was a heavy drinker, especially at parties. His wife had warned him that if he came home drunk one more time, she would leave him and take the children. Sometime later he went to an office party and came home drunk. What did his wife do?’

A. ‘She said she would leave if he came home drunk once more; he came home drunk, therefore she will leave.’

B. ‘Did he apologise and beg her not to leave? Did she really mean it when she said she would leave him?’

C. ‘Does she have some place to go? Has she considered the possible effects on the children?’

D. ‘Does she really want him to leave? Because if he does, is she really going to start the separation or divorce process? It was most likely just a threat.’

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

12. Emerging adults tended to be ____ thinkers in the sense that they realised that the problems of real life often involve a great deal of complexity and ambiguity.

A. pre-formal

B. formal

C. post-formal

D. prescripted-formal

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

13. ____ involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have merit.

A. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

B. Egocentric thought

C. Hypothesis testing

D. Dialectical thought

Learning Objective: 9.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

14. ____ is the capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments.

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Reflective judgment

C. Relative-hypothesis testing

D. Concrete judgment

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

15. According to Basseches, what type of thinking develops in emerging adulthood that involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit?

A. Pragmatic thought

B. Dialectical thought

C. Formal operational thought

D. Concrete thought

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

16. Peng and Nisbett (1999) proposed that Chinese culture traditionally advocates an approach to knowledge that strives to reconcile contradictions and combine opposing perspectives by seeking a middle ground. What type of thinking is this?

A. Pragmatic thought

B. Dialectical thought

C. Formal operational thought

D. Concrete thought

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

17. Peng and Nisbett (1999) conducted studies comparing Chinese and American university students. They found that Chinese students were more likely than Americans to prefer ____.

A. non-pragmatic solutions

B. pragmatic solutions

C. formal operational thought containing no contradictions

D. dialectical proverbs containing contradictions

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

18. Peng and Nisbett (1999) conducted studies comparing Chinese and American university students. They found that when students were presented with two apparently contradictory propositions, American students tended to ____.

A. use non-pragmatic logic

B. embrace one solution and reject the other

C. accept both propositions

D. try to reconcile the two contradictory propositions

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

19. ____ is often seeing situations and issues in polarised terms – an act is either right or wrong, with no in-between; a statement is either true or false, regardless of the nuances or the situation to which it is being applied.

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Situational judgments

C. Relative-hypothesis testing

D. Concrete thought

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

20. Caleb believes that stealing from another is wrong and there is no reason for a person to steal. Even if a person were starving and near death, he or she should not steal food. Which of the following best describes Caleb’s cognitive pattern?

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Multiple thinking

C. Hypothesis testing

D. Deductive reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

21. Which of the following best describes dualistic thinking?

A. Often seeing situations and issues in polarised terms – an act is either right or wrong, with no in-between

B. An awareness that there are two or more sides to every story and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the only true or accurate one

C. The ability to see an issue from one’s own perspective and the perspectives of others around them

D. An awareness of one’s own thought patterns and the thought patterns of others

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

22. According to Perry, reflective judgment begins to develop for most people ____.

A. in their early teens

B. around age 30

C. around age 20

D. in their late 20s

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

23. ____ is an awareness that there are two or more sides to every story, two or more legitimate views of every issue and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the only true or accurate one.

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Multiple thinking

C. Hypothesis testing

D. Deductive reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

24. Nellie is a teenager who would like to believe that abortion is wrong and should not be tolerated in any situation. However, she also knows that if the foetus has no chance of survival and the mother’s life is in jeopardy, this may be a situation in which an abortion is justified. She does not believe that one particular stance is correct for all situations but that each situation must be evaluated independently. Which of the following best describes Nellie’s cognitive pattern?

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Multiple thinking

C. Realistic thinking

D. Hypothesis thinking

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

25. According to Perry, multiple thinking develops into relativism by the ____.

A. early teens

B. late teens

C. early 20s

D. late 20s

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

26. Individuals who possess relative thought ____.

A. are able to perform mental operations on tangible problems and lack abstract thought

B. view the world in terms of right or wrong and black or white

C. are limited to one perspective, and often view situations as only having one outcome

D. are able to recognise the legitimacy of competing points of view

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

27. ____ is a cognitive perspective in which solutions are either right or wrong with no in-between, whereas ____ is a cognitive perspective that allows for two or more sides to every story and two or more legitimate views to every issue.

A. Dualistic thinking; multiple thinking

B. Multiple thinking; dualistic thinking

C. Concrete thinking; pre-formal thinking

D. Pre-formal thinking; concrete thinking

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

28. Before entering university, Grant was very stringent in his beliefs. Many of life’s issues were clear-cut and could be explained with one definitive answer. However, throughout the years, Grant has noticed that he is better able to see other perspectives and find many sides to one argument. He is now at a place where he can recognise the legitimacy of competing points of view and compare their merits. Which of the following post-formal operational terms best describes Grant’s cognitive perspective?

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Multiple thinking

C. Commitment

D. Relativism

Learning Objective: 9.8

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

29. What type of thinking involves seeing situations and issues in polarised terms (e.g. an act is either right or wrong)?

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Multiple thinking

C. Relativism

D. Committed thinking

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

30. What type of thinking involves understanding that there are two or more legitimate views for each issue?

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Multiple thinking

C. Relativism

D. Committed thinking

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

31. What type of thinking involves the understanding that there are two or more legitimate views for each issue and comparing the merits of competing views?

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Multiple thinking

C. Relativism

D. Committed thinking

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

32. Tertiary education is best described as any kind of ____.

A. education or training program beyond elementary school

B. education or training program beyond secondary school

C. professional education or training program beyond university

D. education or training program that is mandatory for all citizens of a nation

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

33. One hundred years ago, ____ of young people obtained tertiary education in any industrialised country.

A. less than 10%

B. between 20% and 45%

C. more than 45%

D. almost 100%

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

34. Which of the following would be considered tertiary education?

A. An elementary school

B. A middle school

C. A university

D. A day-care centre

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

35. By the end of their university years, many young people reach a stage in which they adhere to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid, while being open to re-evaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them. What stage is this?

A. Dualistic thinking

B. Multiple thinking

C. Relativism

D. Commitment

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

36. The gains in reflective judgment that take place in emerging adulthood appear to be due more to ____.

A. maturation

B. experience

C. education

D. social correction

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

37. What type of education or training program takes place beyond secondary school?

A. Primary education

B. Tertiary education

C. Quaternary education

D. Technical education

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

38. One hundred years ago, approximately what percentage of individuals in developed countries obtained post-secondary education?

A. 10%

B. 20%

C. 30%

D. 40%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

39. Currently, what can be stated regarding the obtainment of post-secondary education?

A. Only the elite and privileged have access to it

B. It is a normative experience

C. It is a male-dominated experience

D. Only individuals who are interested in trade schools experience post-secondary education

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

40. According to Arnett (2015), there were more ____ obtaining tertiary education.

A. young women than young men

B. first-generation university students than students whose parents possess a university degree

C. ethnic minorities than those of European descent

D. individuals of low socio-economic status (SES) than those of middle or high SES

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

41. Generally, universities in the United States, Canada and Japan begin with 2 years that are devoted to ____.

A. classes within the major

B. classes devoted to the minor

C. general education classes

D. remedial classes

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

42. In what part of the world are students required to determine their course of study before they arrive and only study that subject while at the university?

A. South America

B. Europe

C. Asia

D. Africa

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

43. You are talking to an exchange student about the different styles of education that occur in the United States and her country. She told you that she had to determine her course of study before she was admitted to the university in her country. On what continent did her university education likely take place?

A. South America

B. Australia

C. Asia

D. Africa

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

44. You are talking to an exchange student about the different styles of education that occur in the United States and her country. She told you that grades matter very little and standards for performance are very relaxed. In fact, they have 4 years of university-sanctioned leisure to think and to explore. What country is she most likely from?

A. Great Britain

B. France

C. Japan

D. Canada

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

45. The average homework time for Japanese university students is what percentage of the time junior high or high school students spend on homework?

A. 300%

B. 200%

C. 100%

D. 50%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

46. Traditionally, university education in Europe often lasted 6 or more years because it culminated in a degree that was equivalent to a(n)

A. undergraduate degree in the United States when remedial classes were required.

B. undergraduate degree in the United States.

C. advanced degree in the United States.

D. degree from a technical university in the United States.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

47. Your uncle and aunt are pretty unhappy with your cousin, who is taking 6 years to complete an undergraduate degree. What can you tell your aunt and uncle that would help your cousin? The average time to complete an undergraduate degree in the United States is ____.

A. 4 years

B. 5 years

C. 6 years

D. 7 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

48. Tuition rates were ____ in 2013 than they were in 1982 in both public and private universities.

A. twice as high

B. three times higher

C. four times higher

D. five times higher

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

49. Tertiary education is mainly paid for by ____, whereas in other developed countries it is paid for by ____.

A. students and their parents; the government

B. the government; students and their parents

C. students and their parents; corporate endowments

D. corporate endowments; students and their parents

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

50. According to the text, societies are willing to make large financial investments in tertiary education because an educated population ____.

A. is a key to economic growth in a world economy that is increasingly based on information, technology and services

B. is a key to military defence and the development of arms

C. is a key to a democratic government and buffers a nation from radical thought

D. allows for a greater degree of homogeneity, unity and an appreciation of diversity

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

51. What is the main reason that it takes most students longer than 4 years to complete an undergraduate degree?

A. Students are not academically prepared for university training and must take remedial coursework.

B. Financial concerns require that students also work, which increases the time to complete the degree.

C. Students lack focus and change their majors quite a few times, which adds on to their academic programs.

D. Many students transfer to a different institution that does not accept all of their previous credits.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

52. How much has tuition increased from 1982 to 2007, even when taking into account inflation?

A. 200%

B. 300%

C. 400%

D. 500%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

53. In regards to what is required in secondary education, universities in the United States, Canada and Japan begin with ____.

A. 2 years of general education

B. 2 years of math and science

C. 2 years of arts and humanities

D. 2 years within a declared major

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

54. Cameron is enrolled in university but has not decided on a major. For next semester she is scheduled to take Composition II, Introduction to Psychology, Algebra, Biology 101 and Cardio-funk Aerobics. Based upon the requirements of secondary education in the United States, it is safe to assume that Cameron is in her ____.

A. first or second year of university

B. third year of university

C. fourth or fifth year of university

D. first year of graduate school

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

55. In the United States and Canada, students enrolled in secondary education must declare a major ____, whereas in European schools students must declare their major ____.

A. before their freshman year of university; before the third year

B. before their sophomore year of university; before the third year

C. by their third year of university; before their freshman year

D. by the fourth year of university; before their third year

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

56. In many European nations, universities require students to declare a major ____.

A. before they enrol

B. after their freshman year

C. after their sophomore year

D. after their junior year

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

57. According to the text, the university or university experience for many Japanese students can be best described as ____.

A. ‘four years of university-sanctioned leisure to think and explore’

B. ‘four years of university-mandated gruelling hard work’

C. ‘four years of commitment and dedication to professional job training’

D. ‘four years of university-required coursework to pass his or her professional job training exams’

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

58. Traditionally, European university students began their majors upon enrolment for their freshman year and did not spend their first two years studying general education. For many European university students, it generally took ____ years to earn a university degree.

A. 2

B. 4

C. 6

D. 8

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

59. On average, for many university and university students in America, it takes ____ to earn a ‘four-year degree.

A. 4 years

B. 5 years

C. 6 years

D. 7 years

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

60. Why are African Americans less likely to obtain a university degree than Whites or Asian Americans? They struggle ____.

A. academically

B. being away from home

C. to fund their university education

D. balancing their family responsibilities with being a university student

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

61. A key to economic growth in a world economy that is increasingly based on information, technology and services is ____.

A. an educated population

B. the number of laptops per capita

C. a banking system willing to fund experimental projects

D. a government that keeps tariffs low

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

62. Who tends to have considerably higher earnings, occupational status and career attainment over the long run?

A. High school dropouts

B. Adults who inherit wealth

C. Adults who acquire tertiary education

D. Graduates of high school

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

63. Pascarella and Terenzini found that in the course of university, students become more ____.

A. vocational

B. academic

C. focused on grades and not learning

D. interested in non-academic endeavours

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

64. Compared to those who do not attend university, emerging adults who obtain tertiary education tend to have considerably ____.

A. higher earnings, occupational status and career attainment over the long run

B. mediocre job success, a greater sense of identity and higher sense of self-worth

C. milder temperament, more secure attachments and happier long-lasting marriages

D. higher earnings, more mellow temperaments and a greater sense of identity

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

65. Ernest Pascarella and Patrick Terenzini’s research found that individuals who attended university had ____ as compared to those who did not attend university.

A. increased critical thinking skills

B. greater egocentric thought

C. decreased analytical skills

D. improved working memory

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

66. From Ernest Pascarella and Patrick Terenzini’s research, which of the following are cited as cognitive benefits of attending university?

A. Increases in general verbal, oral and written communication skills, and critical thinking

B. Increases in sensory memory, working memory, short-term memory and long-term memory

C. Increases in metacognition, creativity, frontal lobe functioning and deductive reasoning

D. Increases in hypothetical reasoning, expressive communication, a faster fluid intelligence and a higher general intelligence score

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

67. Ernest Pascarella and Patrick Terenzini found that as individuals spent more time in university, the goal of university became ____.

A. less vocational and more self-enhancing

B. less enjoyable and more career focused

C. less satisfying and more job orientated

D. less job oriented and more about career training

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

68. As a part of his general education curriculum, Bryce reluctantly enrolled in Fundamentals of Music and Art Appreciation. After the first few weeks of class, Bryce began to notice and appreciate artistic beauty everywhere he went. He also began to experiment with his own artistic projects and related them to his personal areas of interest. In line with Pascarella and Terenzini’s findings, it is clear that the university experience has increased Bryce’s ____.

A. aesthetic and intellectual values

B. critical thinking and reasoning skills

C. personal identity and social connectedness

D. attachments and easy temperament

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

69. Pascarella and Terenzini found that in the course of the university years, individuals become ____ dogmatic, ____ authoritarian and ____ ethnocentric in their political and social views.

A. less; less; less

B. less; more; more

C. more; more; more

D. more; less; less

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

70. Pascarella and Terenzini found that in the course of the university years, a student’s ____.

A. self-concept and psychological well-being improves

B. temperament became more easy-going

C. attachments became more secure

D. physiological responses increased for the better

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

71. Pascarella and Terenzini found that in the course of the university years, individuals became ___ authoritarian, ____ ethnocentric and saw ____ their self-concepts and psychological well-being.

A. more; more; decreases in

B. less; less; decreases in

C. more; more; improvements to

D. less; less; improvements to

Learning Objective: 9.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

72. Pascarella and Terenzini (1991, 2005, 2006) have conducted research in the United States on the benefits of tertiary education. What have they discovered?

A. Oral and written communication skills do not change from high school.

B. Verbal and quantitative skills increase as a function of attending university.

C. Unfortunately, critical thinking skills decrease.

D. Over the course of university, students place more emphasis on university as a pathway to a better job.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

73. You have not seen your 22-year-old cousin in quite some time. After a brief visit, you are impressed that she is more confident socially, is less dogmatic and is less ethnocentric in her political and social views than she had been as a teenager. Given what you know about development, you guess that she has ____.

A. matured

B. graduated from university

C. moved away from home

D. found a romantic partner

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

74. For many emerging adults in Western countries, the question of work and career revolves around ____.

A. identity: ‘What do I really want to do?’

B. finances: ‘How rich can I get?’

C. altruism: ‘How can I help others?’

D. religious faith: ‘Is this what God intends for me?’

Learning Objective: 9.10

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

75. In regards to emerging adulthood, in New Zealand unemployment has been found to be associated with ____.

A. higher risk for depression

B. higher risk for personality disorders

C. higher risk for eating disorders

D. higher risk for schizophrenic disorders

Learning Objective: 9.10

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

76. Your little brother is about to graduate from high school. He has no interest in furthering his education. You are trying to let him know that it is crucial that he has some form of tertiary education. Why is tertiary education so important?

A. Jobs have moved from manufacturing to information-, technology- and service-related jobs that require additional education.

B. A solid liberal arts education is important in becoming a responsible citizen.

C. There are so many manufacturing jobs that he will need to have more experience to land these types of positions.

D. Your brother will need to be able to understand the complex society in which he will be living.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

77. Murnane and Levy (1997) found that what percentage of 17-year-olds could not read or do math at the level needed to perform the types of new jobs that are being created today?

A. 50%

B. 35%

C. 20%

D. 5%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

78. Which of the following are three criteria for unemployment?

A. Not in school, not working and looking for a job

B. In school, not working and not looking for a job

C. Not in school, working part-time and looking for another part-time job

D. In vocational training, working part-time and not looking for a job

Learning Objective: 9.10

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

79. In Australia, the unemployment rate is ____ for emerging adults as compared to adults beyond age 25.

A. 25% higher

B. 75% higher

C. 100% higher

D. 200% higher

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

80. Your 24-year-old neighbour has been living by himself since his mother and father moved across country. He has tried very hard to find a job, but he is still unemployed. As a result, he is probably ____.

A. bored

B. antisocial

C. depressed

D. angry

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

Short

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

82. Using Perry’s theory, describe how your friend might think about her parents getting a divorce at age 13 compared to later, when she graduates from university, at age 20.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

83. Discuss one factor that is associated with gains in reflective judgment during emerging adulthood.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

84. Describe the university educational system in Japan versus Europe. Are there any aspects that you prefer over the system in which you are currently enrolled?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

85. Carla is a divorced middle-age woman who lives in the United States, far from her only living parent and her only sibling and his children, who live in different parts of the Northeast. She has a child entering third grade and would really like to see her family more, especially so her son can grow closer to his cousins. However, she is not sure whether she should move, especially in such a bad economy. What would an adolescent predict she would do and why? What would an emerging adult predict she would do and why? Include their rationales.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: post-formal thinking

86. Compare and contrast the university experience of the Japanese with that from one other country.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

87. Your best friend tells you that sending your daughter to university when she does not know exactly what she wants to do is a waste of money. Drawing upon research, how would you justify spending the time and money to obtain a university education?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

88. Emerging adults of which ethnicity are most likely to be unemployed in the United States? If you are a male from this ethnic background, would you be more or less likely to be unemployed than your grandfather of the same ethnicity? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

Section 3: Emotional and social development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What happens to self-esteem of most people during emerging adulthood?

A. It declines abruptly.

B. It declines slowly.

C. It stays at the level it was during adolescence.

D. It rises.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

2. Compared to childhood, self-esteem ____ during adolescence, then ____ during emerging adulthood.

A. plateaus; declines

B. rises; plateaus

C. declines; rises

D. rises; declines

Learning Objective: 9.11

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

3. Moving from adolescence, most individuals experience a slight increase in self-esteem as they enter into emerging adulthood. Which of the following is a physiological factor that boosts self-esteem?

A. The ending of puberty

B. Developing career goals

C. An established self-concept

D. Graduating from secondary school

Learning Objective: 9.11

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

4. Moving from adolescence, most individuals experience a slight increase in self-esteem as they enter into emerging adulthood. Which of the following is a social factor that boosts self-esteem?

A. The ending of puberty

B. Developing career goals

C. An established self-concept

D. The ending of secondary school

Learning Objective: 9.11

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

5. Moving from adolescence, most individuals experience a slight increase in self-esteem as they enter into emerging adulthood. ____ is/are a physiological factor, whereas _____ is a social factor.

A. An established self-concept; developing career goals

B. Developed career goals; establishing one’s self-concept

C. The ending of puberty; the ending of secondary school

D. The ending of secondary school; the ending of puberty

Learning Objective: 9.11

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

6. Moving from adolescence, most individuals experience ____ in self-esteem as they enter into emerging adulthood.

A. an increase

B. a levelling-off

C. a decline

D. no change

Learning Objective: 9.11

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

7. In Erik Erikson’s theory of development, each stage of life has a central crisis, and in adolescence the crisis is ____.

A. integrity versus despair

B. identity versus role confusion

C. trust versus mistrust

D. autonomy versus shame and doubt

Learning Objective: 9.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

8. Silvia is 22 years old and lives in an apartment with two friends. She’s thinking about her family and the changes that have occurred since she moved out of her parents’ house. During adolescence, she and her parents got along fairly well, but there were times when there was quite a bit of conflict. Now that she has been out of the family house for a few years, her relationship with her parents has likely ____.

A. improved and conflict has declined

B. improved, but conflict has risen

C. deteriorated and conflict has risen

D. deteriorated, but conflict has declined

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

9. Emerging adulthood is when most people move towards making definite, long-term choices in ____.

A. areas in which to live

B. love and work

C. terms of which university to attend

D. starting a family

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

10. When do many of the most important steps in identity development take place?

A. Middle childhood

B. Adolescence

C. Emerging adulthood

D. Young adulthood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

11. In Erikson’s theory, each stage of life has a central crisis. What is the central crisis for adolescents?

A. Industry versus inferiority

B. Identity versus role confusion

C. Intimacy versus isolation

D. Generativity versus stagnation

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

12. Erikson used the term identity crisis to describe the process through which young people construct their identity, but Marcia and other current scholars prefer what term?

A. Confusion

B. Exploration

C. Emergency

D. Development

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

13. For most people, when does identity achievement occur?

A. Middle childhood

B. Adolescence

C. Emerging adulthood

D. Late adulthood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

14. Erik Erikson’s term ____ is what James Marcia has termed ____.

A. identity crisis; exploration

B. exploration; identity crisis

C. diffusion; foreclosure

D. foreclosure; diffusion

Learning Objective: 9.12

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

15. Which of the following is James Marcia’s identity status, in which the individual lacks exploration and commitment to an identity?

A. Foreclosure

B. Moratorium

C. Achievement

D. Diffusion

Learning Objective: 9.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

16. Jacob has been pressured by his father to take over the family farm. Reluctantly, Jacob has agreed to this identity status because that is what is best for his parents. He has not explored his options, but has passively accepted the identity his father imposed on him. From James Marcia’s model, which of the following identity statuses can Jacob’s be categorised as?

A. Foreclosure

B. Moratorium

C. Achievement

D. Diffusion

Learning Objective: 9.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

17. According to the text, limitations on exploration in both love and work are narrower for ____.

A. boys in developed countries

B. girls in developing countries

C. boys in developing cultures

D. girls in developed cultures

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

18. Because of globalisation, more young people around the world now have one part of their identity rooted in their local culture while another part stems from an awareness of their relation to the global culture. What do scholars call this type of identity?

A. Multicultural identity

B. Bicultural identity

C. Hybrid identity

D. Blended identity

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

19. Your roommate is from an urban area in Mexico. Culturally, she has a very strong commitment to her family. To stay in contact with her family, she uses Facebook and her cell phone to talk and to text. In terms of identity, she has a ____.

A. multicultural identity

B. bicultural identity

C. hybrid identity

D. blended identity

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

20. A ____ is when an individual has one part of their identity rooted in their local culture while another part stems from an awareness of their relation to the global culture.

A. split identity

B. bicultural identity

C. marginalised identity

D. multi-identity

Learning Objective: 9.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

21. An emerging adult who grows up in urban Mexico and combines the local culture, such as the importance of obligations to family, with elements of the global culture, such as using global media, is an example of a ____.

A. hybrid identity

B. bicultural identity

C. marginalised identity

D. multi-identity

Learning Objective: 9.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

22. Because adolescents and emerging adults who are members of ethnic minorities have to confront ethnic identity issues, their identity development is likely to be more ____.

A. disrupted

B. simplified

C. confusing

D. complex

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

23. When you first met, your roommate told you that he was Native American. Other than him telling you that he was Native American, there really is little suggestion of his ethnicity. According to Phinney, what ethnic identity status has your roommate taken?

A. Assimilation

B. Marginality

C. Separation

D. Biculturalism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

24. You are reading a story about an Aboriginal Native in Australia who rejected his ethnic culture to assimilate into the majority culture and is living in Melbourne. However, he is having difficulty in his new role since he is not being fully accepted by members of the majority culture. According to Phinney, what ethnic identity status has the character in this story taken?

A. Assimilation

B. Marginality

C. Separation

D. Biculturalism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

25. According to Phinney, what ethnic identity status involves associating only with members of one’s own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture?

A. Assimilation

B. Marginality

C. Separation

D. Biculturalism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

26. Which of the following terms best describes an ethnic group or ethnicity?

A. African American, Chinese Canadian, Turkish Dutch

B. Black race, White race, Asian race

C. American citizen, Canadian citizen, Danish citizen

D. genetic African, genetic Asian, genetic White

Learning Objective: 9.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

27. ____ involves leaving behind the ways of one’s ethnic group and adopting the values and way of life of the majority culture, whereas ____ involves rejecting one’s culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture.

A. Marginality; assimilation

B. Assimilation; marginality

C. Separation; biculturalism

D. Biculturalism; separation

Learning Objective: 9.12

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

28. Your family is African American. Your brother is able to act in accordance with his ethnic background or with the majority culture when he deems it appropriate. He has developed a dual identity in this regard. According to Phinney, what ethnic identity status has your brother taken?

A. Assimilation

B. Marginality

C. Separation

D. Biculturalism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

29. According to Phinney, what ethnic identity status is the most common among Mexican Americans and Asian Americans, as well as some European minority groups such as Turkish individuals living in the Netherlands?

A. Assimilation

B. Marginality

C. Separation

D. Biculturalism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

30. According to Phinney, what ethnic identity status is the most common among African American adolescents?

A. Assimilation

B. Marginality

C. Separation

D. Biculturalism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

31. According to Phinney, what ethnic identity status is the most common among Native American adolescents?

A. Assimilation

B. Marginality

C. Separation

D. Biculturalism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

32. Recent research by Farver, Bhadha and Narang (2002) found that adolescents from ethnic groups who are bicultural or assimilated have ____.

A. higher self-esteem

B. lower self-esteem

C. difficulty with their own ethnic members

D. difficulty fully engaging with the majority culture

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

33. ____ is the approach that involves associating only with members of one’s own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture, whereas _____ involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture.

A. Marginality; assimilation

B. Assimilation; marginality

C. Separation; biculturalism

D. Biculturalism; separation

Learning Objective: 9.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

34. The results of Australian Human Rights Commission research show a clear trend towards more ____ gender attitudes in recent decades.

A. egalitarian

B. polarised

C. sexist

D. discriminatory

Learning Objective: 9.13

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

35. The results of Australian Human Rights Commission research show that ______ are increasingly taking on leadership roles in organisations.

A. men

B. women

C. older adults

D. secondary school graduates

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

36. You get irritated with some of your classmates during class discussions. Several of the males have attitudes that all women have specific characteristics, which you know is not accurate. What concept are they expressing?

A. Ignorance

B. Stereotype

C. Gender bias

D. Sexism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

37. Gender stereotypes include beliefs about ____.

A. objects

B. people

C. places

D. groups

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

38. You are a female university student in the late 1960s who participated in a study that asked you to evaluate the quality of several articles written by professionals in a variety of fields. Some of the articles were in stereotypically female fields and some were in stereotypically male fields. Even though the articles were exactly the same, some of them were stated to have been authored by men, while others were stated to have been authored by women. After the study was completed, you were able to view the results. What where they?

A. Female authors were rated higher in stereotypically female fields.

B. Male authors were rated higher in stereotypically male fields.

C. Females were rated higher in all fields.

D. Males were rated higher in all fields.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

39. A(n) _________ occurs when people believe others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group.

A. stereotype

B. discrimination

C. negative behaviour

D. unconscious association

Learning Objective: 9.13

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

40. Joe believes that females cannot be pilots and opposes the military’s use of women in combat. It is his belief that females are not strong enough, emotionally and physically, to perform the duties that are required to fly fighter jets. Joe’s belief that women are weak is ____.

A. a stereotype

B. a form of discrimination

C. a negative behaviour

D. an unconscious association

Learning Objective: 9.13

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

41. According to the text, both religious participation and religious beliefs ____ throughout the teens and early twenties than at any other period of the lifespan.

A. increase

B. stay the same

C. decline

D. follow that of their parents

Learning Objective: 9.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

42. From the research of Smith and Snell, which of the following best describes religious involvement for emerging adults?

A. About 30% attended religious services at least once a month

B. About 75% attended religious services at least once a month

C. 50% attended religious services at least once a week

D. 90% attended religious services at least once a week

Learning Objective: 9.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

43. Smith and Snell found ____ among emerging adults to be related to ____ well-being and ____ rates of participation in a variety of risk behaviours.

A. religious beliefs and participation; higher; lower

B. religious beliefs and participation; lower; higher

C. consistent moderate exercise; higher; lower

D. consistent moderate exercise; lower; higher

Learning Objective: 9.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

44. What percentage of emerging adults reported that religious faith is ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ important in their lives?

A. 22%

B. 44%

C. 66%

D. 88%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

45. What percentage of emerging adults reported believing in God?

A. 65%

B. 75%

C. 85%

D. 95%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

46. Your roommate is Catholic and you and he have had some very involved and interesting conversations regarding religion. After many such discussions, you realise that although your roommate indicates that he is Catholic, he really does not believe, practice or adhere to much of Catholicism. From your knowledge of emerging adults, are his thoughts typical?

A. No, most emerging adults’ religious thoughts are consistent with their denominations.

B. No, most emerging adults have no interest in religion.

C. Yes, most emerging adults who align themselves with a religion do not necessarily agree with all the beliefs of that denomination.

D. Yes, most emerging adults are very religious.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

47. According to Smith and Snell, emerging adults tend to believe that what is most important about religion is the ____.

A. belief in God and having religious faith

B. belief in helping each other become better people

C. belief in God and making sure that all people follow a strict view of what is right and wrong

D. belief in denominational dogma and rules to seek salvation

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

48. From the text, which of the following is an explanation of why emerging adults in Europe have a low rate of political participation?

A. They are not granted the right to vote until age 30.

B. Younger individuals are not exposed to and taught the political system.

C. They possess low levels of trust in political authorities and the political system.

D. Democracy and freedom are new to many European countries.

Learning Objective: 9.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

49. Which of the following individuals is more likely to be involved in political extremes, including protests, revolutionary movements and terrorism?

A. An individual who is in their late teens

B. An individual who is in the stage of emerging adulthood

C. An individual who is closer to middle adulthood

D. An individual who is in late adulthood

Learning Objective: 9.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

50. In most countries, what is the age when people first receive the right to vote?

A. 16 years old

B. 18 years old

C. 20 years old

D. 22 years old

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

51. Your 27-year-old sister has been very involved in volunteer work since she graduated from high school. She has been involved with several different organisations. Is her behaviour considerably different than other emerging adults?

A. Yes, only 21% of emerging adults engage in volunteer work.

B. Yes, only 41% of emerging adults engage in volunteer work.

C. No, about 61% of emerging adults engage in volunteer work.

D. No, about 81% of emerging adults participate in volunteer work.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

52. The leaders of politically extreme groups are usually in midlife or older. Who are their most zealous followers?

A. Adolescents

B. Emerging adults

C. Young adults

D. Middle adults

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

53. The collapse of communism began in Eastern Europe in 1989 and was initiated by ____.

A. individuals in their late teens

B. individuals in emerging adulthood

C. individuals in middle adulthood

D. individuals in late adulthood

Learning Objective: 9.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

54. In most Western majority cultures, most young people move out of their parents’ home sometime during ____.

A. emerging adulthood

B. late adulthood

C. young adulthood

D. adolescence

Learning Objective: 9.16

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

55. Typically, relationships between parents and emerging adults ____ once the young person leaves home. Numerous studies have confirmed that emerging adults report ____.

A. improve; greater closeness towards their parents after moving out

B. deteriorate; greater distance from their parents after moving out

C. become worse; a desire to be separated from their parents

D. do not change; neutral feelings about being separated from the parents

Learning Objective: 9.16

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

56. Which of the following best describes the feelings of an emerging adult and his or her parent(s) as the young person leaves the home?

A. ‘Absence makes the heart grow fonder’

B. ‘Storm and stress, resistance and rebellion’

C. ‘Relief and good-riddance’

D. ‘Joy and exhilaration’

Learning Objective: 9.16

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

57. What is one of the most common reasons for leaving home as stated by emerging adults?

A. Going to university

B. Too much conflict at home with their parents

C. Getting away from irritating younger siblings

D. Parents insisted that the emerging adult move out

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

58. The emerging adults who reported the highest levels of closeness to their parents and valued their parents’ opinions most highly were those who lived ____.

A. in the same town and had daily contact

B. at least an hour away by car

C. in a different region of the country

D. in a different country

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

59. What percentage of Australian emerging adults ‘return to the nest’ to live at least once after they initially left?

A. 22%

B. 46%

C. 66%

D. 87%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

60. You finished university last year and have not been able to find a job yet. As a result, you moved back home with your parents. At first, you were worried that the transition back would cause considerable conflict, but it has not. Although you know that this is only a temporary situation, what is one of the most likely reasons that it is going well?

A. Your parents recognise that you are an adult and are treating you that way.

B. Your parents have imposed quite a few ‘rules’ that you have to follow.

C. You like being treated like a child again.

D. Your parents are just pretending; they really resent you coming back home to live.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

61. In what developed countries do emerging adults tend to live with their parents longer than in the United States?

A. South American countries

B. African countries

C. Asian countries

D. European countries

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

62. What percentage of Italians aged 15 to 24 live with their parents?

A. 94%

B. 74%

C. 54%

D. 34%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

63. According to the text, about ____ of Australian emerging adults ‘return to the nest’ to live at least once after they leave.

A. 16%

B. 20%

C. 46%

D. 60%

Learning Objective: 9.16

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

64. Which of the following, willingly and happily, will most likely live with his or her parents until their late 20s or early 30s?

A. An emerging adult from Italy

B. An emerging adult from the United States

C. An emerging adult from Canada

D. An emerging adult from Germany

Learning Objective: 9.16

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

65. During emerging adulthood, most individuals describe their friendships with others as being ____.

A. especially close

B. few and far between

C. non-existent

D. limited and unsatisfying

Learning Objective: 9.17

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

66. ____ promoted emotional closeness for young women, whereas for young men ____ was/were usually the basis of feeling emotional closeness.

A. An easy temperament; a difficult temperament

B. A difficult temperament; an easy temperament

C. Self-disclosure; shared activities

D. Shared activities; self-disclosure

Learning Objective: 9.17

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

67. Which of the following is a common activity that emerging adults engage in with their friends?

A. Unstructured socialising

B. Media related activities

C. Outdoors and camping activities

D. Fitness and leisure activities

Learning Objective: 9.17

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

68. When asked to describe a time when they felt especially close to a friend, emerging adults (aged 18–20) were more likely than early adolescents (aged 12–13) to report times in which there was ____.

A. more self-disclosure and more shared activities

B. more self-disclosure and fewer shared activities

C. less self-disclosure and more shared activities

D. less self-disclosure and fewer shared activities

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

69. Amalyeh and her university roommate, Caitlin, have a lot in common. They both were very active in athletics in high school and not only play on intramural teams now, but watch quite a bit of sports on television together. Even though Amalyeh spends a lot of time with Caitlin, she rarely tells her much about herself in terms of what she is thinking. As an emerging adult, how does Amalyeh likely feel about this?

A. She would prefer more self-disclosure than shared activities.

B. She likes it. Emerging adults preferred shared activities rather than self-disclosure.

C. She likes it. As an emerging adult, your sister does not care to engage in self-disclosure.

D. She likes it. The most important aspect for emerging adults is shared activities.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

70. Overall, leisure activities with friends ____ in the course of the 20s as emerging individuals transition into young and middle adulthood.

A. decline steadily

B. decline sharply

C. increase steadily

D. increase sharply

Learning Objective: 9.17

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

71. A key part of emerging adulthood involves moving away from one’s family. According to the text, which of the following are three ways in which emerging adults move away from the family?

A. Geographically, socially and emotionally

B. Cognitively, socially and behaviourally

C. Emotionally, physically and geographically

D. Physiologically, geographically and spiritually

Learning Objective: 9.18

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

72. Kulika is a Cambodian American in his early 30s. For the last 5 years he has provided for and taken care of his mother, who was unemployed due to an economic recession. Being recently married, he is ready to begin his new life as a husband and father. It is quite clear that he is torn between his old life, which involved his mother, and his new life, which involves his wife. From Jennifer Tanner’s (2006) stance on emerging adulthood, which of the following best describes Kulika’s situation?

A. Re-centring

B. Re-negotiating

C. Re-evaluating

D. Re-assessing

Learning Objective: 9.18

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

73. Which of the following best describes Jennifer Tanner’s principle of re-centring?

A. The centre of emotional life is transferred from the original family to a long-term romantic partner.

B. The centre of emotional frustration is transferred from its original source to a secondary nonrelated source.

C. During infancy, the centre of development is located within an individual’s genotype, but as time passes, environment plays a larger role, therefore moving the centre of development.

D. The typical American emerging adult is likely to move back into his or her parents’ home at least once, thus re-centring their everyday activities back to their childhood home and away from a dorm or shared apartment.

Learning Objective: 9.18

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

74. What does Jennifer Tanner (2006) call moving away from one’s family, not just geographically, but socially and emotionally, and moving towards a new love partner in marriage or another long-term romantic partnership?

A. Disengagement

B. Family independence

C. Re-centring

D. Re-calibrating

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

75. People like to find in others a match that reaffirms their own way of looking at the world. This is referred to as ____.

A. commonality

B. consensual validation

C. re-invention

D. recalibrating

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

76. In Australia, cohabitation before marriage is now experienced by ____ of people aged 20–29.

A. 25%

B. 33%

C. 66%

D. 79%

Learning Objective: 9.18

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

77. According to the text, about ____ of 18- to 23-year-olds report having had two or more sexual partners in the past year.

A. one-fourth

B. one-third

C. two-third

D. three-fourth

Learning Objective: 9.18

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

78. According to the text, about ____ of 18- to 23-year-olds report having not had sex at all in the past year.

A. one-fourth

B. one-third

C. two-third

D. three-fourth

Learning Objective: 9.18

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

79. At the beginning of emerging adulthood, age 18, about ____ of Americans have had intercourse at least once, and by age 25 nearly ____ emerging adults have had intercourse at least once.

A. one-fourth; one-half

B. one-half; all

C. three-fourth; all

D. 90%; all

Learning Objective: 9.18

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

80. In Australia, cohabitation rates have risen, with ______ of people aged 20–29 years living in de facto relationships.

A. 88%

B. 66%

C. 44%

D. 22%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

81. Nearly what percentage of emerging adults in Scandinavian countries cohabit before marriage?

A. 100%

B. 80%

C. 60%

D. 40%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

82. Your parents are concerned because your younger sister, who just turned 18 years old, told them that she is sexually active. What would you tell them?

A. Her behaviour is very uncommon, only 10% of adolescents have had sexual intercourse before age 18.

B. Her behaviour is fairly uncommon, only 25% of adolescents have had sexual intercourse before age 18.

C. Her behaviour is fairly common in that 50% of adolescents have had sexual intercourse before age 18.

D. Her behaviour is very common in that 80% of adolescents have had sexual intercourse before age 18.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

83. By age 25, nearly what percentage of emerging adults have had sexual intercourse at least once?

A. 100%

B. 90%

C. 80%

D. 70%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

84. Those emerging adults who remain virgins because they have chosen to wait rather than because they had no opportunity for sex are referred to as ____.

A. accidental abstainers

B. active abstainers

C. sexual objectors

D. religious conservatives

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

85. Various studies have found that ____ of American emerging adults report having sex outside of a romantic partnership.

A. 10%

B. 25%

C. 50%

D. 70%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

86. What percentage of emerging adults reported having consumed alcohol before their most recent sexual encounter?

A. 10% to 15%

B. 25% to 50%

C. 60% to 75%

D. 85% to 90%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

87. Your parents have made several comments to you regarding contraception. They believe that emerging adults are constantly engaging in sexual behaviours. You agree that you are typical of most emerging adults, but what statistic from the text can you give to clarify their perception? You can tell them that you are aware of contraceptive devices and that, generally speaking, only ____ of emerging adults report never using contraception.

A. 10%

B. 25%

C. 40%

D. 55%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

88. Your sister’s female roommate has never engaged in premarital sexual intercourse because it is very much discouraged in her culture. Which of these countries is she most likely from?

A. Norway

B. United Kingdom

C. Brazil

D. Japan

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

89. AIDS has been most devastating in ____ Africa, where 10 of every 11 new HIV infections worldwide takes place.

A. western

B. central

C. northern

D. southern

Learning Objective: 9.18

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

90. What percentage of STIs in the United States occur in people who are aged 15 to 24 years?

A. 10%

B. 30%

C. 50%

D. 70%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

91. Your 22-year-old sister was horrified to learn that she contracted an STI that could potentially increase her risk of infertility. What are two STIs she could have?

A. HIV and gonorrhea

B. Syphilis and hepatitis C

C. Herpes and trichomoniasis

D. Chlamydia and human papilloma virus

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

92. Your mother is really interested in your younger sister getting a vaccine that may prevent her from getting cervical cancer. What vaccine is she talking about?

A. HIV vaccine

B. Hep C vaccine

C. HPV vaccine

D. Herpes vaccine

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

93. Where do 10 of every 11 new HIV infections occur?

A. North America

B. Asia

C. Africa

D. Europe

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

94. How many Americans aged 18–29 use social networking websites?

A. 60%

B. 70%

C. 80%

D. 90%

Learning Objective: 9.19

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

95. In a university study, _____ of young men and _____ of young women reported viewing internet pornography.

A. 63%; 42%

B. 92%; 56%

C. 52%; 12%

D. 87%; 31%

Learning Objective: 9.19

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

96. Mobile phones are used by _____ of 18- to 24-year-olds in Sweden.

A. 57%

B. 90%

C. 75%

D. 9%

Learning Objective: 9.19

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

97. What percentage of Australians used a mobile phone as of 2013?

A. 92%

B. 81%

C. 76%

D. 64%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

98. A study of university students in the United Kingdom found a negative correlation between the number of hours per week spent online and ____.

A. socialising

B. grades

C. exercising

D. extramural activities

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

99. Emerging adults use the Internet for various reasons. Several studies have found that there is a relationship between Internet use and other factors. Which of the following best describes their findings?

A. A negative correlation exists between heavy internet use and academic performance; as Internet use increased, academic performance decreased.

B. A negative correlation exists between heavy internet use and academic performance; as Internet use increased, academic performance increased.

C. A positive correlation exists between heavy internet use and academic performance; as Internet use increased, academic performance increased.

D. A positive correlation exists between heavy internet use and academic performance; as Internet use decreased, academic performance decreased.

Learning Objective: 9.19

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

100. Among 18- to 29-year-olds in the United States, about what percentage use social networking websites?

A. 90%

B. 72%

C. 60%

D. 48%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

101. What is the number one use of the Internet as measured by the number of hits, the number of websites or the amount of money spent?

A. Dating

B. Social networking

C. Pornography

D. Information gathering/learning

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

102. In a study of university students at six sites around the United States, what percentage of young men reported viewing Internet pornography?

A. 87%

B. 77%

C. 67%

D. 57%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

103. In a study of university students at six sites around the United States, what percentage of young women reported viewing Internet pornography?

A. 71%

B. 51%

C. 31%

D. 11%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

104. In the United States, what percentage of 18- to 19-year-olds own a cell phone?

A. 93%

B. 83%

C. 73%

D. 63%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

105. A study of Japanese adolescents found that more than half of those who owned a cell phone sent at least how many text messages a day to their friends?

A. 130

B. 90

C. 50

D. 10

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

106. Your university roommate, like most of your friends, uses her cell phone to text quite a bit. If she is like the average university student, how many text messages a week would she send to her parents?

A. 33

B. 23

C. 13

D. 3

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

Short

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 9.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: cultural beliefs

108. Are people who cohabit before marriage more or less likely to get divorced? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

109. Are rates of STIs higher or lower in emerging adulthood than they are in adolescence? Give one reason why this is the case.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

110. When emerging adults in the United States are asked how they ended up in their current job, what is likely to be a typical response? Do you think this is going to change in future generations?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

111. Discuss the trends of leaving home among emerging adults of different ethnic backgrounds in the United States. How does this compare to those in European countries? Include pros and cons of ‘leaving the nest’ in your answer.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood

112. When it comes to romantic partners, do ‘opposites attract’ or do ‘birds of a feather flock together’? Cite research to support your answer and explain why.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 9.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood