Chapter 7 Middle Childhood Verified Test Bank - Human Development ANZ Edition -Test Bank by Jensen Arnett. DOCX document preview.
Arnett, Human Development: A Cultural Approach, First edition
Chapter 7: Middle childhood
Section 1: Physical development
Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many centimetres per year does the average child gain in height during this time?
A. 5–8
B. 6–9
C. 7–10
D. 8–11
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
2. In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many kilograms per year does the average child gain in weight during this time?
A. 2–2.5
B. 2.5–3
C. 3–3.5
D. 3.5–4
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
3. During which of the following time periods of life are boys and girls most likely to be the slimmest?
A. Infancy
B. Middle childhood
C. Adolescence
D. Late childhood
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
4. What is the measure of the ratio of weight to height called?
A. Growth index
B. Body fat index
C. Body mass index
D. W-H index
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
5. ____ is a measure of the ratio of weight to height.
A. Body growth scale
B. Body mass index
C. Progressive development index
D. Physiological rating
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
6. Children during middle childhood can run faster and longer. What allows children to achieve these results during this time in the lifespan?
A. The heart grows 80% larger during this time.
B. Competition leads to increased willingness to put forth more effort.
C. Cognitive desire increases.
D. Lung capacity expands.
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
7. When he was 6 years old, Perry used to chase his older brother, Marcus, in the backyard, but got winded sooner than Marcus did. Now that Perry is a 9-year-old, he can run faster and longer than ever before and has less trouble keeping up with Marcus’s pace. This is a result of increased ____ in middle childhood.
A. lung capacity
B. fine motor movement
C. flexibility
D. myopic vision
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
8. From ages 6 to 12 years, how many primary teeth do children lose?
A. A quarter of them
B. Half of them
C. Three-quarters
D. All of them
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
9. How many primary teeth do children have?
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
10. Your sister has an 8-year-old who seems to be losing his teeth at a rapid pace. This is her first child and she is concerned. What would you tell her? From ages 6 to 12 years, children ____.
A. lose all of their primary teeth—this is normal
B. lose some of their teeth, but at a very slow rate
C. do not lose any teeth—she needs to consult a dentist immediately
D. only lose the front few teeth
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
11. Hearing improves in middle childhood because the tube in the inner ear that is often the site of ear infections in toddlerhood and early childhood has now matured to be longer and narrower than it was before. How does this help with ear infections?
A. The tympanic membrane becomes less permeable.
B. It allows the immune system to concentrate its efforts on this area.
C. Children develop immunity to the bacteria that cause ear infections during this time.
D. Less bacteria-containing fluid flows from the mouth to the ear.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
12. Your 4-year-old niece has inner ear infections fairly often. What is a bit of good news that you could tell her mother? In middle childhood, ____.
A. she will have more ear infections, but the infections build a stronger immune system
B. she will have fewer ear infections, and the earlier infections might lead to improved hearing later
C. changes in the ear will help children become better listeners
D. changes in the ear will result in fewer ear infections
Answer D
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
13. What term describes nearsightedness?
A. Myopia
B. Presbycusis
C. Hyperopia
D. Protanopia
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
14. Myopia is also known as ____.
A. farsightedness
B. nearsightedness
C. binocular vision
D. monocular vision
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
15. Your sister came home from a paediatrician’s visit with your 9-year-old nephew and was very worried because the doctor told her that your nephew has myopia. She was also very unhappy because the paediatrician failed to give her medication to treat it. What would you tell her about myopia?
A. It simply means nearsightedness.
B. It is an intense fungal infection of the sclera.
C. It results in permanent retinal damage.
D. It is a disease of the eye that occurs only in children with cancer.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
16. What is a factor that can lead to children developing nearsightedness?
A. Reading
B. Watching movies
C. Bird watching
D. Batting at the batting cage
Answer A
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
17. Your sister is happy that your niece loves to read and she reads constantly. What is a potential problem that can occur as a function of reading?
A. Hyperopia
B. Protanopia
C. Myopia
D. Retinopathy
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
18. Myopia is more likely to occur in _____, as it is positively correlated with _____.
A. developed countries; reading, writing and using computers
B. developing countries; reading, writing and using computers
C. developed countries; hunting, farming and gathering
D. developing countries; hunting, farming and gathering
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
19. Which of the following pairs has the highest concordance rate for myopia?
A. Monozygotic twins in a developed nation
B. Monozygotic twins in a developing nation
C. Dizygotic twins in a developed nation
D. Dizygotic twins in a developing nation
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
20. According to Mutti et al. (2002), what percentage of children in developed countries need glasses by the end of middle childhood?
A. 15%
B. 25%
C. 35%
D. 45%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
21. Improvements in _____ in middle childhood allow a child to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river.
A. balance
B. strength
C. hand–eye coordination
D. reaction time
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
22. Agility is ____.
A. synchronisation of different body parts
B. moving quickly and precisely
C. a response to changing information
D. the ability to manage equilibrium
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
23. At age 7, Felix is a much better soccer player than he was at age 4. Not only is he a fast runner but he can dribble the soccer ball down the field by alternating right-foot, left-foot kicks. He can also fake out defenders by pretending to kick the ball with his right foot but actually using his left foot. Felix’s improvement in soccer illustrates growth in which of the following areas?
A. Balance
B. Agility
C. Reaction time
D. Strength
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
24. Development in what allows children in middle childhood to respond rapidly to changing information, like hitting a tennis ball or catching a baseball?
A. Reaction time
B. Eye–hand coordination
C. Myelination
D. Muscular virility
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
25. ____ is the ability to move quickly and precisely, whereas ____ is the response to changing information.
A. Agility; reaction time
B. Reaction time; agility
C. Coordination; strength
D. Strength; coordination
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
26. Each year, about ________ Australian children participate in Auskick.
A. 27,000
B. 70,000
C. 170,000
D. 207,000
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
27. What percentage of American middle school children in 1969 participated in daily physical education?
A. 80%
B. 50%
C. 30%
D. 8%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
28. . What percentage of American middle school children in 2005 participated in daily physical education?
A. 80%
B. 50%
C. 30%
D. 8%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
29. In the United States, the percentage of children involved in daily physical education programs during middle childhood decreased from ____ in 1969 to just ____ in 2005.
A. 80%; 8%
B. 70%; 7%
C. 60%; 6%
D. 50%; 5%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
30. Not many 3- or 4-year-olds can ____ successfully, but nearly all ____-year-olds can.
A. tie their shoe; 8–9
B. kick a ball; 5–6
C. pet a dog; 8–9
D. run and jump; 6–7
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
31. In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their ____.
A. ability to perform gross motor tasks such as threading a needle on a sewing machine
B. cognitive ability to perform complex conceptual tasks such as designing products
C. emotional stability, because some adult factory employees are hot tempered
D. ability to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
32. Across cultures, advances in fine motor development are especially evident in two areas—what are they?
A. Throwing and catching
B. Drawing and writing
C. Jumping and hopping
D. Walking backwards and rolling
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
33. Which of the following fine motor tasks is within the appropriate developmental age range for a 6-year-old?
A. Writing the letters of the alphabet, their name and numbers from 1 to 10
B. Writing complete sentences, reading a second-grade level book and spelling words such as ‘hippopotamus’
C. Running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles and dribbling a soccer ball
D. Writing in cursive, drawing in three-dimensional shapes and using symbolism in storytelling
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
34. 6-year-olds can ____, whereas 8-year-olds can ____.
A. divide numbers in their head; add numbers in their head
B. add numbers in their head; divide numbers in their head
C. write in cursive; write letters of the alphabet
D. write letters of the alphabet; write in cursive
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
35. By the end of middle childhood, what abilities have nearly reached adult maturity?
A. Gross motor skills
B. Psycho-motor skills
C. Vestibular-motor skills
D. Fine motor skills
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
36. Your brother was a baseball shortstop during university. His 8-year-old son is not nearly as good at catching a baseball as your brother would like. He was hoping that your nephew would also be interested in and good at baseball. Although you think that your brother should support his son’s interests rather than have your nephew pursue what your brother wants him to do, what can you tell your brother about his son’s athletic abilities?
A. Gross motor skills continue to develop for quite a while, he should be patient.
B. His son is probably not going to be athletic. He is too clumsy.
C. Perhaps your brother should enrol his son in gymnastics to help him improve his coordination.
D. His son’s chance of being a great baseball player is doomed. Your nephew’s fine motor skills seem to be abnormal.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
37. Generally, by the end of middle childhood the fine motor abilities have ____, whereas gross motor development ____.
A. remained the same; has grown exponentially
B. reached their pinnacle; grew very little
C. nearly reached adult maturity; will continue to advance for many years to come
D. tripled in strength; has declined rapidly
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
38. When are children less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition?
A. Infancy
B. Early childhood
C. Middle childhood
D. Adolescence
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
39. As compared to earlier times, physical development during middle childhood is best described as:
A. ‘Bodies are stronger and immune systems are better developed.’
B. ‘Bodies are much more susceptible to disease and illness.’
C. ‘Bodies are much pudgier with a higher body mass index.’
D. ‘Bodies are much weaker and immune systems are stressed and taxed.’
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
40. Barrett and Frank (1987) studied children from Guatemala who were classified as having high nutrient levels or low nutrient levels. Compared to children with low nutrient levels, children with high nutrient levels were ____.
A. more likely to explore and to persist in a frustrating situation
B. likely to cling to their mothers more
C. significantly more anxious
D. less likely to be energetic
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
41. In a Guatemalan study that examined nutrition and development, children who were classified as having ____ were more likely than children with ____ to explore new environments in middle childhood and persist in a frustrating situation.
A. low body mass index; high body mass index
B. high body mass index; low body mass index
C. low nutrient levels; high nutrient levels
D. high nutrient levels; low nutrient levels
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
42. Children are considered to be overweight if they ____.
A. eat more than 2,000 calories a day
B. fail to exercise for more than 30 minutes per day
C. have a BMI that exceeds 18
D. have 20% or more body fat
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
43. Children are considered to be obese if they ____.
A. eat more than 4,000 calories a day
B. fail to exercise for more than 10 minutes per day
C. have a BMI that exceeds 21
D. have 40% or more body fat
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
44. Your little brother, who is 8 years old, has gained a lot of weight over the past couple of years and your parents are concerned. At his annual physical exam, the doctor indicated that he had a BMI of 23. This means that your brother ____.
A. is obese
B. is overweight
C. is of normal weight
D. is actually underweight for his age
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
45. Children are considered to be ____ if their BMI exceeds 18 and ____ if their BMI exceeds 21.
A. overweight; obese
B. obese; overweight
C. underweight; emaciated
D. emaciated; underweight
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
46. Across countries, rates of overweight and obesity are highest in the most ____ regions and lowest in the ____ regions.
A. affluent; poorest
B. poorest; affluent
C. largest; smallest
D. smallest; largest
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
47. In New Zealand, rates of overweight and obesity are higher in ____.
A. ethnic minority groups
B. high income families
C. first-generation families
D. White American families
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
48. Which group in New Zealand has the highest rates of childhood obesity?
- Maori
- Pacific
- Low SES
- High SES
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
49. Which group in New Zealand has the lowest rates of childhood obesity?
- Maori
- Pacific
- Low SES
- High SES
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
50. At what point did obesity begin to climb dramatically in Australia?
- 1900
- 1930
- 1950
- 1970
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
51. Which of the following changes is the largest contributor to the increased rate of overweight and obese children?
A. Dietary change
B. Genetic change
C. Chromosomal change
D. Biological change
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
52. You are a single parent of two children who are 7 and 9 years old. You have noticed that both of them are starting to look like they are gaining weight. According to the text, what is the most important thing that you can do to ensure that they will not become overweight or obese?
A. Prepare healthy foods for meals
B. Never let them eat desserts
C. Increase their activity levels
D. Allow them to snack while playing video games
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
53. As a contributor to the ____ rate of obesity, over recent decades people have become ____ likely to prepare meals at home and ____ likely to buy meals away from home.
A. increased; less; more
B. increased; more; less
C. decreased; less; more
D. decreased; more; less
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
54. Why are the rates of overweight and obese children in developing countries rising?
A. There is a worldwide shortage of protein.
B. Their children are becoming lazy.
C. Their diets are becoming more like the diets of developed countries.
D. They are also acquiring the technology to play games on the Internet for hours.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
55. You and your roommate are having a discussion of the ‘Westernisation’ of many developing countries. You are concerned about the ill effects of some of Western culture. In terms of the healthy weight of children in developing countries, why would you be concerned about the potential changes in their diets that can come with Westernisation? Children in developing countries ____.
A. can now get pre-packaged Western foods that contain precisely the nutrients that they require
B. require that their diets contain fluoride because of the great risk of tooth decay
C. need extra calories to be healthy and Western diets are not sufficient
D. are eating more unhealthy foods as a result of Western diets
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
56. In a study that followed a sample of children who were involved in various levels TV watching. The study showed that as TV viewing increases, so does ____.
A. aggression
B. academic scores
C. cognitive ability
D. socioemotional maturity
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
57. Which of the following age groups has the highest amount of media use on weekdays in Australia?
A. 4–5
B. 6–7
C. 10–11
D. 12–13
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
58. Your brother was happy to report to you that your 7-year-old niece and 8-year-old nephew both watch about 3 hours of educational television per day. He is convinced that this is a great way for his children to learn additional information that is not presented in school. What do you think? Your niece and nephew are likely to ____.
A. develop technical skills that other children their ages do not possess
B. skip a grade level soon
C. be on their way to becoming overweight or obese
D. be two of the smartest children at their schools
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
59. In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11, TV watching predicted gains in body fat. The study found that these were ____.
A. positively correlated—as TV consumption increased, body fat increased
B. negatively correlated—as TV consumption increased, body fat decreased
C. uncorrelated—there is no relationship between TV consumption and body fat
D. neutrally correlated—as TV consumption increased, body fat remained the same
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
60. As children spend more time watching TV, they are more likely to be ____ and spend less time ____.
A. overweight or obese; exercising
B. underweight or thin; using a computer
C. of average weight; reading
D. overweight or underweight; in school
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
61. Which of the following age groups has the lowest amount of media use on weekdays in Australia?
A. 4–5
B. 6–7
C. 10–11
D. 12–13
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
62. What has research discovered regarding childhood obesity in children who were adopted? Adopted children ____.
A. have BMIs that are more similar to their adoptive parents
B. are likely to have the same interest in sedentary games as their biological parents
C. crave sweets and fats like their biological parents
D. have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
63. Adopted children tend to have a ____ that is closer to their ____ than to their ____.
A. BMI; biological parents; adoptive parents
B. BMI; adoptive parents; biological parents
C. blood glucose level; biological parents; adoptive parents
D. blood glucose level; adoptive parents; biological parents
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
64. What can be said regarding the relationship between genetics and obesity?
A. Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.
B. Genetics is destiny. If an individual has the FTO gene, he or she will become obese.
C. There really is no genetic relationship, only environment.
D. Eating sweets and carbs changes chromosomes so that the individual’s offspring will have difficulties with obesity.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
65. You have a friend whose parents are obese. Since he graduated from university, he has devoted a significant amount of his efforts to doing well in his new job, leaving him with less time to exercise and prepare healthy meals. Consequently, he has gained weight. He is concerned that since he must have the FTO gene, he is doomed to be obese like his parents. What would you tell him?
A. Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. If he eats nutritious meals and begins to exercise, he should lose the weight.
B. Genetics is destiny. He might as well not worry about becoming obese since he is definitely going to be obese no matter what he does.
C. His weight gain has nothing to do with his parents. There really is no genetic relationship.
D. His parents must have eaten quite a bit of sweets and carbs before he was conceived and he now has the genes for obesity.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
66. Which of the following age groups has the lowest amount of media use on weekends in Australia?
A. 4–5
B. 6–7
C. 10–11
D. 12–13
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
67. Socially, being obese ____ the likelihood that a child will be socially ____ and the object of ____ by peers.
A. decreases; accepted; envy
B. decreases; rejected; ridicule
C. increases; included; envy
D. increases; excluded; ridicule
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
68. By middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for ____.
A. not being popular in middle school
B. ADHD, primarily hyperactivity-impulsivity type
C. schizophrenia
D. a variety of emotional and behaviour problems
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
69. Your roommate believes that overweight children are happy children. What is the truth about this myth?
A. Not only are they the happiest, they have the most friends.
B. Obese children, not overweight children, are the happiest children in most cultures.
C. Overweight children are at risk for a variety of emotional and behaviour problems.
D. Although overweight children tend to be happier compared to their peers, this is only true in adolescence, not earlier in childhood.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
70. Even in middle childhood, obesity can result in ____.
A. diabetes
B. nephrosis
C. stroke
D. cardiac arrest
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
71. What percentage of children remains obese/overweight in adulthood?
A. 20%
B. 40%
C. 60%
D. 80%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
72. By age 6 or 7, children have the ___________ to be excellent workers at many jobs.
A. motor skills
B. cognitive skills
C. emotional and behavioural self-regulation
D. all of the above
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
73. The Growing Up in Australia study found that ______ of children had experienced name calling, social exclusion and/or physical aggression at least once in the past year.
A. 15%
B. 37%
C. 59%
D. 66%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
74. _____ of parents of obese children view their children as overweight.
A. 90 to 95%
B. 80 to 85%
C. 70 to 75%
D. Less than 50%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
75. In developed and developing countries, middle childhood is ____.
A. the most dangerous period of life
B. the safest and healthiest time of life
C. a time when there is a spike in injury due to accidents
D. equal in safety to infancy and early childhood
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
76. Your sister constantly worries about your nephew, who is currently a toddler. She knows that this is a time of important physical and behavioural development and worries that every bump, bruise or sniffle could negatively affect his future health and well-being. What can you tell her as your nephew approaches middle childhood?
A. It is the safest and healthiest time of life.
B. She needs to be very careful because there is a spike in injury rates during this time.
C. More children get sick and injured during this time than when they were younger.
D. Most children suffer no illnesses or injuries during this time.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
77. Which of the following stages of life has the lowest death rate?
A. Infancy
B. Late toddlerhood
C. Middle childhood
D. Early adolescence
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
78. During middle toddlerhood, more children have received ____ and their _____ stronger, which contributes to a lower death rate.
A. vitamin B; lungs are
B. calcium; heart is
C. immunisations; immune system is
D. viral infections; muscles are
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
79. Asthma affects _______ of children under age 14 in Australia.
A. 1%
B. 11%
C. 21%
D. 31%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
80. Which of the following is a reason for rising asthma in developed countries?
A. Pets
B. Carpets
C. Airtight windows
D. All of the above
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
81. ____ is a chronic illness of the lungs characterised by wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath.
A. Asthma
B. Eczema
C. Allergies
D. Psoriasis
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
82. An asthma attack can be triggered by ____.
A. an immunisation
B. exercise or emotional stress
C. high levels of lead in gasoline
D. a genetic predisposition to heart disease
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
83. When are the rates of asthma the highest?
A. Infancy
B. Early childhood
C. Middle childhood
D. Adolescence
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
84. Your family has a history of asthma and allergies. Your brother is a smoker and he and his wife have a 6-year-old son. What do you need to tell him regarding smoking and asthma?
A. If he wants his child to have asthma, keep smoking.
B. Smoking will reduce the likelihood that his child will have asthma.
C. Although many people think that there is a link between smoking and asthma, there is not.
D. Children of smoking parents have been found to have unusually strong lung capacities.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
85. What is a risk factor associated with childhood asthma?
A. Postmaturity at birth
B. High SES status
C. Parental smoking
D. A BMI that is too low
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
86. Which of the following is not a risk factor for getting asthma?
- Low birth weight
- Emotional stress
- Living in poverty
- Genetics
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
87. Why are there higher rates of asthma in developing countries than there used to be?
A. Air pollution
B. Poor water quality
C. Increased number of fast-food restaurants
D. Living in close proximity to animals in rural areas
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
88. What is the second most common cause of injury in middle childhood?
A. Sports-related injuries
B. Accidental poisoning
C. Bicycle accidents
D. Car accidents
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
89. What is the most common cause of injury in middle childhood?
A. Sports-related injuries
B. Accidental poisoning
C. Bicycle accidents
D. Car accidents
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
Short
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
91. Based on research, is there a sensitive period for long-term effects of malnutrition? Provide an example to support your response.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health issues
92. There are many obvious environmental influences on obesity; Is there any evidence for a genetic/biological explanation? Use research evidence to support your answer.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
93. What are two risk factors for asthma?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health issues
94. Explain why asthma rates have continued to rise over time in developed and developing countries?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
95. Imagine that you asked a 3-year-old and a 7-year-old from a developed country to draw a picture of herself. Besides the older child being neater, what are three differences you would see?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: growth in middle childhood
96. Overall, how would researchers characterise the period of middle childhood in terms of health and safety? Explain, using at least one example to address illness and one to address injuries.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health issues
Section 2: Cognitive development
Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. In Piaget’s view, children ages 2–6 are most notable cognitively for what they cannot do, such as ____.
A. coordinating senses with motor activities
B. using language to assist with thoughts
C. performing mental operations
D. using images to create mental representations
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
2. Beginning around ____, children make an important cognitive advance toward becoming more systematic and logical thinkers.
A. age 5
B. age 7
C. age 9
D. age 11
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
3. Piaget termed the cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 the stage of concrete operations. During this stage, children become capable of ____.
A. object permanence
B. thinking abstractly and hypothetically
C. using mental operations
D. examining the world scientifically
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
4. During this stage, Piaget proposes, children become capable of using mental operations, which allow them to organise and manipulate information mentally instead of relying on physical and sensory associations.
A. Sensorimotor
B. Preoperations
C. Concrete operations
D. Formal operations
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
5. According to Piaget, the advances of concrete operations are evident in new abilities for performing tasks of ____.
A. the development of motor skills and hand–eye coordination
B. egocentrism, animism and language development
C. conservation, classification and seriation
D. hypothetical, deductive reasoning and hypothesis testing
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
6. Ashton is shown two round balls of clay equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape and asks which of the shapes has more clay. If Ashton is in Piaget’s preoperational stage he will reply, ____.
A. ‘the long one’
B. ‘they are both the same’
C. ‘the ball’
D. ‘I can’t tell’
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
7. ____ is the ability to sort objects or events that share common characteristics into the same class.
A. Decentering
B. Reversibility
C. Classification
D. Seriation
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
8. Even young children are able to classify objects or events that share common characteristics into the same class, such as brown dogs, but they run into problems when they have to __________.
- arrange them in logical order
- complete a mental operation to complete the classification
- focus on reversibility
- focus on parallelism
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
9. What is the ability to arrange things in a logical order called?
A. Parallelism
B. Seriation
C. Conservation
D. Decentering
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
10. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information processing abilities?
A. Visual scanning and search routines
B. Attention and memory
C. Motivation and diligence
D. Decentering and critical processing
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
11. Your sister-in-law is surprised at her 9-year-old son. She can remember when her son was not able to sit and listen to a story for very long and now he is able to listen intently and remember the story in very good detail. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information processing abilities that assist with his newly developed abilities?
A. Visual scanning and search routines
B. Attention and memory
C. Motivation and diligence
D. Decentering and critical processing
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
12. ____, individuals become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant.
A. In early childhood
B. In middle childhood
C. In early teenage years
D. In late teenage years
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
13. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and ____, which is called ____.
A. disregarding what is irrelevant; selective attention
B. listening to teachers; discriminant attention
C. critical processing; selective attention
D. subliminal information processing; focused attention
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
14. You are in your first year of teaching fourth grade. There is quite a bit of remodelling going on at your school, which creates a fair amount of noise. You are surprised at how well your students are able to pay attention to what you are saying. You remember your developmental course and recall that children in middle childhood more capable of focusing their attention because they are able to ____.
A. disregard what is irrelevant
B. get distracted easier
C. be more critical processing information
D. process information at the subliminal level
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
15. Why is the ability to maintain attention especially important in middle childhood? Because ____.
A. the environment becomes more dangerous
B. parents expect their children to be able to understand and accomplish simple directions and tasks
C. that is when children enter school
D. they are able to leave their yards and must remember how to return back home
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
16. What is the disorder referred to when individuals have difficulties in maintaining attention?
A. Attention persistence disorder
B. Attention deficit disorder
C. Attention control disorder
D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
17. Children with especially notable difficulties in maintaining attention may be diagnosed with <P><KT>____, which includes problems of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness.
A. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)</KT>
B. attention deficit disorder (ADD)
C. attention displacement disorder (ADD)
D. attention hypertensive disorder (AHD)
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
18. Approximately what percentage of children and adolescents has ADHD in Australia?
A. 7%
B. 14%
C. 21%
D. 28%
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
19. Boys, compared to girls, are ___________ to be diagnosed with ADHD.
A. less likely
B. equally likely
C. twice as likely
D. four times as likely
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
20. In Australia, it is estimated that approximately ____ of children are diagnosed with ADHD. Boys are about ____ more likely than girls to have ADHD.
A. 7%; 2 times
B. 2%; 2 times
C. 10%; 3 times
D. 15%; 6 times
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
21. A child’s ____ usually makes the diagnosis of ADHD.
A. parent
B. paediatrician
C. teacher
D. school counsellor or psychologist
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
22. When is ADHD usually diagnosed?
A. Toddlerhood
B. Early childhood
C. Middle childhood
D. Adolescence
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
23. In the United States, nearly ____ of 10 children and adolescents with ADHD receive Ritalin or other medications to reduce their ADHD symptoms.
A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 9
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
24. You are talking to your mother and she is telling you about a neighbour who has a daughter with ADHD. She tells you that the neighbour is extremely upset because her daughter’s paediatrician has suggested medication to treat her ADHD. She thinks that is very unusual and thinks that there might be something else wrong with her daughter that the paediatrician is not telling her. What should your mother tell the neighbour?
A. That the neighbour is correct, there must be something else going on, too.
B. That the neighbour is correct, the treatment of choice is relaxation therapy.
C. It is very common for physicians to misdiagnose ADHD.
D. It is becoming more common to treat ADHD with medication.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
25. Which of the following is a prescription medication that is used to help children with ADHD?
A. Ritalin
B. Accutane
C. Acetaminophen
D. Ibuprofen
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
26. What percentage of students taking medications for their ADHD show improvements in academic performance and peer relation?
A. 30%
B. 50%
C. 70%
D. 90%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
27. What are the negative side effects of using medication for the treatment of ADHD?
A. Slower physical growth and higher risk of depression
B. Lethargy and a larger appetite that increases the likelihood of obesity
C. Decreased intelligence and delayed cognitive development
D. Loss of bone density and delayed motor coordination
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
28. A friend of yours has a son with ADHD who is being treated with medication. She told you that her son is paying attention in school much better, is getting better grades and has more friends. She is still concerned about the potential side effects of the medication. What negative side effects would you tell her to look for that might be related to taking the medication?
A. Slower physical growth and higher risk of depression
B. Lethargy and a larger appetite that increases the likelihood of obesity
C. Decreased intelligence and delayed cognitive development
D. Loss of bone density and delayed motor coordination
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
29. A very large-scale study of ADHD in Europe determined that the symptoms between boys and girls were similar, but that girls were more likely to have ____.
A. other neurological difficulties in addition to ADHD
B. delays in physical development, including secondary sexual development later
C. emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers
D. serious delays in social development
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
30. A very large-scale study of ADHD in Europe determined that the symptoms between boys and girls were similar, but that boys were more likely to have ____.
A. additional conduct disorders
B. delays in physical development, including secondary sexual development later
C. emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers
D. minor delays in social development
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
31. What is the percentage of European children with ADHD who use medication only to treat it?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 70%
D. 90%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
32. At what age do children perform similarly to adults on memory tests for sequences of numbers?
A. 8
B. 10
C. 12
D. 14
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
33. Rehearsal is ____.
A. repeating information over and over
B. placing things into meaningful categories
C. an understanding of how memory works
D. a measurement of intelligence
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
34. What memory strategy involves repeating the information to be learned over and over?
A. Rehearsal
B. Organisation
C. Repetition
D. Elaboration
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
35. Your daughter borrowed $4.73 from you while you were shopping so she could purchase a doll that she didn’t have enough money for. When you get home, you tell your daughter how much she owes you so that she can pay you back. She keeps repeating 4, 7, 3 over and over as she walks to her room to get the money. What memory strategy is she using?
A. Rehearsal
B. Organisation
C. Repetition
D. Elaboration
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
36. Your new friend just told you her cell number so you can enter it in your phone. However, you left your cell phone in your dorm room. You keep repeating the number over and over in your head so that you will be able to enter the number in your cell phone once you get to it. What memory strategy are you using?
A. Rehearsal
B. Organisation
C. Repetition
D. Elaboration
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
37. What memory strategy involves placing items into meaningful categories?
A. Rehearsal
B. Organisation
C. Repetition
D. Elaboration
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
38. You are going to grocery shopping. To help you remember the items that you need to purchase, you put those items into clusters or categories that are similar. What memory strategy are you using?
A. Rehearsal
B. Organisation
C. Repetition
D. Elaboration
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
39. What memory strategy involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember?
A. Rehearsal
B. Organisation
C. Repetition
D. Elaboration
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
40. When you were learning to play the piano, you used EGBDF: Every Good Boy Does Fine to remember the lines of the treble clef. What memory strategy is this?
A. Rehearsal
B. Organisation
C. Repetition
D. Elaboration
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
41. Another reason that memory improves from early childhood to middle childhood is that children’s ____.
A. brains get bigger
B. knowledge base gets larger
C. strategies become more elaborate and purposeful
D. families help them remember
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
42. Chi (1978) did a very interesting study in which she asked 10-year-old children who were chess experts to remember the position of chess pieces on the board. How did they do?
A. As well as university students who were chess novices
B. As well as university students who were chess experts
C. Not nearly as well as adults in general, chess experts or novices
D. Better than university students who were chess novices
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
43. What is the term that the textbook defines as an understanding of how memory works?
A. Metaconfiguration
B. Metamemory
C. Metaprocessing
D. Metacognition
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
44. One aspect of children’s memory during middle childhood is that they ___.
A. develop more accurate assessments of their memory skills
B. generally revert back to a more immature way of remembering information
C. become fearful of applying their strategies at school
D. become anxious regarding their memory performance
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
45. When do individual differences in cognitive development become more evident and more important?
A. Infancy
B. Toddlerhood
C. Early childhood
D. Middle childhood
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
46. ____ is a person’s capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning and solving problems.
A. Intelligence
B. Personality
C. Temperament
D. Attachment
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
47. What is the most widely used IQ test?
A. Stanford-Binet
B. Wechsler scales
C. Kaufman
D. Wide Range Achievement Test
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
48. Your daughter’s teacher thinks that your daughter should be in the gifted program at school. The school psychologist will be using an IQ test to determine if she qualifies. What IQ test is the school psychologist likely to use?
A. Stanford-Binet
B. WISC-IV
C. Kaufman
D. Wide Range Achievement Test
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
49. The Wechsler scales consist of 11 subtests, of which six are ____ subtests and five are ____ subtests.
A. verbal; performance
B. visual; perceptual
C. emotional stability; personality
D. applied; conceptual
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
50. What does IQ represent?
A. Individual difference quotient
B. Individual quotient
C. Intelligence quotient
D. Interpersonal quotient
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
51. Lynn and Mikk (2007) performed a study that included 46 countries. They found that IQ scores were highly correlated with ____.
A. school achievement
B. years of education
C. the mother’s age when the child was born
D. musical ability
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
52. What is one of the major criticisms of intelligence tests?
A. They’re not accurate
B. They’re not relevant to academic or professional behaviour
C. They’re culturally biased
D. They’re too difficult for most people
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
53. IQ scores for a population-based sample usually fall into a ____ or ____ curve, in which most people fall near the middle and the proportions decrease at the low and high extremes.
A. normal distribution; bell
B. camelback; double hill
C. inverted-U; inverted-V
D. variance from the mean; absolute value
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
54. In terms of intellectual development, one important conclusion from adoption and twin studies is that the more two people in a family are alike genetically, ____.
A. the higher the correlation in their IQ scores
B. the less correlated their IQ scores are
C. the greater the diversity in subskills on an intelligence test
D. the greater the likelihood that there will be children with very low IQ scores in the family
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
55. What is the correlation coefficient for IQ scores of adopted siblings who have none of their genotype in common?
A. .10
B. .24
C. .38
D. .52
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
56. What is the correlation in IQ scores for monozygotic (MZ) twins?
A. .55
B. .65
C. .75
D. .85
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
57. Which of the following pairs would have the strongest correlation for IQ scores?
A. Monozygotic twins reared in different environments
B. Dizygotic twins reared in the same environment
C. Biological siblings reared in different environments
D. Adopted siblings in the same environment
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
58. The median population IQ is ____.
A. 85
B. 100
C. 115
D. 130
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
59. Every child has a genetically based ____ for intelligence, meaning a range of possible developmental paths.
A. reaction range
B. heritability ratio
C. standard deviation
D. variance from the mean
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
60. What is the name of the phenomenon in which IQ scores in Western countries rose dramatically in the course of the 20th century?
A. Breastfeeding effect
B. Academic effect
C. Butterfly effect
D. Flynn effect
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
61. The Flynn effect, which is the raising of the median IQ score in Western countries in the course of the 20th century, is explained by ____.
A. evolution
B. neurological development
C. genetics
D. environment
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
62. Christopher Eppig and his colleagues found that the brain requires a great deal of the body’s physical energy. What percentage of this energy is required for brain development in newborns?
A. 87%
B. 67%
C. 47%
D. 27%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
63. Christopher Eppig and his colleagues found that there was a significant relationship between a country’s median IQ score and that country’s ____.
A. average age
B. educational attainment
C. median income
D. infectious disease burden
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
64. Who developed the concept of multiple intelligences?
A. Robert Sternberg
B. Howard Gardner
C. David Wechsler
D. Alfred Binet
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
65. In Gardner’s view, only two types of intelligence are measured by traditional intelligence tests: ____.
A. linguistic and logical–mathematical
B. musical and bodily–kinaesthetic
C. spatial and naturalistic
D. interpersonal and intrapersonal
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
66. Morris is an engineer. He has always been especially skilled at looking at a two-dimensional blueprint of a building and visualising that image as it relates to a three-dimensional structure in the real world. According to Gardner, Morris possesses ____.
A. musical intelligence
B. bodily–kinaesthetic intelligence
C. spatial intelligence
D. intrapersonal intelligence
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
67. Which of the following types of intelligence is consistent with the understanding of self?
A. Linguistic
B. Musical
C. Intrapersonal
D. Interpersonal
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
68. Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
A. Robert Sternberg
B. Howard Gardner
C. David Wechsler
D. Alfred Binet
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
69. Sternberg’s model includes ____ distinct but related forms of intelligence.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 8
D. 10
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
70. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences includes ____ types of intelligence and Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence theory includes ____.
A. 4; 1
B. 6; 2
C. 8; 3
D. 10; 4
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
71. Great inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Graham Bell all possess which of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
A. Creative intelligence
B. Practical intelligence
C. Analytical intelligence
D. Logical–mathematical intelligence
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
72. Which of the following make up Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
A. Analytical, creative and practical
B. Sensorimotor, preoperational and concrete operations
C. Linguistic, musical and bodily–kinaesthetic
D. Intrapersonal, interpersonal and naturalistic
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
73. How many words does an average 10- or 11-year-old know?
A. 10,000
B. 20,000
C. 30,000
D. 40,000
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
74. At age 6, the average child knows about ____ words, but by age 10 or 11, this sum has increased fourfold, to about ____.
A. 1,000; 4,000
B. 5,000; 20,000
C. 10,000; 40,000
D. 15,000; 60,000
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
75. What aspect of language refers to the social context and conventions of language?
A. Phonics
B. Pragmatics
C. Grammar
D. Vocabulary
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
76. When an individual can speak two or more languages fluently, they are ____.
A. Bilingual
B. Multilingual
C. Dilingual
D. Linguistic
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
77. Which of the following are two main reasons why multilingualism has increased?
A. Greater migration and the growth of a global economy
B. Greater egocentrism and egotism
C. Decreased migration and greater homogeneous populations
D. Decreased ethnocentrism and capitalism
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
78. Which of the following is the most common second language for children around the world?
A. English
B. Spanish
C. Chinese
D. Russian
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
79. For the most part, becoming multilingual is ____ to language development, and learning a secondary language ____ with mastering the primary language.
A. detrimental; interferes
B. stifling; does not interfere
C. unfavourable; interferes
D. favourable; does not interfere
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
80. Assume that you have a friend who is bilingual and is contemplating whether or not to teach her child both English and Spanish. Based on the research, which of the following should be your response?
A. ‘It is generally not recommended to teach bilingualism, as it is too much for the child to handle. Their brains are just not ready for it.’
B. ‘If you want your son to be bilingual, it is recommended that you wait until he is at least 14 to teach the second language. The brain is further developed at a later age.’
C. ‘Most of the research for multilingualism is positive. Sometimes children have difficulty with syntax; however, it is better to learn a second language sooner than later.’
D. ‘If you teach your child both English and Spanish, his teacher will become frustrated and take it out on his grades. It is generally not recommended.’
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
81. ____ are an awareness of the underlying structure of language.
A. Mesolinguistic skills
B. Metalinguistic skills
C. Megalinguistic skills
D. Mesalinguistic skills
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
82. When an individual can speak two or more languages fluently, they are ____.
A. bilingual
B. multilingual
C. dilingual
D. linguistic
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
83. A child who can speak two languages is considered ____, whereas a child who can speak two or more is considered ____.
A. bilingual; multilingual
B. trilingual; polylingual
C. unilingual; quadralingual
D. monolingual; dyslingual
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: language development
84. It may seem typical that most children attend at least primary school, but that has only been true for the last ____ years.
- 100
- 200
- 300
- 400
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
85. Enrolment in primary school is typical, but not universal, with approximately _____ of children in Sub-Saharan Africa attending between 6–10 years of age.
- 90%
- 80%
- 70%
- 60%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
86. Recently, there has been a _____ in the number of children in developing countries attending primary school across the world.
- slow and steady increase
- slow and steady decline
- sharp decline
- sharp increase
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
87. According to the text, which country has a cultural tradition emphasising the importance and value of education going back over 2 millennia?
- United States
- Vietnam
- Japan
- Guatemala
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
88. What percentage of boys aged 6–10 in sub-Saharan Africa do not attend school?
A. 21%
B. 23%
C. 35%
D. 42%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
89. What percentage of girls aged 6–10 in sub-Saharan Africa do not attend school?
A. 21%
B. 23%
C. 35%
D. 42%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
90. Overall, in developing countries, approximately what percentage of children do not attend primary school?
A. 10%
B. 18%
C. 40%
D. 55%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
91. Which of the following best describes the primary school attendance rate of children in school for developing nations?
A. About one-fifth of children do not attend primary school
B. About half of children do not attend primary school
C. About two-third of children do not attend primary school
D. Nearly all children do not attend primary school
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
92. In many Asian countries, it is believed that educational success is derived mainly from ____; in contrast, Australian culture tends to believe that educational success is due mainly to ____.
A. genetic forces; IQ
B. IQ; genetic forces
C. hard work; innate ability
D. innate ability; hard work
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
93. Which of the following best reflects collectivistic cultural beliefs in education?
A. Children often work in groups, with children who have mastered the concept instructing those who have not grasped it just yet.
B. Children often work individually, attempting to do their best so they are the ones to receive the praise of their teacher.
C. Children are often encouraged to do their best, to meet their own goals and not be concerned with the goals of others.
D. Children often study and practice with a friend, but take their exams independently and are often encouraged to outperform the rest of the class.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
94. Which of the following regions has the highest primary school attendance?
A. Middle East and North Africa
B. South Asia
C. East Asia
D. Latin America
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
95. Until approximately 200 years ago, how many adults were illiterate?
A. All
B. Most
C. Half
D. A quarter
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
96. Children almost everywhere learn to read, usually beginning around age ____, when they enter school.
A. 2 or 3
B. 4 or 5
C. 5 or 6
D. 7 or 8
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
97. In order to read, you have to recognise that letters are ____, and match a ____ to each letter or letter combination.
A. preoperational; schema
B. concrete; symbol
C. endless; perception
D. symbols of sounds; speech sound
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
98. What approach to teaching reading advocates teaching children by breaking down words into their component sounds and then putting the sounds together into words?
A. Linguistic processing
B. Spot and dot
C. Whole language
D. Phonics
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
99. The phonics approach advocates ____.
A. that schemas are changed through assimilation and accommodation
B. teaching children by breaking down words into their component sounds and then putting the sounds together into words
C. emphasises the meaning of written words in whole passages
D. allowing a child to explore their world as a means of cognitive growth
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: School in middle childhood
100. Ms. Silman proposes that children learn how to read best when they are taught to examine the overall meaning of words, rather than breaking down each word into its smallest component. She encourages her students to guess at the meaning of words they do not know, based on the context of the word within the poem or story. Which of the following does Ms. Silman practice in her classroom?
A. Phonics-based reading
B. A whole-language approach to reading
C. Sight words-based reading
D. Literacy-based rating
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
101. What condition that interferes with learning to read includes difficulty sounding out letters, difficulty learning to spell words and a tendency to misperceive the order of letters in words?
A. Dyscalculia
B. Dyslexia
C. Dysgraphia
D. Dysfunctional
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
102. What is the term that refers to an individual’s ability to understand the meaning of numbers?
A. Literacy
B. Arithmetic
C. Numerology
D. Numeracy
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
103. From toddlerhood through middle childhood, the development of math skills follows a path parallel to the development of ____ and ____.
A. language; reading skills
B. sensation; perception
C. the preoperational stage; concrete operations
D. hypothetical reasoning; deductive reasoning
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
104. In which country do children who sell candy on the street learn complex math calculations in a practical setting?
A. Australia
B. Germany
C. England
D. Brazil
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
Short
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
106. Would you say that the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Observational Research in Europe (ADORE) study made a significant contribution to this area of research? Why or why not? What was one finding?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
107. Metamemory advances significantly in middle childhood; however, children as young as 5 or 6 have some rudimentary grasp of metamemory. Give an example of what a middle-school child would know about it versus what a first grader knows.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
108. What is the Flynn effect and what is its cause?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
109. You overhear two parents talking about the different approaches to teaching reading used by the first grade teachers in your child’s school. You hear one of them complaining that her child is going to be behind if she stays in a particular teacher’s classroom. What are the two approaches and is there an advantage to using one over the other?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: school in middle childhood
Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
110. A 9-year-old would be in what Piagetian stage? Describe two tasks that they would be able to do that they could not do at the previous stage.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
111. Shani, a 12-year-old, is able to remember a lot more details of the family’s vacation to Philadelphia a year later when recommending it as a destination to their friends compared to her 7-year-old brother. When they left, she packed everything she needed, unlike her sister who would have forgotten many things, even everyday items, such as her toothbrush, if her father had not checked her bag. Shani even reminded her parents of the exit number where they had talked about stopping on the way to eat. Referring to the information above, describe two changes in memory that play a role in Shani’s superior memory.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development
Section 3: Emotional and social development
Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Which of the following best describes the overall emotional state for individuals in middle childhood?
A. Storm and stress
B. Emotionally absent
C. High well-being and low volatility
D. Explosive shock and awe
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
2. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly ____ in the early years of life; by middle childhood the frequency of such emotions has ____.
A. universal; grown exponentially
B. unusual; disappeared
C. rare; increased substantially
D. frequent; declined substantially
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
3. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent in the early years of life. What happens to these behaviours by middle childhood?
A. They decline substantially
B. They decline slightly
C. They increase slightly
D. They increase substantially
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
4. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) involves having people carry wristwatch beepers and then beeping them randomly during the day so that they can record their ____.
A. thoughts, feelings and behaviours
B. heart rate, pressure and respirations
C. emotional stability and behavioural rating scale
D. social readjustment rating scale and behavioural activity
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
5. Reed Larson pioneered a research technique in which people carried wristwatch beepers. When the beepers went off at various random times during the day, the participant had to record his or her thoughts, feelings and behaviours that were occurring at the time. What was the name of this research technique?
A. Random Thought Method
B. Experience Sampling Method
C. Wrist-Beeper Plan
D. Random Recording Technique
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
6. The overall conclusion of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) research with regard to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable ____.
A. contentment and emotional stability
B. agitation and feelings of being tense
C. unhappiness and emotional instability
D. depression and anxiety
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
7. In regards to middle childhood, the overall finding of the research that used the wristwatch beepers was that middle childhood is a time of ____.
A. great turbulence
B. remarkable contentment and emotional stability
C. considerable shifting of emotions and feelings
D. general unhappiness due to a lack of independence that most children believed they deserved
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
8. Children in middle childhood report being ‘very happy’ ____ of the time, a far higher percentage than for _____.
A. 8%; infants and children
B. 28%; adolescents or adults
C. 42%; young adults
D. 60%; individuals in late adulthood
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
9. You have a daughter who is in middle childhood. You overheard her saying that she was very unhappy. That really concerned you until you remembered your development class. Why are children in middle childhood unhappy or sad?
A. Serious difficulties with depression
B. An unresolved conflict with a sibling
C. Considerable variability in hormonal stages
D. Something concrete and immediate like getting scolded by a parent
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
10. In part, why do children in middle childhood improve their emotional self-regulation?
A. Neurologically they are more mature.
B. They are severely punished if they act emotionally immature.
C. Their environment requires it.
D. Their hormone levels are completely stable at this time in development.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
11. Johnny has been in Cub Scouts for 4 years and is getting ready to cross over to Boy Scouts at 11 years of age. The Boy Scouts require discipline, good behaviour and following instructions. How likely is it that he will be able to meet these demands?
- Not very likely
- Somewhat likely
- Most likely
- Positively certain
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
12. Children improve in their emotional self-regulation in part because their ____ requires it.
A. phenotype
B. environment
C. biology
D. genotype
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
13. Emotional understanding advances from early to middle childhood because children ____.
A. become able to understand not only their own emotions, but also the emotions of others
B. have formal training in school regarding emotions
C. are able to play sports and to be involved in athletics, which helps them appreciate their emotions and the emotions of others
D. they become intensely interested in making a good impression on members of the opposite sex
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
14. You picked up your daughter, who is 9 years old, from soccer practice after a difficult day at work. She asks you if you are OK and says that you seem to be unhappy with something. Is this perceptiveness in a child her age unusual?
A. Yes, she must be very in tune with you. She should consider a career in counselling or psychotherapy.
B. Yes, she must simply be acting out something that she saw on television.
C. No, children have actually been able to appreciate the emotions of others since toddlerhood.
D. No, children in middle childhood become more aware of not only their emotions, but also the emotions of others.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
15. The emotional state of experiencing two contradictory emotions at once is known as ____.
A. emotional self-regulation
B. emotional stability
C. ambivalence
D. self-concept
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
16. Ambivalence is ____.
A. two ends of one extreme
B. experiencing two contradictory emotions at once
C. an unexpected and undesirable emotional state
D. a happy but unexpected surprise
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
17. Your son, who is in middle childhood, made it to the next round of the annual spelling bee, even though his best friend who studied with him did not. What is his likely response?
A. He would be enormously happy that he made it. He worked hard to get to the next round.
B. He would be enormously sad that his study partner did not make it to the next round and would not be able to find any joy in making it himself.
C. He would have mixed emotions. He would be happy that he made it, but also sad that his study partner did not.
D. He would probably not express much in the way of emotions, as children in middle childhood are not very emotionally mature or responsive.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
18. You told your parents that your 8-year-old son really wants a particular video game for his birthday. When he opens their gift, you realise that they must have forgotten, because they gave him a new pair of sneakers instead. Based on what you know of emotional regulation in middle childhood, what is your son’s likely response?
A. He conceals his true feelings of disappointment because he does not want to hurt his grandparents’ feelings.
B. He begins to cry in disappointment, which makes your parents feel horrible.
C. He reacts angrily and throws the gift down and runs to his room.
D. He laughs and yells out, ‘You are kidding, right?’
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
19. Who made the distinction between the ‘I-self’ and the ‘me-self’?
A. Jean Piaget
B. William James
C. George Herbert Mead
D. Robert Sternberg
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
20. ____ is how we view and evaluate ourselves.
A. Self-concept
B. Self-individualism
C. Self-esteem
D. Self as we
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
21. What is the term that is used to describe a person’s perception and evaluation of himself or herself?
A. Self-concept
B. Self-esteem
C. Self-evidence
D. Self-comparison
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
22. How would a child in middle childhood describe himself or herself?
A. ‘I am 10 years old.’
B. ‘My favourite colour is blue.’
C. ‘I am not very good at hitting the ball in baseball.’
D. ‘I have a little brother.’
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
23. You are impressed with the social development of your son, who is in middle childhood. The way that he describes his positive and less strong attributes is noticeably different than the way he discussed himself when he was in early childhood. What is a likely comment that your son would say at this time?
A. ‘I really love playing soccer, but I have a little difficulty shooting.’
B. ‘I like my soccer ball.’
C. ‘I wish that I could play soccer all day long!’
D. ‘My soccer team is 4 and 1 for the season.’
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
24. What is the term that is used to describe how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities or achievements?
A. Social skills
B. Social relations
C. Social template
D. Social comparison
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
25. ____ is how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities or achievements.
A. Animism
B. Assimilation
C. Social comparison
D. Self-concept
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
26. Which of the following statements is an accurate portrayal of a 10-year-old social comparison?
A. ‘I’m a fast runner and I like soccer.’
B. ‘I’m really good at math.’
C. ‘Johnny pushed me and then took my toy truck.’
D. ‘I’m good at spelling, but there are three kids in my class who are better than me.’
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
27. Social comparisons reflect advances in the cognitive ability of ____; they learn to ____ themselves more accurately in abilities relative to other children.
A. a feared self; describe
B. ethnocentrism; picture
C. animism; express
D. seriation; rank
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
28. What is the term that is used to describe a person’s overall sense of worth and well-being?
A. Self-concept
B. Self-esteem
C. Self-evidence
D. Self-comparison
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
29. ____ is a person’s overall sense of worth and well-being.
A. Self-esteem
B. Self-concept
C. Self-efficacy
D. Self as an individual
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
30. In what culture is self-criticism a virtue and high self-esteem a character fault?
A. current American culture
B. traditional Japanese culture
C. traditional Eastern European
D. Hispanic culture
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
31. Self-esteem ____ in the transition from early childhood to middle childhood.
A. dramatically drops
B. remains constant
C. increases steadily
D. declines slightly
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
32. During middle childhood, overall self-esteem is ____ for most children, reflecting generally ____ emotional states.
A. low; positive
B. high; negative
C. low; negative
D. high; positive
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
33. In Western cultures, low self-esteem is associated with ____.
A. cooperation and happiness
B. anxiety, depression and antisocial behaviour
C. euphoria, social effectiveness and popularity
D. bullying, suicidal thoughts and substance abuse
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
34. You are worried about your 11-year-old daughter. She loves to watch all kinds of sports on television and in person, but she is not coordinated and definitely not very good at playing sports. What is the likelihood of her self-esteem being affected by these factors? As much as she loves sports, ____.
A. her self-esteem is probably very low
B. she is probably extremely depressed; you should get her a personal coach
C. her self-esteem might be affected, but she might also be interested in watching sports and not necessarily playing sports
D. there is absolutely no relationship between her interest in sports, her lack of athletic ability and self-esteem
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
35. What is the type of self that is promoted by individualistic cultures?
A. Intergenerational self
B. Interdependent self
C. Ego-driven self
D. Independent self
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
36. What is the type of self that is promoted by collectivistic cultures?
A. Intergenerational self
B. Interdependent self
C. Ego-driven self
D. Independent self
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
37. I<P>IIIIn discussing cultural differences in conceptions of the self, scholars typically distinguish between the <ITAL>____ promoted by individualistic cultures and the <ITAL>____ promoted by collectivistic cultures.
A. independent self</ITAL>; interdependent self</ITAL>
B. interdependent self; independent self
C. self as an object; self as a being
D. self as a being; self as an object
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
38. Collectivistic cultures promote ____, whereas individualistic cultures promote ____.
A. an independent self</ITAL>; an interdependent self</ITAL>
B. an interdependent self; an independent self
C. the self as an object; the self as a being
D. the self as a being; the self as an object
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
39. Which people value high self-esteem the most?
A. Americans
B. Japanese
C. Europeans
D. Australians
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
40. Self-criticism is a virtue for which people?
A. Americans
B. Japanese
C. Europeans
D. Australians
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
41. In collectivistic cultures, the emphasis is placed on ____.
A. the success of the individual, their career and their income
B. me, myself and I
C. the sole person and individual successes
D. family, the kinship group and the ethnic group
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
42. Globally, parents in most places and times have been more worried that their children would become too ____ than that they would have ____ self-esteem, and have ____ self-inflation as part of family socialisation.
A. independent; high; encouraged
B. selfish; low; discouraged
C. independent; low; discouraged
D. selfish; high; encouraged
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
43. Children from Asian cultures are ________from valuing the self highly, and generally have ______ levels of academic performance and ____ levels of psychological problems.
A. discouraged; high; low
B. discouraged; low; high
C. encouraged; high; low
D. encouraged; low; high
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
44. Most cultures’ gender roles become more ____ during middle childhood.
A. nurturing
B. flexible
C. divided
D. inconsistent
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
45. In the past, and in many developing countries today, men have been responsible for ____, whereas women have been responsible for ____.
A. hunting, fishing and caring for domestic animals; caring for young children, tending the crops and running the household
B. caring for young children, tending the crops and running the household; hunting, fishing and caring for domestic animals
C. food preparation, seeding the fields and gathering wild edibles; fighting off animal and human attackers
D. nursing children, tending to the elderly and caring for children; clearing the forest, gathering wild edibles and teaching boys how to hunt
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
46. In an early study of 110 traditional cultures (Barry et al., 1957) and more recent analyses of gender socialisation in traditional cultures (Banerjee, 2005; LeVine, 2008), boys were socialised to develop ____.
A. interdependence and a strong sense of community
B. nurturance and compliance
C. independence and toughness
D. warmth and gentleness
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
47. In an early study of 110 traditional cultures (Barry et al., 1957) and more recent analyses of gender socialisation in traditional cultures (Banerjee, 2005; LeVine, 2008), girls were socialised to develop ____.
A. interdependence and a strong sense of community
B. compliance
C. independence and toughness
D. warmth
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
48. In modern developed countries, children’s gender attitudes and behaviour during middle childhood ____.
A. become more stereotyped
B. are heavily influenced by their parents
C. become more rigid and less flexible
D. are very accepting and integrated
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
49. In traditional cultures, gender-segregated play is a consequence of ____.
A. differential brain development for boys and girls
B. oestrogen and testosterone within the bloodstream
C. the X and Y chromosomes imposing on the child
D. the gender-specific work of boys and girls
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
50. In a study that examined gender roles in 12 traditional cultures, same-gender play groups occurred in about 30%–40% of 2- to 3-year-olds, but occurred in what percentage in middle childhood?
A. About 10%
B. Remained the same at 30%–40%
C. About 70%
D. Over 90%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
51. Your 8 year-old daughter came home singing, ‘Girls go to college to get more knowledge, boys go to Jupiter to get more stupider.’ You thought that this was pretty funny, but did not say so. From your development course, you know that this behaviour occurs ____.
A. as your daughter attempts to gain dominance over boys
B. because there is a deep-seated hatred for the opposite sex during this age
C. as a tentative first step towards romantic relationships that will occur later in adolescence
D. because there is a great sense of natural competition between girls and boys
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
52. Girls who are in middle childhood become more likely to define themselves in ‘feminine’ terms such as ‘warm’ and ‘compassionate’, but they become no less likely to add ‘masculine’ traits to their self-perceptions. How else might they describe themselves?
A. Pretty and soft
B. Submissive and passive
C. Emotional and sensitive
D. Forceful and self-reliant
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
53. What is the term used to describe the situation in which parents provide broad guidelines for behaviour, but children themselves provide a substantial amount of independent, self-directed behaviour?
A. Co-regulation
B. Cohabitation
C. Co-parenting
D. Comorbidity
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
54. In middle childhood, children become more capable of going about their daily activities without constant monitoring and control by others. They are better at functioning independently, with a little guidance from others, also called ____.
A. independent regulation
B. co-regulation
C. unilateral regulation
D. we-regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
55. According to the text, older siblings often help their younger siblings with ___________.
A. family duties and sports
B. showing affection and obtaining material resources
C. chores, romantic relationships and work issues
D. academic, peer and parent issues
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
56. Sibling conflict ____ in middle childhood.
A. peaks
B. is non-existent
C. slowly declines
D. plateaus
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
57. When does sibling conflict peak?
A. Early childhood
B. Middle childhood
C. Adolescence
D. Adulthood
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
58. You come from a large family in which you and your siblings get along very well. Your neighbour knows you well and has two sons aged 8 and 10. She tells you that she is concerned because her boys ‘fight and bicker constantly’. What would you tell her?
A. Sibling conflict reaches its peak in middle childhood.
B. She should probably seek counselling for her boys. They are doomed to have serious conflict their entire lives.
C. Sibling conflict is much worse with girls; she should count herself lucky.
D. Children rarely fight in middle childhood; she must be imagining it.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
59. Kramer et al. (1999) examined sibling conflict and found that the average frequency of conflict was once every ____.
A. 10 minutes they were together
B. 20 minutes they were together
C. 45 minutes they were together
D. 60 minutes they were together
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
60. Sibling conflicts are the highest when one sibling perceives the other as ____.
A. thinking he or she is smarter and cooler because he or she is older
B. receiving more affection and material resources from the parents
C. having better looks and intelligence
D. being more popular at school and having more friends
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
61. According to Australian Census data, ______ of families are made up of couples with children.
A. 20.8%
B. 63.8%
C. 71.8%
D. 85.3%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
62. Children who display impulsive or unruly behaviour and experience high conflict with others are showing ____.
A. internalising problems
B. externalising problems
C. existential problems
D. incomplete dominance problems
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
63. According to Australian Census data, what percentage of families has single mothers?
A. 20.8%
B. 63.8%
C. 71.8%
D. 85.3%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
64. What percentage of families is made up of children living with a single father?
A. 2.7%
B. 4.6%
C. 10.4%
D. 20.8%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
65. What percentage of families is made up of children living with family members (not mother or father)?
A. 2.7%
B. 4.6%
C. 10.4%
D. 20.8%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
66. Caleb’s parents are in the process of divorce. Every so often he will get into arguments with his mom where he in turn responds more harshly than he normally would because of the added stress. As an individual in middle childhood, Caleb does not understand what his mother is going through, but responds with greater resistance and more defiant behaviours. From both Caleb’s and his mother’s perspective, their battle continues to escalate. Which of the following best describes the scenario?
A. Coercive cycle
B. Escalation effect
C. The Cold War phenomenon
D. Mitigating forces
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
67. What percentage of mothers retains custody of their children after divorce?
A. 30%
B. 50%
C. 70%
D. 90%
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
68. In about ____ of cases, the ____ retains custody of the children, so the ____ leaves the household and the children no longer see that parent on a daily basis.
A. 90%; mother; father
B. 90%; father; mother
C. 50%; mother; father
D. 50%; father; mother
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
69. Within a few years after divorce, what percentage of mother-custody children sees their fathers on a weekly basis?
A. 15% to 20%
B. 35% to 40%
C. 55% to 60%
D. 75% to 80%
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
70. When the father remarries, as most do, his contact with children from the first marriage ____.
A. declines steeply
B. declines slowly
C. increases steeply
D. increases slowly
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
71. When a professional mediator meets with divorcing parents to help them negotiate an agreement that both will find acceptable, this is ____.
A. divorce mediation
B. divorce reconciliation
C. divorce child rearing
D. divorce co-counselling
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
72. Your friend is confiding in you that he is getting a divorce from his wife of 10 years. They have two children aged 6 and 8 years. He knows that he is unlikely to get custody and is afraid that he will not see his children as much as he would like. What suggestions do you have for him? What would you recommend?
A. Find a divorce mediator.
B. Hire an attorney who will be extremely forceful.
C. Give up and be resigned that he will never see his children again.
D. Kidnap his children. You know that they would be better off with him.
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
73. What happens when a stepfather enters the family?
A. The psychological health of the family improves dramatically.
B. There is essentially no difference in family relations. Whether the family was operating at a low or high level, it continues to do so.
C. Often the children in the family begin having serious issues including lower self-esteem and great behaviour problems.
D. The mother’s happiness increases, which is then followed by an increase in the children’s happiness.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
74. According to one estimate, about ____ of children in stepfamilies have serious problems in at least one aspect of functioning in middle childhood, compared to ____ of their peers in non-divorced families.
A. 40%; 30%
B. 30%; 20%
C. 20%; 10%
D. 10%; 5%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
75. Your brother just remarried a woman who has been divorced for a year. He is now the stepfather of three children ranging in ages from 2 to 7 years. He is trying to do his best and support his new wife with parenting duties and to show her children that he cares for them. He called last night and was very upset. He found a picture that his oldest stepchild drew and it did not include him. What would you tell him?
A. The biological father probably told the children to draw pictures of the family with him omitted to purposefully hurt his feelings.
B. Not to worry. This picture was probably drawn before he was part of the family.
C. You have no idea why his stepchild did this. The stepchild was probably confused.
D. This is typical. There is quite a bit of disruption when a divorce occurs and children typically resent their stepfathers.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
76. Many stepfathers and stepchildren eventually form harmonious, close relationships. How does this happen?
A. The stepfather brings home gifts frequently and establishes weekly allowances.
B. The stepfather completely ignores his stepchildren until they are ready to approach him.
C. The stepfather acts warmly and openly to his stepchildren and does not immediately try to assert stern authority.
D. The stepfathers assert themselves immediately so that the stepchildren know who the disciplinarian is.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
77. What is the main basis of friendship, not just during middle childhood but at all ages?
A. Frequency of interaction
B. Social economic status
C. Proximity
D. Similarity
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
78. People tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves, a principle called ____.
A. matching hypothesis
B. selective segregation
C. selective association
D. psychosocial discretion
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
79. Salima is in second grade, does well in school, plays youth soccer, attends a Catholic church and gets along with others. Based upon selective association principles, Salima will most likely be friends with ____.
A. Heidi, who is in Salima’s class, plays on her soccer team and attends the church
B. Tom, who attends Salima’s church but is in a different class and plays youth football
C. Barbara, who is friends with Salima’s older brother and lives in the same neighbourhood
D. Gary, who was in Salima’s first grade class, invited her to his birthday party and does poorly in school
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
80. In middle childhood, what becomes very important for friendships?
A. Shared activities
B. Shared interests
C. Trust
D. A sense of belonging
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
81. In middle childhood, what is one of the main reasons for ending a friendship?
A. Differences in interests
B. A betrayal of trust
C. Moving away from the neighbourhood
D. Fighting or bickering over a member of the opposite sex
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
82. Your 10-year-old daughter and her best friend just ended their nearly 4-year-long friendship. Your daughter will not tell you why. Thinking about middle childhood from your development class, what is probably the reason?
A. Her friend betrayed her trust.
B. Her friend probably showed interest in a boy that your daughter likes.
C. They probably just have different interests now.
D. Her friend probably told her that she is moving to a new school.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
83. Play in middle childhood becomes ____.
A. less socially based and more rigid
B. less complex and more aggressive
C. more complex and more rule-based
D. more simplistic and less socially based
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
84. According to cross-cultural studies, what games are popular all over the world in middle childhood?
A. Tag and hide-and-seek
B. ‘King of the hill’ and soccer
C. Hopscotch and capture the flag
D. Four square and baseball
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
85. How many children in American samples fall into one of the social status categories?
A. One-third
B. Half
C. Two-thirds
D. Three-quarters
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
86. Age is a key determinant of ____, in that older children tend to have more authority than younger children.
A. Social knowledge
B. Social status
C. Social with-it-ness
D. Social construct
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
87. Based on children’s ratings of who they like or dislike among their peers, researchers have described four categories of social status: ____.
A. socially isolated, hostile, preppy and smart children
B. sub-average, average, above average and three-deviations-from-the-mean children
C. popular, rejected, neglected and controversial children
D. social, accepted, rejected and unpopular
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
88. Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were the ones who most often were rated as ‘liked’ and rarely rated as ‘disliked’?
A. Popular
B. Rejected
C. Neglected
D. Controversial
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
89. Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were the ones who were the most often ‘disliked’ and rarely ‘liked’?
A. Popular
B. Rejected
C. Neglected
D. Controversial
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
90. Which of the following best describes rejected children?
A. Rarely mentioned as either liked or disliked; other children have trouble remembering who they are
B. The ones who are most often rated as ‘liked’ and rarely rated as ‘disliked’
C. Most often disliked and rarely liked by other children
D. Liked by some children but disliked by others; they may be aggressive at times but are friendly at other times
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
91. Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were rarely mentioned as either ‘liked’ or ‘disliked’?
A. Popular
B. Rejected
C. Neglected
D. Controversial
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
92. Miriam is in second grade. When her classmates are asked who she is, they have difficulty remembering her and find it hard describing her. She is neither liked nor disliked by her classmates, but for the most part, goes unnoticed. From the four categories of social status, Miriam would fall into the category of ____.
A. popular
B. rejected
C. controversial
D. neglected
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
93. Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were ‘liked’ by some children but ‘disliked’ by others?
A. Popular
B. Rejected
C. Neglected
D. Controversial
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
94. Your nephew is extremely intelligent. Your family jokes with him that he is a giant nerd not just because he is very intelligent, but because he also likes to learn and studies quite a bit. He has great social skills and enjoys the joking around. What would you guess about his popularity at school?
A. Intelligence enhances popularity in middle school for those with good social skills, so he probably is quite popular.
B. Since he is ‘nerdish’ he probably has very few, if any, friends.
C. Since other students are jealous of his intelligence, he is probably not very popular.
D. He is probably very popular since students really respect intelligence regardless of how good his social skills are.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
95. Kayla accidently bumped into a boy in the hall at school, causing his books to fall to the ground. He yelled at her that she did it on purpose and became very angry even though she tried to help him pick up his books. He is likely a ________ child who has poor _____________.
- neglected; information processing skills
- rejected; social information processing skills
- controversial; self-esteem
- popular; social skills
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
96. Which type of child is more likely to experience low social status, aggressiveness and higher rates of conflict with peers, parents and teachers?
A. Popular
B. Rejected
C. Neglected
D. Controversial
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
97. Bullying is defined by ____.
A. aggression, repetition and power imbalance
B. high self-worth, internal aggression and power imbalance
C. passiveness, external aggression and depression
D. submissiveness, power imbalance and low self-worth
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
98. Researchers have identified three components of bullying: aggression, repetition and ____.
A. anger/hostility towards others
B. power imbalance
C. larger physical size
D. low self-esteem
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
99. The prevalence of bullying ____ through middle childhood and ____ in early adolescence, then ____ substantially by late adolescence.
A. declines; rises; declines
B. rises; declines; rises
C. declines; plateaus; rises
D. rises; peaks; declines
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
100. Victims of bullying are most often ____ children who are ____ and ____.
A. controversial; high in self-esteem; low social skills
B. neglected; low in self-esteem; high in social skills
C. popular; high in self-esteem; high in social skills
D. rejected-withdrawn; low in self-esteem; low in social skills
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
101. The International Labour Organization has estimated that about 73 million children ages 5–11 are employed worldwide. What percentage of these children is employed in developing countries?
A. 35%
B. 55%
C. 75%
D. 95%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
102. The <KT>International Labour Organization (ILO)</KT> has estimated that about ____<ITAL>______ children and adolescents are employed worldwide, and that ____ of them are in developing countries.
A. 73 million; 95%
B. 400 million; 75%
C. 600 million; 55%
D. 800 million; 35%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
103. What is the most common form of childhood employment in developing nations?
A. Making clothes
B. Agriculture
C. Factory work
D. Begging on the streets
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
104. Sefu is a 7-year-old boy living in a developing nation. His country does not have child labour laws and his family has an expectation that he earns his keep and help support the family. In which of the following locations would Sefu most likely work?
A. A small farm
B. A textile factory
C. A mine
D. A commercial fishing boat
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
105. According to the ILO, the number of child labourers ages 5–11 is ___________ worldwide.
- sharply increasing
- rapidly declining
- about the same as in the past
- slowing increasing
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: The social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
106. About how many hours of television per day does the average American in middle childhood watch?
A. 1 hour
B. 2 hours
C. 3 hours
D. 4 hours
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
107. What percentage of children in middle childhood engages in media multitasking?
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
108. Your sister called last evening complaining that her 10-year-old daughter is frequently playing video games while watching television, which your sister thinks is a ridiculous amount of ‘media multitasking’. She is wondering if her daughter has an attention problem. What would you tell her?
A. Many children this age engage in media multitasking.
B. Your niece probably does have some attention problems. This behaviour is quite unusual.
C. Only children with attention problems engage in media multitasking.
D. Engaging in too much media multitasking will lead to dementia.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
109. ____ is the simultaneous use of more than one media form, such as playing an electronic game while watching TV.
A. Media multitasking
B. Unconscious attention by multimedia
C. Multimedia applications
D. Cognitive overload by multimedia
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
110. Thirty-four studies found that prosocial content in children’s television shows had positive effects on four areas: ____.
A. civil service, apathy, prosocial behaviours and internal aggression
B. altruism, positive social interactions, self-control and combating negative stereotypes
C. empathy, social problem-solving, internal anxiety and combating discrimination
D. self-efficacy, self-worth, self-esteem and self-recognition
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
111. The average child in the United States witnesses how many acts of violence on television by age 18?
A. 200
B. 2,000
C. 20,000
D. 200,000
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
112. Your older brother watches R-rated movies with his 9-year-old son that includes considerable violence. He believes that because he and his son are watching the movies together, it is not posing a problem. What do you think?
A. Your brother is correct. The fact that they are watching the movies together eliminates the potential problems.
B. There is irrefutable evidence that exposure to violent media increases aggression. So, regardless of whether he watches these movies with his son, it is not really a good idea.
C. Watching violent movies actually reduces aggression in males.
D. There has been very little research on the topic, so no one knows.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
Short
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
114. Why does self-esteem decrease from early childhood to middle childhood?
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
115. You overhear two people talking after they see two gay parents attending their adopted child’s ‘back to school night.’ One says, ‘I feel really sorry for their daughter; she would be better off being raised in a single-parent family with no father in the picture rather than in a family with two fathers.’ The other agrees and adds, ‘She is going to be all screwed up.’ Is there research evidence to support any of their claims?
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
116. Imagine you observe the play of children in middle childhood in either a developed or developing country. Give an example of what you might see and mention how it compares to the play you would see in early childhood. Be sure to include whether it is a developed or a developing country.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
117. How are friendships different in middle childhood compared to early childhood?
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
118. Provide a scenario for two first graders and two fifth graders, which explains why they are no longer friends.
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 7.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood
Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
119. Describe a study that would benefit from using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM method). Be sure to include the definition of this term, the research question under investigation and the reason this method would be advantageous.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 7.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
120. Describe one important determinant of whether children respond positively or negatively after their parents’ divorce. How long does it take for things to ‘get back to normal’? Are there sex differences? Why?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 7.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle childhood