Arnett, Human Development: A Cultural Approach, First edition

Chapter 11: Middle adulthood

Section 1: Physical development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. A few years ago Robert noticed a few grey hairs. A little frustrated, he was able to isolate and pluck them out one by one; however, recently his grey hairs have become overwhelming in number and he has more grey hairs than brunette. Which of the following best describes the development of time period Robert is in?

A. Emerging adulthood

B. Young adulthood

C. Middle adulthood

D. Late adulthood

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

2. For most men of European descent, hair turning grey begins in ____, but by ____ most people have turned mostly or all grey.

A. the late teens; young adulthood

B. young adulthood; middle adulthood

C. the late teens; middle adulthood

D. middle adulthood; late adulthood

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

3. During middle adulthood, which of the following is more likely to experience hair thinning and baldness?

A. A male of European descent

B. A female of European descent

C. A male of Asian descent

D. A female of Asian descent

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

4. During middle adulthood, which of the following best explains why skin begins to wrinkle and becomes saggy?

A. Skin begins to lose its fat content and the three layers of skin begin to adhere to each other less firmly.

B. The body retains less water; therefore, skin begins to wrinkle and becomes less pliable.

C. White blood cells begin to decrease in number and skin cells are indirectly affected.

D. The nuclei of skin cells begin to shrink, which in turn affects skin elasticity.

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

5. What continues to increase in prevalence partly due to a biological tendency toward increasing body fat and losing muscle mass in middle adulthood?

A. Obesity

B. Joint problems

C. Athletic injuries

D. Hair loss

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

6. What enlarges and becomes less flexible and less transparent, making it more difficult to perceive images in sharp focus and to see in dim light?

A. Retina

B. Iris

C. Cornea

D. Lens

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

7. By age 60, the rod and cone receptors diminish by what percentage?

A. 10%

B. 30%

C. 50%

D. 70%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

8. The changes that occur in vision during middle adulthood make it necessary that most adults ____.

A. take the visual test each time they renew their licences

B. get reading glasses

C. never drive at night

D. watch movies and television on large-screen television sets

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

9. You have noticed that whenever you and your mother are at a bookstore, she needs to hold the book that she is reading about an arm’s length away from her face. Is she just trying to embarrass you?

A. Yes, middle adults have really good vision.

B. No, she needs to get reading glasses.

C. No, she probably has macular degeneration and needs to see an ophthalmologist.

D. Yes, although there are minor visual changes, she is obviously just playing them up.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

10. During what period of adulthood does vision and hearing both decline, although the decline is greater for ____?

A. young adulthood; vision

B. young adulthood; hearing

C. middle age; vision

D. middle age; hearing

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

11. Which of the following best explains why visual acuity declines during middle age?

A. The lens of the eye enlarges and becomes less flexible and less transparent.

B. The occipital lobe, the area of the brain that controls vision, becomes less efficient.

C. The retina of the eye becomes less pliable and malleable, therefore affecting acuity.

D. The phenomenon known as binocular vision becomes less efficient and slowly disappears.

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

12. During what developmental period are individuals most likely to notice that it is more difficult to perceive images in sharp focus and to see in dim light?

A. Late teens

B. Young adulthood

C. Middle adulthood

D. Late adulthood

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

13. There are two types of receptors of the eye. Rods are ____ receptors and cones are ____ receptors.

A. light; colour

B. colour; light

C. monocular-depth-cue; binocular-depth-cue

D. binocular-depth-cue; monocular-depth-cue

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

14. During middle adulthood, the number of rods and cones of the retina decline dramatically. By age 60, an individual has lost about ____ of their rods and cones.

A. one-third

B. one-quarter

C. one-half

D. two-thirds

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

15. Which the following best describes the number of people who need glasses for reading by age 60?

A. A small handful of people

B. A few

C. About half of people

D. Most people

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

16. Lasik is a type of surgery that corrects ____.

A. visual problems

B. auditory problems

C. tactile problems

D. olfactory problems

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

17. During Lasik monovision correction, one eye is corrected for near vision and one eye is corrected for distance vision. It is possible for an individual to see both near and far away because ___________.

A. the brain automatically figures out which eye to rely on most, depending on whether near vision would distance vision is necessary

B. human beings only rely on one eye at any given time, a phenomenon known as monocular vision

C. binocular vision is seldom used and human beings rely on one eye, his or her dominant eye, the majority of the time

D. of the photoreceptors—cones are located in the left eye and rods are located in the right eye and it is these photoreceptors that help to determine distance

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

18. What is a surgical technique that can be used to help those who have difficulties with distance vision?

A. Lens ablation

B. Retinal surgery

C. Mono-chromal adjustment

D. Lasik

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

19. In midlife, many individuals require special glasses to correct visual difficulties while they read. What type of surgery can be performed to assist with visual difficulty that eliminates the need for reading glasses?

A. Cataract surgery

B. Lasik surgery

C. Glaucoma surgery

D. Botox surgery

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

20. Your father, who is a high school English teacher, is having some difficulty reading. This is causing him considerable frustration. He has a pair of reading glasses, but loses them constantly because he is not really used to needing glasses. What is something that you could suggest to him that might be helpful? What type of surgery could he have?

A. Monovision correction

B. Cataracts

C. Binocular adjustment procedure

D. Retinal replacement

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

21. Hearing declines in midlife for about 13% of adults in developed countries, especially for ____.

A. speech sounds

B. low-pitched sounds

C. high-pitched sounds

D. bone-conducted sounds

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

22. When you were in high school, your friends had ‘mosquito’ ring tones on their cell phones. Mosquito tones are very high-pitched (17 kHz) tones. What did your 45-year-old teachers think of it?

A. Some of the teachers thought that there was an invasion of mosquitoes at your school.

B. Most of the time the ring tones were very quiet and the teachers seemed to like them.

C. They found the high-pitched noise to be very irritating.

D. Most never heard it.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

23. What are the tiny hairs in the inner ear known as?

A. Tympanic hairs

B. Incus, stapes and malleus

C. Cilia

D. Hearing hairs

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

24. What happens to the eardrum and other structures of the inner ear during middle adulthood? They become ____.

A. less flexible and more sensitive to sound

B. less flexible and less sensitive to sound

C. more flexible and less sensitive to sound

D. basically unchanged during this time

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

25. The tiny hairs in the inner ear that transmit sounds to the brain and make it possible for an individual to hear are known as ____.

A. cilia

B. malleus

C. eardrum

D. incus

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

26. Which of the following is a neurological explanation of why auditory acuity declines during midlife?

A. The eardrum and other structures in the inner ear become less flexible.

B. The auditory cortex in the brain becomes less efficient in processing information from the inner ear.

C. The cilia in the inner ear begin to thin, making it more difficult to hear.

D. The pinna and external auditory canal become less flexible and pliable, therefore making it more difficult to capture environmental sounds.

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

27. Which of the following is an environmental cause for decreased auditory acuity during middle adulthood?

A. The eardrum and other structures in the inner ear become less flexible.

B. In the brain, the auditory cortex becomes less efficient in processing information from the inner ear.

C. The cilia in the inner ear begin to thin, making it more difficult to hear.

D. Having a history of working within a factory or a job that exposes a person to chronically loud noises.

Learning Objective: 11.1

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

28. Why are men more likely to experience great hearing loss than women in middle adulthood? They are more likely to ____.

A. listen to very loud music, which causes damage to the inner ear

B. be employed in places where there would be chronic exposure to loud noises

C. smoke, which causes irreversible harm to the outer and middle ear

D. not spend as much time trying to listen to what other people are saying

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

29. Why do tribal Africans in middle adulthood show less decline in hearing than people in developed countries do?

A. They are exposed to less noise in their daily lives.

B. They must make loud noises to keep away predators, so they are used to loud noise.

C. They are genetically better at hearing.

D. Their diets have been shown to support hearing.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

30. What describes the most important physical changes of midlife in terms of the reproductive system as fertility declines in males and females?

A. Menopause

B. Climacteric

C. Infertility

D. Erectile dysfunction

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

31. What is the term that is used to describe the end of monthly ovulation and menstruation?

A. Menopause

B. Climacteric

C. Infertility

D. Ovarian blockage

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

32. At what age do men stop producing sperm?

A. 50 years

B. 60 years

C. 70 years

D. Never

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 512

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

33. At what age does menopause usually occur?

A. Between 20 and 30 years of age

B. Between 30 and 40 years of age

C. Between 40 and 50 years of age

D. Between 50 and 60 years of age

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

34. What is the time preceding menopause known as?

A. Premenopause

B. Perimenopause

C. Pseudomenopause

D. Postmenopause

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

35. Menopause tends to occur earlier among women if they ____.

A. Abuse alcohol

B. Smoke

C. Are obese

D. Live in poverty

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

36. Your mother has exercised regularly throughout her entire life. She is very fit, and she has never smoked. Relative to most women, when is menopause likely to occur for her?

A. It will occur earlier than most women.

B. Exercise has no effect on menopause.

C. It will occur later than most women.

D. Women who exercise generally do not menstruate.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

37. Your mother has been experiencing some of the symptoms of menopause and has been asking her mother about her own experiences with menopause, specifically, when it stopped. Although you are a woman who is still in her early 20s, why is this information important for you and your mother alike?

A. Just for information

B. The beginning and end of menopause is influenced by genetics.

C. The end of menopause has a lot to do with generational attitudes.

D. Menopause is completely different for each person and there is no genetic or environmental influence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

38. One of the most important physical changes of midlife occurs in the reproductive system. What is the term used to indicate a decline in fertility?

A. Cacography

B. Cochlea

C. Climatology

D. Climacteric

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

39. What is the term used to indicate the end of monthly ovulation and menstruation?

A. Menstruation

B. Menstrual cycle

C. Menopause

D. Menarche

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

40. Which of the following best describes the phenomenon known as menopause?

A. The end of monthly ovulation and menstruation

B. The first menstrual period; the establishment of menstruation

C. The first male climax and the releasing of sperm

D. The end of sperm production and fertility

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

41. Menopause usually takes place during the ____, but there is a wide range of individual variations, from the ____.

A. late 30s or early 40s; early 20s to the late 40s

B. late 40s or early 50s; early 30s to the late 50s

C. late 50s or early 60s; early 40s to the late 60s

D. late 60s or early 70s; early 50s to the late 70s

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

42. Which of the following is a known factor that contributes to an earlier onset of menopause?

A. An increase in oestrogen

B. Having never given birth

C. Regular exercise

D. A decrease in testosterone

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

43. Which of the following provides support for a genetic influence for the timing of menopause?

A. Research studies that found a correlation of the timing of menopause between mothers and daughters and identical twins

B. Research studies that show a correlation of the timing of menopause between biologically unrelated women who live in the same environment, sharing a house or an apartment

C. Research studies that show a correlation of the timing of menopause for women who live within the same geographical region or country

D. Research studies that show a correlation of the timing of menopause for mothers and their adopted daughters

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

44. Approximately what percentage of women experience symptoms of menopause extreme enough to cause severe distress?

A. 5%

B. 10%

C. 15%

D. 20%

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

45. Sichhun is a 50-year-old female whose hormone levels have dropped. Her menstrual cycle has ceased and she has begun to experience hot flushes, headaches, dizziness and heart palpitations on a frequent basis. Which of the following best explains Sichhun’s condition?

A. Menopause

B. Jaundice

C. Anaemia

D. Dementia

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

46. All women experience _____ and the end of menstruation (menopause), but women vary widely in how they experience the ____.

A. spiritual decline, physiological and psychological effects

B. emotional decline; physiological and social effects

C. cognitive decline; social and psychological effects

D. hormonal declines; physiological and psychological effects

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

47. A common symptom of menopause is ____.

A. hot flushes

B. anaemia

C. dementia

D. jaundice

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

48. What is a very common symptom of menopause?

A. Cravings for carbohydrates

B. Sleeping constantly

C. Hot flushes

D. Rashes

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

49. When are the declines in oestrogen and progesterone levels associated with menopause the most severe?

A. At the very beginning

B. During the entire time menopause is occurring

C. At the very beginning and after the end of menopause

D. After the end of menopause

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

50. Women from what world region have the highest rate of hot flushes at 80%?

A. Africa

B. Japan

C. United States

D. India

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

51. Your aunt is beginning menopause and was discussing her feelings about it with you. She was wondering if you knew of anything ‘natural’ that might help relieve her symptoms. What is one thing that might help?

A. Taking daily naps in the afternoon

B. Drinking large amounts of caffeine

C. Eating soybean-based foods

D. Living in a very warm climate

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

52. For women who are experiencing severe symptoms during menopause, what is a strategy that can alleviate their distress?

A. Chiropractic massage

B. Hormone replacement therapy

C. Eating soybean-based foods

D. Frequent intercourse

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

53. What is a positive result of HRT in menopausal women? It helps to _____.

A. increase bone density

B. decrease the likelihood of stroke

C. reduce the symptoms of menopause

D. improve sexual functioning

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

54. Your 45-year-old neighbor knows that you are taking a developmental course. She is experiencing some severe symptoms of menopause and was interested in your thoughts on hormone replacement therapy (HRT). What would you tell her? HRT is

A. effective, but there are serious potential side effects.

B. effective and completely safe.

C. not effective and carries many potential side effects.

D. not effective, but there are no severe risks.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

55. Your grandmother has been experiencing the side effects of menopause and you overheard your mother and grandmother discussing the possibility of using hormone replacement therapy. What would be your advice?

A. Not to use HRT, as there are serious side effects including increased risk of stroke, heart attacks and breast cancer

B. Not to use HRT, as it increases the likelihood of osteoporosis and colon cancer

C. To use HRT, as it decreases the likelihood of stroke, heart attacks and breast cancer

D. To use HRT, as it decreases the risk of spontaneous abortion

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

56. Your grandmother is a 62-year-old breast cancer survivor and is experiencing very strong menopausal symptoms. A friend of hers has suggested that hormone replacement therapy would probably help her with her symptoms. Given her background, what would be your advice? She should ____.

A. definitely not use HRT

B. try HRT cautiously and have frequent check-ups

C. alternate HRT weekly

D. definitely use HRT; there are no reasons not to do so

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

57. Which of the following United States ethnic groups report the highest rate of hot flushes as a result of menopause?

A. Women of African descent

B. Women of Asian descent

C. Women of European descent

D. Women of South American descent

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

58. For women who experience severe symptoms during menopause, ____ is sometimes used to alleviate their distress.

A. chiropractic and acupuncture therapy

B. cognitive behavioural therapy

C. hormone replacement therapy

D. psychoanalytic therapy

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

59. A possible explanation of why women in Japan experience a lower rate of hot flushes during menopause is that ____.

A. cultural forces have dictated that hot flushes are inappropriate and Japanese women unconsciously suppress them

B. soybean is a large part of their diet and it contains plant oestrogen

C. ginger root is commonly consumed and it has been proven to suppress hot flushes

D. fish is a large part of their diet and vitamin B12 is known to minimise hot flushes

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

60. Generally speaking, how do women across cultures view menopause?

A. Fear, it in that it signifies the end of reproduction

B. Generally welcome the end of their reproductive years

C. Dislike it, in that they feel less attractive

D. Are typically completely ambivalent

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

61. Evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond (1992) hypothesised that the danger that childbirth poses to human mothers, and the danger that a mother’s death poses to human children, were related to what characteristically human experience?

A. Infant/mother bonding

B. Parenting

C. Menopause

B. Miscarriages

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: Physical changes in middle adulthood

62. At what rate do testosterone levels decline during midlife?

A. 1% per year

B. 6% per year

C. 12% per year

D. 18% per year

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

63. Your father, who is 45 years old, has recently been discussing the desire to father another child. He is worried that he will not able to do so even though he and your mother are strongly considering it. What would you tell him regarding his ability to father another child? He should _____.

A. probably get started, as sperm quality and mobility begin to decline at his age

B. give up on the idea, his sperm count is probably too low

C. he should have a fertility check since most males have little to no sperm at age 45 years

D. think carefully about fathering a child; the child has no chance of being born healthy

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

64. What is unique to human females during midlife that does not happen to any other primate species?

A. Lifetime pair bonding

B. Menopause

C. Midlife crisis

D. Second families

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

65. By age 40 years, many individuals in midlife experience sleep problems. What are the consequences? Adults in midlife are ____.

A. less likely to experience the deepest type of sleep

B. more likely to have nightmares

C. more likely to fall asleep on the job

D. less likely to have appropriate bone density

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

66. During middle adulthood, which of the following are factors related to sleep disturbances and sleep disorders?

A. Obesity, cardiovascular disease and depression

B. Arthritis, jaundice and diabetes

C. Restless legs syndrome, myopic vision and hypertension

D. Anxiety, eczema and psoriasis

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

67. Medical authorities recommend ____ of sleep per night as optimal, but among midlife adults in the United States, more than ____ report receiving less than 7 hours of sleep at least occasionally.

A. 5–7 hours; three-quarters

B. 6–8 hours; two-thirds

C. 7–9 hours; one-fourth

D. 9–11 hours; one-half

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

68. In what condition do the bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion?

A. Scoliosis

B. Jaundice

C. Diabetes

D. Osteoporosis

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

69. Eighty percent of people who are diagnosed with osteoporosis are women. What is the simple explanation for this phenomenon?

A. During menopause, women lose oestrogen and this puts women at a greater risk for the development of osteoporosis.

B. Women have two X chromosomes and it is known that an inoculating factor for the development of osteoporosis is the Y chromosome.

C. Men have higher levels of testosterone and higher levels of testosterone to combat the development of osteoporosis.

D. Women often live a lifestyle that puts them at greater risk for the development of osteoporosis as compared to men.

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

70. Which of the following pairs of individuals have a higher concordance rate of osteoporosis than the rest?

A. Monozygotic twins

B. Dizygotic twins

C. Biological sisters

D. Adopted sisters

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

71. Which of the following is the leading cause of death for adults worldwide?

A. Cardiovascular disease

B. Starvation

C. War

D. Cancer

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

72. What is a problem that is commonly experienced by individuals in midlife who are obese, have cardiovascular disease or who are depressed?

A. Heart palpitations

B. Snoring

C. Sleep problems

D. Low levels of dopamine

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

73. Your 46-year-old uncle is about 60 pounds overweight and is having difficulty sleeping at night. If he were interested in your advice, you could tell him that ____.

A. most people his age have difficulty sleeping and not to worry about it

B. he should probably consider trying to lose weight; that should help improve his sleeping

C. he is probably depressed and that is why he is having sleeping problems

D. he should see his doctor, he has probably had a small heart attack

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

74. How many hours of sleep do medical authorities recommend getting each night?

A. 5 to 6 hours

B. 7 to 9 hours

C. 10 to 11 hours

D. 12 hours

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

75. In what condition do the bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion?

A. Osteoporosis

B. Atherosclerosis

C. Ossicle depletion

D. Phosphoritis

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

76. From middle adulthood onward, women lose about what percentage of their bone mass?

A. 10%

B. 30%

C. 50%

D. 70%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

77. Your 59-year-old uncle is convinced that he will have osteoporosis. He is in good health and is quite active. What would you tell him?

A. It is not very likely. Only 20% of individuals with osteoporosis are male.

B. He is probably correct, about 80% of males have osteoporosis.

C. It is not likely if he drinks a lot of milk.

D. He is probably correct, very active adults are more prone to osteoporosis.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

78. What is the risk factor for osteoporosis?

A. Eating soy-based foods

B. Smoking

C. Too much exercising

D. Obesity

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

79. How often do health authorities recommend that women over 50 have their bone density checked?

A. Every 6 months

B. Every year

C. Every 2 years

D. Every 5 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

80. Your grandmother is a 56-year-old smoker and just read an article concerning osteoporosis. The article did not really cover much, just stated that the likelihood of osteoporosis increases with age. What would you say to her about her risk factor? She should ____.

A. not worry about osteoporosis, you are sure that she will not have trouble

B. get yearly bone density checks and quit smoking

C. drink a lot of milk

D. start an exercise routine

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

81. What is the term that describes the building up of plaque in the arteries?

A. Pulmonary disease

B. Coronary disease

C. High blood pressure

D. Atherosclerosis

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

82. Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. What condition affecting the cardiovascular system occurs when plaque builds up on coronary arteries, causing the blood flow through these arteries to become constricted?

A. Arteriosclerosis

B. Veinosclerosis

C. Coronoslerosis

D. Atherosclerosis

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

83. Why is cardiovascular disease so high in countries like Russia?

A. The severe stress to which Russians are exposed

B. Extreme weather conditions

C. A high rate of smoking

D. Large consumption of fatty foods

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

84. The most common type of cancer among men is ________, whereas ____ cancer is the most common type among women.

A. breast; lung

B. lung; colon

C. prostate; breast

D. colon; prostate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

85. Over the years, plaque builds up on the coronary arteries, causing the passage of blood through the arteries to become constricted. What is the name of this condition?

A. Cystic fibrosis

B. Multiple sclerosis

C. Amniocentesis

D. Atherosclerosis

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

86. Across countries, men are at such a higher risk than women for cardiovascular disease because they are more likely to ____.

A. smoke

B. have high-stress jobs

C. have a lower educational level

D. work in polluted environments

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

87. In a study that examined women who experienced a severely stressful event and were screened for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), what did the authors find when the women were re-evaluated 14 years later?

A. Women who went to therapy were actually more likely to have coronary heart disease.

B. Women who exhibited five or more symptoms of PTSD were three times more likely to have coronary heart disease.

C. Women who took antidepressants were more likely not to have coronary heart disease.

D. Women who were not married were eight times more likely to have coronary heart disease.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

88. In a study examining treatment approaches for individuals who had heart disease (Blumenthal et al., 2005), which group exhibited better cardiovascular functioning as well as lower levels of distress and depression?

A. the routine care group

B. the music therapy group

C. the movie-watching group

D. the stress management and exercise groups

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: Health and disease

89. In what procedure for cardiovascular disease does a surgeon insert a tube into a blocked artery and inflate a tiny balloon that flattens the fatty deposits against the wall and allows blood to flow more freely?

A. Angioplasty

B. Open heart surgery

C. Stents

D. Pacemaker

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

90. Ed is a middle-aged male who is a high-risk candidate for coronary heart disease. Which of the following are recommendations to help Ed lower his risk?

A. Establish a healthy diet, increase exercise and quit smoking

B. Get more sleep, get more sun and get more potassium

C. Increase calcium, folic acid and B12, but decrease iron

D. Start a multivitamin regimen, decrease stress and limit the consumption of high fructose corn syrup

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

91. Worldwide, what is the second leading cause of death among adults?

A. Cardiovascular disease

B. Cancer

C. Accidents

D. Suicide

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

92. What is the most common type of cancer among men?

A. Breast cancer

B. Prostate cancer

C. Skin cancer

D. Lung cancer

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

93. What is the most common type of cancer among women?

A. Breast cancer

B. Prostate cancer

C. Skin cancer

D. Lung cancer

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

94. Your mother has breast cancer and went through a very difficult treatment program, but is doing well now. You are a young woman who smokes; what can you do to ensure that you lower your risks of breast cancer?

A. Stop smoking immediately!

B. Perform self-exams monthly.

C. Start an exercise program.

D. Eat soy-based foods.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

95. What type of intervention involves subjecting the cancerous part of the body to toxic substances intended to poison the cancer cells?

A. Chemotherapy

B. Radiation therapy

C. Angiogenesis inhibitors therapy

D. Gene therapy

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

96. Ralph was given good news and bad news by his physician. The bad news was that he has cancer; the good news was that the survival rate for the type of cancer that he has is 87%. Which of the following types of cancer does Ralph most likely have?

A. Prostate

B. Throat

C. Kidney

D. Pancreas

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

97. Which of the following cancers have the lowest 5-year survival rate?

A. Prostate and skin

B. Breast and rectal

C. Kidney and liver

D. Pancreas and lung

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

98. In a study conducted by Coleman and colleagues (2008), ____ of American women aged 50–64 reported receiving regular mammograms to screen for breast cancer, compared to ____ of British women.

A. over 90%; about 70%

B. over 80%; about 60%

C. over 70%; about 50%

D. over 60%; about 40%

Learning Objective: 11.3

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

99. What is the type of cancer with the lowest universal survival rate?

A. Pancreatic

B. Lung

C. Breast

D. Skin

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

100. Your 46-year-old neighbor just learned that he has pancreatic cancer. What are your thoughts about this?

A. It is very sad, because pancreatic cancer has the lowest survival rate.

B. It should be fine, the survival rate for pancreatic cancer is quite good.

C. If he eats a nutritious diet, his chances of survival are fairly good.

D. With a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the survival rate is nearly 80%, so he should be fine.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

101. Which country has the highest survival rates for breast and prostate cancer in the world?

1. Germany
2. United States
3. Japan
4. England

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

102. Why are survival rates for breast and prostate cancer so high in certain countries, but not others?

1. Use of holistic medicine and participation in early detection screenings
2. Professional diet and exercise programs
3. Advanced medical technologies and participation in early detection screenings
4. Lack of smoking and reduced genetic risk

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

104. What is it called when a mammogram indicates that a patient has cancer when in fact she does not?

A. A false positive

B. A false negative

C. A false diagnosis

D. A false reading

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

105. Your mother is 52 years old and has had only one mammogram in the last 10 years because she hates having them done. What can you tell her that might help her get her next mammogram? The survival rate of women who have ____.

A. breast cancer is much better if detected early with regular mammograms

B. colon cancer is much better if detected early with regular mammograms

C. prostate cancer is much better if detected early with regular mammograms

D. pancreatic cancer is much better if detected early with regular mammograms

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

106. What is the best way to avoid death from cancer?

A. Prevention

B. Surgery

C. Chemotherapy

D. Radiation therapy

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

107. Researcher George Vaillant combined samples from three studies: male Harvard graduates, boys from low-income urban families and women with high IQs. Each of the studies began in the early decades of the 20th century and followed their samples with assessments every year or two from childhood or emerging adulthood into late adulthood. Vaillant conducted which of the following research designs?

A. A longitudinal study

B. A cross-sectional study

C. A quasi-experiment

D. a case study

Learning Objective: 11.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

108. In Vaillant’s original study, subjects who were heavy smokers, alcohol abusers and overweight at age 50, were more likely to be dead by 75–80, and those who were still alive were likely to be classified as ____.

A. happy-well

B. sad-sick

C. depressed-morbid

D. joyful-elated

Learning Objective: 11.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

109. In Vaillant’s original study, which of the following variables are characteristics of participants who were classified as happy-well?

A. Years of education and marriage stability

B. An easygoing temperament and strong cognitive skills

C. Authoritative parental upbringing and low social problem-solving

D. Years of prosocial behaviour and high altruism

Learning Objective: 11.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

110. The Americans’ Changing Lives (ACL) study followed a nationally representative sample of Americans ages 25 and older for 15 years beginning in 1986 and ending in 2001, assessing their physical health at four times during the 15-year period (House et al., 2005). The main finding of the study was that ____.

A. educational attainment relates to one’s physical health

B. genetic lineage predicts life expectancy

C. coping skills and the strength of one’s social network relates to life satisfaction

D. sex is a correlating factor to health consciousness

Learning Objective: 11.4

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

111. What were the results of the study (House et al., 2005) that examined the relationship between educational attainment and health?

A. There was no relationship between educational attainment and health.

B. There was a very weak relationship between educational attainment and health.

C. There was a moderate relationship between educational attainment and health.

D. There was a very strong relationship between educational attainment and health.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

Short

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

113. Explain the relative advantages and disadvantages of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for women experiencing severe symptoms during menopause.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: physical changes in middle adulthood

114. Discuss one health problem that is more likely to occur in middle adulthood than in early points in the life span. Is there anything that can be done to prevent it? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

115. What are two risk factors for osteoporosis?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

116. What is the #1 cause of death for adults worldwide? Discuss two risk factors.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

117. Imagine that your 40-year-old friend, Shulamit, tells you that breast cancer runs in her family. Her grandmother, aunt and her mother have all died from the disease. She goes on to say, ‘There’s nothing I can do about it: it’s all in the genes.’ What would your response be (making use of research evidence)?

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

118. Discuss the main findings of Vaillant’s research on the participants he classified as happy-well and sad-sick. Be sure to specify the research design in your response.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health and disease

Section 2: Cognitive development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Who was the theorist who first described fluid and crystallised intelligence?

A. Raymond Cattell

B. Jean Piaget

C. Alfred Binet

D. Robert Sternberg

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

2. What type of intelligence involves information processing abilities such as short-term memory, ability to discern relations between visual stimuli and speed of synthesising new information?

A. Verbal intelligence

B. Performance intelligence

C. Fluid intelligence

D. Crystallised intelligence

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

3. In Cattell’s theory, what type of intelligence is a biologically based quality of the neurological system and cannot be trained or taught?

A. Verbal intelligence

B. Performance intelligence

C. Fluid intelligence

D. Crystallised intelligence

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

4. What type of intelligence represents the accumulation of a person’s culturally based knowledge, language and understanding of social convention?

A. Verbal intelligence

B. Performance intelligence

C. Fluid intelligence

D. Crystallised intelligence

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

5. What type of intelligence includes the person’s vocabulary, cultural information stored in long-term memory and logical reasoning abilities?

A. Verbal intelligence

B. Performance intelligence

C. Fluid intelligence

D. Crystallised intelligence

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

6. You notice that you are very quick to respond to the changing conditions in a new video game that you just bought. In fact, you are better at responding and adapting to the scenery and demands of the game than your friends who bought and started playing the game two weeks ago. What type of intelligence are you tapping into?

A. Verbal intelligence

B. Performance intelligence

C. Fluid intelligence

D. Crystallised intelligence

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

7. What study began with a sample of over 5,000 young and middle adults in 1956 and continues to this day?

A. Terman’s Longitudinal Study

B. Seattle Longitudinal Study

C. New York Longitudinal Study

D. Binet’s Longitudinal Study

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

8. Which of the following individuals is in a job that requires having high fluid intelligence?

A. A pilot

B. A school librarian

C. A plumber

D. A professor of psychology

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

9. In Cattell’s theory, fluid intelligence is a ____ quality of the nervous system and cannot be trained or taught.

A. psychologically based

B. socially based

C. environmentally based

D. biologically based

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

10. What type of intelligence represents the accumulation of a person’s culturally based knowledge, language and understanding of social conventions?

A. G-intelligence

B. Crystallised intelligence

C. Fluid intelligence

D. Multiple intelligence

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

11. ____ is the type of intelligence that involves information processing abilities such as short-term memory, ability to discern relations between visual stimuli and speed of synthesising new information, whereas ____ represents the accumulation of a person’s culturally based knowledge, language and understanding of social conventions.

A. Fluid intelligence; crystallised intelligence

B. Crystallised intelligence; fluid intelligence

C. Multiple intelligence; G intelligence

D. G intelligence; multiple intelligence

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

12. A person’s vocabulary, cultural information stored in long-term memory and logical reasoning abilities are examples of ____.

A. fluid intelligence

B. crystallised intelligence

C. cognitive overload

D. CPU speed

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

13. Your grandmother tells you about how things were in the ‘Old Country’ when she was a child before she moved with her family to the United States. Your grandmother’s recollections of cultural information are examples of her ____.

A. fluid intelligence

B. crystallised intelligence

C. cognitive overload

D. CPU speed

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

14. Fluid intelligence is proposed to be based upon one’s ____, whereas crystallised intelligence is proposed to be based upon one’s ____.

A. biology; culture

B. culture; biology

C. self-concept; self-worth

D. self-worth; self-concept

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

15. When does crystallised intelligence peak?

A. Adolescence

B. Emerging adulthood

C. Middle adulthood

D. Later adulthood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

16. Which of the three measures of fluid intelligence decline steeply throughout adulthood?

A. Perceptual speed

B. Numeric ability

C. Spatial orientation

D. Vocabulary

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

17. According to the text, the best information on the course of fluid and crystallised intelligence through adulthood comes from the ____.

A. University of Rochester Hepatitis Study

B. Seattle Longitudinal Study

C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

D. Stroop test

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: Intelligence, expertise and career development

18. The Seattle Longitudinal Study that focused on crystallised and fluid intelligence assessed participants in which of the following areas of cognitive ability?

A. Sensory motor skills, the law of conservation and A not B error

B. Cognitive load, cognitive overload and cognitive underload

C. Creative analysis, hypothetical deductive reasoning and visual spatial tasks

D. Verbal ability, inductive reasoning and verbal memory

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

19. The Seattle Longitudinal Study examined crystallised and fluid intelligence across the lifespan. What did the study find regarding perceptual speed? It

A. remained consistent with crystallised intelligence.

B. leveled off and maintained throughout the adult years.

C. increased steeply throughout the adult years.

D. declined steeply throughout the adult years.

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

20. The results of the Seattle Longitudinal Study discovered that many aspects of intelligence reach their peak during which developmental period?

A. Early adulthood

B. Young adulthood

C. Midlife

D. Late life

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

21. According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when does crystallised intelligence reach its peak?

A. Early adulthood

B. Young adulthood

C. Midlife

D. Late life

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

22. You were playing a speed-based card game with your 64-year-old grandfather. The object of the game is to get rid of your cards as fast as you can. Once the first card is turned over, each player tries to play by deciding which pile to play his or her card. When you were younger, your grandfather always beat you in this game. Now, you always beat him. What is probably happening? Your grandfather is experiencing a slight decline in ____.

A. perceptual speed

B. numeric ability

C. spatial orientation

D. crystallised intelligence

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

23. In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, the one test that showed an unmistakable decline from young to middle adulthood was the test of ____.

A. creativity

B. hypothetical deductive intelligence

C. crystallised intelligence

D. perceptual speed

Learning Objective: 115

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

24. As illustrated by the results of the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which of the following would be predicted to decline from young adulthood to middle adulthood?

A. Creativity

B. Hypothetical deductive intelligence

C. Crystallised intelligence

D. Perceptual speed

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

25. Cognitively speaking, perceptual speed can be predicted to decline from ____.

A. young adulthood to middle adulthood

B. middle adulthood to late adulthood

C. infancy to middle childhood

D. middle childhood to adolescence

Learning Objective: 11.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

26. What term do developmentalists use to refer to the knowledge and experience in a specific domain?

A. Fluidity

B. Intelligence

C. Wisdom

D. Expertise

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

27. Your 43-year-old uncle has his own automobile repair shop. Whenever you have car problems all you have to do is describe the noise that your car is making and he can accurately diagnose the problem on the phone. Psychologists would argue that this is an example of his ____.

A. expertise

B. fluid intelligence

C. wisdom

D. advanced spatial orientation

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

28. What concept is defined as knowledge and experience in a specific domain?

A. Accommodation

B. Assimilation

C. Narcissism

D. Expertise

Learning Objective: 11.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

29. By middle adulthood, a nurse who has been in the field for 18 years has far more ____ than someone who has just completed nursing school, and so would be more likely to be selected to head a nursing staff in a hospital.

A. Accommodation

B. Assimilation

C. Narcissism

D. Expertise

Learning Objective: 11.6

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

30. Expertise is a form of what type of intelligence as it consists of accumulated knowledge and reasoning in a culturally valued area?

A. Crystallised intelligence

B. Fluid intelligence

C. Hypothetical-deductive intelligence

D. Creative intelligence

Learning Objective: 11.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

31. As discussed in the text, individuals with expertise differ cognitively from novices in that ____.

A. they process information more quickly and efficiently

B. they are more motivated to perform the cognitive skills necessary

C. they have advanced development of the frontal cortex

D. they are more skilled at hypothetical deductive reasoning

Learning Objective: 11.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

32. It is clear that experts have a wealth of crystallised intelligence for a particular area. This accumulated knowledge allows them to ____.

A. become distracted by availability and representative heuristics

B. focus on aspects of the problem that are more likely to hold the solution

C. use more of their parietal lobe of the cortex in problem-solving

D. become more motivated in problem-solving

Learning Objective: 11.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

33. According to research (Arts et al., 2006), experts are not only more automatic in their problem-solving than novices, they are also ____.

A. less formal

B. less cautious

C. more flexible

D. more contemplative

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

34. Your uncle has been a high school math teacher for nearly 25 years. You have always been amazed at how quickly your uncle can estimate cubic dimensions by the simple measurements he does in his head. What concept explains his ability?

A. He is a savant.

B. He has mathematical expertise.

C. He has wisdom.

D. He is gifted.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

35. With regard to cognitive development in mid-adulthood, with enough expertise a substantial part of problem-solving becomes ____.

A. cortical

B. automatic

C. conscious

D. cerebral

Learning Objective: 11.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

36. A mechanic who does not have to think through the various possible sources of the sounds in a pair of brakes, but rather hears the sound and immediately knows the problem, is an example of someone who has a high degree of ____.

A. expertise

B. motivation

C. parietal knowledge

D. fluid intelligence

Learning Objective: 11.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

37. In regards to cognitive processing in mid-adulthood, automaticity makes problem-solving fast and efficient, and ____ do not have to sort consciously through every alternative but are very quick to problem-solve.

A. novices

B. beginners

C. experts

D. greenhorns

Learning Objective: 11.6

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

38. In terms of cognitive processing in middle adulthood, which of the following individuals is more likely to process problems with a high degree of automaticity and develop solutions that are fast and efficient?

A. Novice

B. Beginners

C. Experts

D. Greenhorns

Learning Objective: 11.6

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

39. Based on research in the United States and Europe, at what age does job satisfaction peak?

A. In the 20s

B. In the 30s

C. In the 40s

D. In the 50s

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 11.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

40. During middle adulthood, for many, job satisfaction is ____.

A. at its all-time high

B. at its all-time low

C. the same as it was during young adulthood

D. is non-existent, because many are retired

Learning Objective: 11.17

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

41. A variety of studies have found that job satisfaction peaks in middle adulthood, particularly in the ____.

A. 40s

B. 50s

C. 60s

D. 70s

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

42. The main reason given for job satisfaction in midlife is ____.

A. salary

B. enjoyment of the work itself

C. the prestige

D. the fringe benefits

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

43. Some midlife adults quit their jobs because they become disillusioned, frustrated and tired of them. What is this phenomenon?

A. Retirement

B. Burnout

C. Termination

D. Job depression

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

44. What would a person in the protean career path do?

A. Remain in the company for many years

B. Train for a career, but then never pursue any jobs related to that training

C. Retire early

D. Change jobs frequently

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

45. The ____ is a social phenomenon that limits women’s advancements in the workforce due to gender discrimination.

A. glass tower

B. glass elevator

C. glass escalator

D. glass ceiling

Learning Objective: 11.7

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

46. Samantha is the best middle manager the company has. She constantly puts countless hours into her job and is one of the best and brightest around. Samantha has not received a raise or promotion for many years and believes it is because she is a woman experiencing unseen discrimination. It is clear that Samantha is feeling the effects of a ____.

A. glass tower

B. glass elevator

C. glass escalator

D. glass ceiling

Learning Objective: 11.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

47. Your parents are in their 50s, both work and have high satisfaction with their careers. You have noticed that most of your parents’ friends also seem to have high satisfaction with their careers. Why?

A. They have been promoted a lot in their careers.

B. Their salaries are high and are making a lot of money.

C. They enjoy the work that they are doing.

D. They are looking forward to retirement, which compensates for their lack of work enjoyment.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

48. Your aunt is an outstanding attorney who has been very successful in the courtroom. She has been very frustrated in not being made a partner in a law firm who has only men as partners. Her frustration is described by what concept?

A. Male superiority

B. Fear of failure

C. The glass ceiling

D. Burnout

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

49. Which of the following individuals is most likely to experience burnout in their job?

1. A business executive who has a lot of responsibility and is well-paid
2. A full-time teacher who works in a poorly funded school with a large class size
3. A nurse who works part-time
4. A bank teller who works full-time and has 3 weeks of paid vacation per year

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

50. John earned his MBA, has been flexible in his career choices and will change jobs as new and better opportunities are presented to him. This has led to more rewarding work for him. What is this career path called?

1. Organisational
2. Opportunistic
3. Protean
4. Disorganised

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

51. What is known as the ability to respond quickly and accurately to sensory stimuli?

A. Reaction time

B. Perceptual speed

C. Information processing

D. Mental agility

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

52. What is defined as the amount of time it takes an individual to respond to a stimulus?

A. Reaction time

B. Stimulus discrimination

C. Information processing

D. Target acquisition

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

53. You are teasing your 53-year-old father that he is slower than you are in responding to a visual stimulus. He rightfully argues that ____.

A. the difference is generally only found in laboratory settings

B. if the difference were age-graded, he would be faster than you

C. you should be more respectful

D. research does not show a difference between young and middle adults in regards to reaction times

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

54. Which of the following is a measure of an individual’s perceptual speed?

A. Pressing a button in response to a sound

B. Recalling one’s 16th birthday

C. Reciting the Gettysburg address

D. Completing a crossword puzzle

Learning Objective: 11.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

55. You do not like to drive with your 54-year-old uncle. He prides himself on being a great driver, but you think that he gets too close behind other drivers. Relative to your uncle’s age, why does this concern you? You think that you might get into an accident because, as a middle adult, ____.

A. his vision has been reduced significantly

B. he is less able to multitask

C. he is forgetful and reckless

D. his reaction time is slower

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

56. ____ is the amount of time it takes the person to respond to a stimulus.

A. Crystallised intelligence

B. Reaction time

C. Creativity

D. Temporal lobe processing speed

Learning Objective: 11.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

57. In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, fluid intelligence was assessed by means of perceptual speed, whereas prior research studies assessed fluid intelligence by measuring ____.

A. crystallised intelligence

B. reaction time

C. the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

D. temporal lobe processing speed

Learning Objective: 11.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

58. The reaction time of midlife adults is typically a few ____ longer than for young adults in laboratory tasks involving lights and sounds and pressing button.

A. milliseconds

B. seconds

C. minutes

D. hours

Learning Objective: 11.8

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

59. Which of the following individuals is more likely to win in a videogame that is filled with continuous action and requires rapid reaction times?

A. An individual in young adulthood

B. An individual in middle adulthood

C. An individual in late adulthood

D. An individual in later-late adulthood

Learning Objective: 11.8

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

60. ____ adults may also be slower than ____ adults to respond to a driving situation that requires an immediate reaction, such as braking quickly when another driver stops unexpectedly.

A. Middle; younger

B. Middle; older

C. Younger; middle

D. Younger; older

Learning Objective: 11.8

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

61. In terms of attention, with age people seem to become less able to ____.

A. inhibit a response to irrelevant information

B. pay attention to relevant information

C. remember important information

D. withhold a response when angered

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

62. You and your 51-year-old mother are playing a speed-based computer game. The point of the game is to respond as quickly as possible to a set of three letters, while disregarding other letters that appear. Your mother is getting frustrated because she keeps ____.

A. pushing the button on the controller for the wrong letters

B. getting beaten by you even though she is correct in her responding

C. forgetting which button to push

D. falling asleep because she thinks the game is boring

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

63. What is the ability to maintain attention to two or more information sources simultaneously and to be able to switch back and forth between them?

A. Information processing

B. Divided attention

C. Perceptual attention

D. Multi-attention

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

64. In terms of memory, what differences are there between young and middle adulthood?

A. Considerable differences, with middle adults performing significantly worse than young adults

B. Very little differences between young and middle adults

C. Slight differences in which middle adults outperform young adults

D. Considerable differences, with middle adults performing better than young adults

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

65. Which of the following is likely to decline in middle adulthood?

A. The ability to focus one’s attention

B. Crystallised intelligence and long-term memory

C. Episodic and autobiographical memories

D. An individual’s creative potential

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

66. Attention is the ability to focus on relevant information while ____.

A. being distracted by environmental stimuli

B. ignoring irrelevant environmental information

C. summing external cues into one large distracter

D. multiplying sensory-memory input

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

67. Inhibiting irrelevant information as a means to focus attention. In an experiment where participants were asked to press a bar only in response to certain visual stimuli, midlife adult subjects were ____ younger adults to press the bar in response to the ____.

A. far less likely than; right combinations

B. equally as likely as; right combinations

C. less likely than; wrong combinations

D. more likely than; wrong combinations

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

68. As illustrated by research, not only does attention decline in midlife but one can also predict that ____ will decline.

A. divided attention

B. subtracted attention

C. multiplied attention

D. added attention

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

69. ____ is the ability to maintain attention on two or more information sources simultaneously and switch back and forth between them.

A. Divided attention

B. Subtracted attention

C. Multiplied attention

D. Added attention

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

70. Which of the following is an example of divided attention?

A. Talking on phone while playing a computer game

B. Typing a term paper on a computer

C. Driving a car in the morning

D. Swimming laps in an Olympic-sized swimming pool

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

71. Divided attention is most closely related to ____.

A. multitasking

B. cognitive underload

C. creativity

D. cognitive assimilation

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

72. Which of the following is an example of multitasking?

A. Making dinner while supervising a child’s homework

B. Typing a term paper on a computer

C. Playing catch with your dog

D. Swimming laps in an Olympic-sized swimming pool

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

73. For participants who are in middle adulthood, research has shown a slight decline in ____.

A. crystallised memory

B. long-term memory

C. short-term memory

D. autobiographical memory

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

74. For participants in middle adulthood, the Seattle Longitudinal Study demonstrated that long-term memory ____ for most.

A. continues to increase

B. continues to decrease

C. levels off or plateaus

D. remains unchanged

Learning Objective: 11.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

Short

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

76. Define attrition and give an example. Why is this important to take into account when conducting a study?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

77. Would you expect to see differences in reaction time between emerging adults and middle-age adults? Explain using a specific example.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

78. How might you explain the discrepancy in cross-sectional research finding a decline in memory for lists of words, but longitudinal research showing an increase in factual knowledge and procedural knowledge?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

79. Does research show age-related changes in divided attention in middle adulthood?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: information processing in middle adulthood

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

80. As Arnett states, ‘Longitudinal studies are often viewed as methodologically preferable to cross-sectional studies.’ Explain why.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

81. Two people were finalists during a lengthy job search for a university president. Candidate A was in her early 30s, graduated from a prestigious university, and world-renowned in her field. Candidate B was 50 and also highly respected in her field. Although Candidate B had fewer publications, unlike candidate A, she has successful track record in a variety of administrative positions at two different institutions before applying for this position. According to the research, which finalist should be chosen?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: intelligence, expertise and career development

Section 3: Emotional and social development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. At what period in the lifespan is contentment with the self the highest?

A. Emerging adulthood

B. Young adulthood

C. Middle adulthood

D. Late adulthood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

2. Your 56-year-old teacher seems very comfortable with herself. If she does not know the answer to a student’s question, she simply states that she does not know and will try to find the answer. Is she an unusual person for her age?

A. No, self-contentment is at its peak during middle adulthood.

B. No, women of all ages have high self-contentment.

C. Yes, self-contentment is generally the highest during emerging adulthood.

D. Yes, more middle adults have poor self-contentment.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

3. When asked about their goals in life, midlife adults tend to mention ____.

A. that they already fulfilled all of their goals

B. that they have no goals and are content with having no goals

C. fulfilling the roles they currently have

D. very lofty philosophic goals that they are committed to attaining

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

4. According to the text, an individual’s self-concept tends to be highest during ____.

A. late teens

B. young adulthood

C. middle adulthood

D. late adulthood

Learning Objective: 11.10

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

5. When asked about their goals, midlife adults tend to mention _______.

A. goals that are unreasonable

B. lofty goals

C. goals regarding fame

D. fulfilling roles as parents, spouses or friends

Learning Objective: 11.10

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

6. More than in earlier stages of life, most ____ appear to be at peace with themselves, no longer striving to be something different than they are.

a. young adults

b. midlife adults

c. late-life adults

d. emerging adults

Learning Objective: 11.10

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

7. In comparison to later adulthood, most midlife adults have not yet had to confront ____.

A. a global decrease in cognitive functioning due to synaptic pruning, neural plaque and neurological death as a natural result of aging

B. the stressors of parenthood, job loss, depression and other psychological disorders

C. the loss of meaningful roles or serious impairments in their physical health and functioning

D. a shaky self-worth due to changes in career, the economy and global progress

Learning Objective: 11.10

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

8. When individuals have an awareness of both their good and bad characteristics and overall feel more positive about themselves and their lives, what do they have?

A. Self-acceptance

B. A sense of autonomy

C. Positive environmental mastery

D. A strong sense of individualism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

9. You have noticed that your 55-year-old father does not seem to be overly concerned about what others think about him. He likes who he is and accepts who he is. According to the text, he has ____.

A. positive regard

B. self-acceptance

C. positive enmeshment

D. autonomy

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

10. What is the term used to indicate when individuals see themselves as being able to handle a variety of roles and responsibilities effectively?

A. Positive regard

B. Self-acceptance

C. Environmental mastery

D. Autonomy

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

11. A large cross-sectional study (Ryff, 1995) examined individuals from adolescence to individuals in their 70s. Which of the following is true up until individuals are in their 50s?

A. Self-acceptance increased

B. Autonomy decreased

C. Environmental mastery decreased

D. Self-doubt increased

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

12. According to Buddhist philosophy, being involved in ____ is a way to remove one’s self from the demands of everyday life while cultivating personal discipline and escaping the world of desire.

A. parenting

B. yoga

C. the arts

D. volunteering

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

13. A cross-sectional study of American adults from their late teens to their 70s found similar enhancements in self-development in middle adulthood. Which of the following are qualities of self that increased with age?

A. Self-compliance, self-mastery and the empathetic self

B. Self-acceptance, economy and environmental mastery

C. The self as man, the self as a woman and the self as androgynous

D. The I-self, the me-self and the we-self

Learning Objective: 11.10

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

14. In regard to self-concept, which of the following is most consistent with an individual who possesses a high degree of self-acceptance?

A. An individual with a single dimensional self who lacks an appreciation or knowledge of who they really are

B. An individual who is less concerned with other’s assessments of them than when they were younger and who is more inclined to assess himself or herself according to self-defined standards

C. An individual who sees himself or herself as being able to handle a variety of roles and responsibilities effectively

D. An individual who is aware and accepting of having a mix of good and bad characteristics, but overall feels more positive

Learning Objective: 11.10

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

15. With regard to self-concept, which of the following is most consistent with an individual who possesses a high degree of autonomy?

A. An individual with a single dimensional self who lacks an appreciation or knowledge of who they really are

B. An individual who is less concerned with other’s assessments of them than when they were younger and who is more inclined to assess himself or herself according to self-defined standards

C. An individual who sees himself or herself as being able to handle a variety of roles and responsibilities effectively

D. An individual who is aware and accepting of having a mix of good and bad characteristics, but overall feels more positive

Learning Objective: 11.10

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

16. In a study examining Americans and South Koreans in midlife, South Koreans placed more emphasis on ____.

A. close ties to others, especially family members

B. self-acceptance

C. autonomy

D. engaging in self-improvement

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

17. Who first claimed that people experience a midlife crisis?

A. Jean Piaget

B. Erik Erikson

C. Carl Jung

D. Sigmund Freud

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

18. What is the term for the concept that people in middle adulthood agonise over the meaning of life and make radical and reckless changes in order to avoid living a life of quiet desperation?

A. Midlife destitution

B. Midlife crisis

C. Midlife avoidance

D. Midlife confusion

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

19. What percentage of men in midlife did Daniel Levinson (1978) find had feelings of meaninglessness, turmoil and confusion, dissatisfaction and disappointment with work and family life and fear of aging and death?

A. 100%

B. 75%

C. 50%

D. 25%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

20. What is a major criticism of Daniel Levinson’s (1978) work that found midlife men had feelings of meaninglessness, turmoil and confusion, dissatisfaction and disappointment with work and family life and fear of aging and death?

A. He failed to provide informed consent before administering his study.

B. He had too many women in the study.

C. The sample size was too large to handle.

D. Generalising results from a study of 40 men is not acceptable.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

21. In a national study of more than 3,000 Americans ages 25 through 72 (Brim, 1999), it was found that those in midlife (ages 40 to 60) were ____.

A. not more likely to be experiencing a crisis than at other ages

B. more likely to be experiencing a crisis than at other ages

C. more likely to be experiencing a crisis than at younger ages

D. less likely to be experiencing a crisis than older adults and more likely to be experiencing a crisis than younger adults

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

22. Your mother is worried that since your father has just turned 40 years old, he is going to have an affair or buy a fancy new sports car. What would you tell your mother?

A. She has no reason to be worried, very few males have midlife crises.

B. She has reason to be worried, most males have midlife crises.

C. She has no reason to be worried, females are much more likely to have midlife crises.

D. She has reason to be worried, married men are much more likely to have a midlife crisis.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

23. What is the overall conclusion regarding a ‘universal’ midlife crisis?

A. There really is no evidence for a universal midlife crisis.

B. Only individuals older than 40, but younger than 45, are likely to have a midlife crises.

C. Only individuals older than 45, but younger than 50, are likely to have a midlife crises.

D. Only individuals older than 50 are likely to have a midlife crisis.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

24. During the 1930s, which of the following psychologists coined the term midlife crisis?

A. Anna Freud

B. Carl Jung

C. Carl Rogers

D. Ivan Pavlov

Learning Objective: 11.11

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

25. As described in the text, the common perception of ____ is as a time of agonising over the meaning of life and making radical and reckless changes in order to avoid living a life of quiet desperation.

A. schizoid type episodes

B. enduring depression

C. perpetual mistrust

D. a midlife crisis

Learning Objective: 11.11

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

26. In support of the frequency and commonality of a midlife crisis, Daniel Levinson (1978) claimed to have identified what percentage of men he interviewed as having a midlife crisis?

A. 33%

B. 50%

C. 75%

D. 98%

Learning Objective: 11.11

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

27. Based upon contemporary research, the claim of a ‘universal’ midlife crisis is ____.

A. inevitable

B. unavoidable

C. true

D. false

Learning Objective: 11.11

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

28. As discussed in the text, which of the following is strongly related to the probability of experiencing a midlife crisis in middle adulthood?

A. Maintaining a low false-self

B. Maintaining a high self-concept

C. Experiencing positive life events

D. Experiencing negative life events

Learning Objective: 11.11

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

29. What is the challenge that Erik Erikson believes occurs for individuals in midlife?

A. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

B. Generativity vs. stagnation

C. Intimacy vs. isolation

D. Integrity vs. despair

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

30. You noticed that your 41-year-old uncle has become very interested in helping in his daughter’s Girl Scout troop and coaching his son’s soccer team. According to Erikson, what is your uncle displaying?

A. Generativity

B. Intimacy

C. Integrity

D. Altruism

Learning Objective: 11.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

31. Erik Erikson described what concept as when an individual possesses the motivation to contribute to the well-being of the generations to come?

A. Generativity

B. Stagnation

C. Industry

D. Integrity

Learning Objective: 11.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

32. According to Erikson, which of the following is the major crisis for middle adulthood?

A. Trust vs. mistrust

B. Identity vs. confusion

C. Generativity vs. stagnation

D. Integrity vs. despair

Learning Objective: 11.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

33. According to Erikson, an individual who is in middle adulthood is experiencing a crisis of ____.

A. trust vs. mistrust

B. identity vs. confusion

C. generativity vs. stagnation

D. integrity vs. despair

Learning Objective: 11.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

34. From an Eriksonian perspective, the desire to ‘live on’ after we have died and to help those younger than ourselves so that the effects of our time on earth will be evident when we are gone best describes the psychosocial crisis of ____.

A. trust vs. mistrust

B. identity vs. confusion

C. generativity vs. stagnation

D. integrity vs. despair

Learning Objective: 11.12

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

35. What happens for women in many cultures during midlife? There is a rise in ____.

A. Freedom, authority and well-being

B. Family responsibilities and generativity

C. Depression and isolation

D. Frustrations and suicidal thoughts

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

36. According to Indian culture, what is prauda?

A. Mature adulthood

B. Motherhood

C. Young adulthood

D. Pregnancy

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

37. Usha Menon interviewed women in India aged 19 through 78 years. When did most Indian women believe was the best time in life?

A. Early 20s

B. Late 20s to early 30s

C. Late 30s through the 50s

D. Mid to late 50s

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

38. What happens to women in many cultures during midlife?

A. They are ignored.

B. They are ridiculed.

C. They flourish.

D. They become depressed.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

39. A popular saying in India describing women by age 40 says, ‘her face caves in and her teeth jut out,’ which is the translation of ____.

A. chakkikotha chankaran

B. someshwari

C. teesi-kheesi

D. satha-patha

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

40. A popular saying in India describes men as having ‘virile youth’ until age 60, which is the translation of ____.

A. chakkikotha chankaran

B. someshwari

C. teesi-kheesi

D. satha-patha

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

41. In general, ____ become(s) ____ restrictive in midlife than they had been in previous stages of development.

A. gender identities; more

B. gender identities; less

C. gender roles; less

D. gender roles; more

Learning Objective: 11.13

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

42. The Indian term prauda refers to ____.

A. an aging adult

B. a successful young adult

C. an adolescent with potential

D. mature adulthood

Learning Objective: 11.13

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

43. Based upon the cultural perspective provided by the author, young adulthood for women in India can be best described as a time of ____.

A. free will and relaxation

B. stress and obedience

C. enlightenment and cognitive pursuits

D. happiness and delight

Learning Objective: 11.13

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

44. ‘She must perform daily rituals of respect to her husband’s parents, including massaging their feet, eating only after they have eaten and drinking the water used in the ceremonial washing of her in-laws’ feet before meals.’ This is a description of a woman ____.

A. in young adulthood from Canada

B. in late adulthood from Spain

C. in early childhood from America

D. in young adulthood from India

Learning Objective: 11.13

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

45. Which the following best describes the transition from young adulthood to middle adulthood for a traditional woman from the country of India?

A. From enlightenment and nirvana to authority and power

B. From happiness and delight to stress and obedience

C. From free will and relaxation to stress and obedience

D. From obedience to authority and power

Learning Objective: 11.13

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

46. What country or countries have the highest scores on the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)?

A. European countries

B. African countries

C. Japan

D. South Korea

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

47. How likely is it for an ambitious woman to find a man who is willing to serve a supportive, family-oriented role and take the main responsibility for caring for children and running the household?

A. Extremely common

B. Somewhat common

C. Somewhat unlikely

D. Rare

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

48. Your sister just graduated with an MBA. She is planning to pursue a career and find a husband who will take care of their children and household. How likely do you think she will be to find such a partner?

A. Extremely likely

B. Somewhat likely

C. Somewhat unlikely

D. Extremely unlikely

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

49. According to Sylvia Ann Hewlett (2003), what percentage of high-achieving women in their midlife are childless?

A. 17%

B. 33%

C. 50%

D. 67%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

50. According to Sylvia Ann Hewlett (2003), what percentage of high-achieving women in their midlife are unmarried?

A. 20%

B. 40%

C. 60%

D. 80%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

51. According to Sylvia Ann Hewlett (2003), what percentage of female business executives earning $100,000 or more per year are childless?

A. 10%

B. 30%

C. 50%

D. 70%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

52. According to Sylvia Ann Hewlett (2003), what percentage of male business executives earning $100,000 or more per year are childless?

A. 9%

B. 19%

C. 29%

D. 39

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

53. Your sister has a high-paying position as an executive in a national company. Her salary is $140,000 plus bonuses. She will be 40 on her next birthday. She has been thinking about having a child. How likely is this to happen?

A. Very likely, 75% of high-earning businesswomen have children

B. Somewhat likely, 65% of high-earning businesswomen have children

C. Somewhat unlikely, only 50% of high-earning businesswomen have children

D. Very unlikely, only 25% of high-earning businesswomen have children

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

54. An American longitudinal study that followed adults through their 50s and 60s found that women were initially very involved with their grandchildren. What about men?

A. They were not ever involved.

B. They were initially less involved, but were much more involved by age 60.

C. They were initially very involved, but lost interest.

D. They were very involved.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

55. In Hewlett’s (2003) study, what percentage of men had primary responsibility for daily meal preparation?

A. 9%

B. 19%

C. 29%

D. 39%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

56. Why are children more likely to have grandparents as part of their lives today than in the past?

A. Parents are on good terms with the child’s grandparents and allow them to be part of their children’s lives.

B. People are having children at much younger ages.

C. Families are living closer today than in the past.

D. Increased life expectancy.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

57. Midlife parents are most likely to have children who are in ____.

A. early childhood

B. middle childhood

C. adolescence

D. emerging adulthood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

58. Historically, what is the most common practice after a couple marries in Asia, Africa and South America?

A. They move in with the bride’s family.

B. They move in with the groom’s family.

C. They make a home by themselves.

D. They spend a year travelling to become more worldly.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

59. During middle adulthood, a critical determinant of the relations that parents have with their children is ____.

A. whether or not their children live with them

B. the temperament of both the parents and the child

C. the wishes of the children’s in-laws

D. the laws and codes of the country where they live

Learning Objective: 11.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development:the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

60. In which the following geographical regions would a young adult son and his family be most likely to live with his parents, who are in middle adulthood?

A. The North Atlantic

B. North America

C. Western Europe

D. Asia

Learning Objective: 11.14

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

61. Today in many parts of the world, young people remain home with their parents, who are in middle adulthood. According to the text, many of these single young adults who are living with the parents are located in ____.

a. southern Europe and Japan

b. Southeast Asia and the North Atlantic

c. the South Pacific and the eastern Mediterranean

d. northern Russia and western Australia

Learning Objective: 11.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

62. In northern Europe and in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, the dominant cultural pattern is that children ____ when they reach emerging adulthood.

A. leave home

B. remain home

C. join the military

D. travel abroad

Learning Objective: 11.14

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

63. Which of the following best describes the emotions felt by many middle adults living in northern Europe and the United States when their young adult children move out of their house?

A. Empty nest syndrome

B. Loss and liberation

C. Depression and anxiety

D. Jubilation and ‘good riddance’

Learning Objective: 11.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

64. Cultures that place a strong emphasis on ____ are more likely to have parents who encourage their young adult children to move out of the home and become more autonomous.

A. independence

B. interdependence

C. dependence

D. overdependence

Learning Objective: 11.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

65. You are a Japanese person in emerging adulthood. You are thinking about getting your own apartment to be closer to your work. How is your family likely to respond?

A. They will be happy because individuals in Japan are encouraged to leave home at this time.

B. They will be happy because it indicates self-sufficiency for the emerging adult.

C. They will not be happy because when an emerging adult leaves home, it is a sign of troubled family relations.

D. They will not be happy because emerging adults are to take care of the grandparents.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

66. In northern Europe and in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, when do children generally leave home?

A. At the end of adolescence

B. At the beginning of emerging adulthood

C. At the end of emerging adulthood

D. At the beginning of young adulthood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

67. You are a Canadian who has just graduated from secondary school and will be starting university next year. You live with your parents, with whom you have a generally positive relationship. Based on your country’s cultural norms, when are you expected to leave home?

A. At the end of adolescence

B. At the beginning of emerging adulthood

C. At the end of emerging adulthood

D. At the beginning of young adulthood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

68. You are the youngest child in a family that generally gets along well. Your older siblings have apartments of their own, and you just left for university. Your parents are probably feeling a mixture of ____.

A. great loss and remorse

B. happiness and euphoria

C. sadness and depression

D. loss and liberation

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

69. Until about a century ago, it was quite rare for people in middle adulthood to have ____.

A. children who were married

B. parents who were still alive

C. a good and loving marriage

D. any wealth

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

70. What percentage of people aged 75–79 was living with a partner in Australia in 2011?

A. 11%

B. 27%

C. 33%

D. 58%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

71. What percentage of people aged 75-79 was living alone in Australia in 2011?

A. 11%

B. 27%

C. 33%

D. 58%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

72. What percentage of American emerging adults returns home after moving out, usually for a transitional period of no more than a year?

A. 20%

B. 40%

C. 60%

D. 80%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

73. What percentage of American emerging adults in their early 20s in the United States receives some level of financial support from their parents?

A. 20% (one-fifth)

B. 40% (two-fifth)

C. 66% (two-third)

D. 75% (three-fourth)

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

74. You are in young adulthood and your parents do not like your boyfriend, who you have been cohabiting with for 5 years. How does this affect your relationship with your parents?

A. It’s just as good as always.

B. It’s very good, since your parents think that you might be getting married.

C. It’s pretty good, since you are having problems with your boyfriend and they hope that you will break up with him.

D. It’s very strained.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

75. What percentage of Americans aged 42 to 61 years have a parent living in their household?

A. 8%

B. 16%

C. 24%

D. 32%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

76. Haberkern and Szydlik (2010), comparing 11 European countries, found that in the more individualistic north, care for elderly parents was provided mainly by ____.

A. children

B. siblings

C. the government

D. hospice volunteers

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

77. The relationship between individuals in midlife with their parents tends to be ____.

A. contentious

B. harmonious

C. mutually supportive

D. unidirectional, in which midlife adults help their parents

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

78. Your grandfather is a widower and has cancer. He is living with your parents and they are providing most of his care with the help of a home nurse. You notice that your parents’ emotions and energy levels are different now. In what ways? They are more ____.

A. energetic and happy

B. exhausted and depressed

C. angry and have poor attention spans

D. neurotic and stressed

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

79. You are a woman in midlife and have two brothers, one younger and one older. You and your brothers agree to rotate the responsibilities of caring for your elderly parents. As it turns out, the care is mainly being provided by ____.

A. your aunt

B. your youngest brother

C. you, the female sibling

D. your oldest brother

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

80. In developing countries, at what age do individuals typically become grandparents?

A. Age 30 years

B. Age 40 years

C. Age 50 years

D. Age 60 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

81. In developed countries, at what age do individuals typically become grandparents?

A. Age 30 years

B. Age 40 years

C. Age 50 years

D. Age 60 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

82. African American grandmothers are more frequently involved in daily child care because nearly ____ of children in African American families are born to single mothers.

A. 30%

B. 50%

C. 70%

D. 90%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

83. Although the birth rate of African Americans is similar to Whites in the United States, African Americans are more likely to have their first child as ____.

A. teens or in their early 20s

B. emerging adults

C. young adults

D. midlife adults

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

84. An especially important influence on grandparents’ involvement with their grandchildren is how well they get along with their ____.

A. son

B. daughter

C. child’s in-laws

D. daughter-in-law

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

85. You are a grandparent and your son and daughter-in-law are about to get divorced. What is likely to happen with regard to your involvement with your grandchildren?

A. It will not change.

B. You will see your grandchildren more frequently.

C. You will see your grandchildren much less frequently.

D. You will never see your grandchildren again.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

86. You are a grandparent and your daughter and son-in-law are about to get divorced. What is likely to happen with regard to your involvement with your grandchildren?

A. It will not change.

B. You will see your grandchildren more frequently.

C. You will see your grandchildren much less frequently.

D. You will never see your grandchildren again.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

87. Decades of research have shown that marital satisfaction follows a ____.

A. Z-shaped pattern

B. Y-shaped pattern

C. U-shaped pattern

D. X-shaped pattern

Learning Objective: 11.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

88. When is marriage satisfaction at its highest?

A. During the first year

B. During the second year

C. During child raising

D. When the last child has left

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

89. When is marriage satisfaction at its lowest?

A. During the first year

B. During the second year

C. During child raising

D. When the last child has left

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

90. You have been married for 12 years and have 2 children aged 6 and 8 years. There are many stresses in your marriage and you are wondering if it will ever get any better because your satisfaction with your marriage is pretty low right now. Is it likely to get better?

A. No, marriage satisfaction is highest after a decade of marriage.

B. No, marriage satisfaction is highest while caring for your young children.

C. Yes, marriage satisfaction will sharply rise when your children reach emerging adulthood.

D. Yes, marriage satisfaction rises when you have grandchildren.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

91. Which of the following best describes the lifecycle of marital satisfaction?

A. High satisfaction in the first year of marriage, reaching a low point while caring for young children and remaining low until the children enter emerging adulthood, and a rebound of satisfaction at midlife and beyond

B. Highest satisfaction in the first few years of marriage, lower satisfaction while children are in emerging adulthood and young adulthood, and even lower satisfaction for midlife and beyond

C. Low satisfaction for the first few years of marriage, higher satisfaction while children are in emerging adulthood and young adulthood, and the highest satisfaction for midlife and beyond

D. High satisfaction for the first few years of marriage, increasing satisfaction while children are in emerging adulthood and young adulthood, then plummeting to all-time low satisfaction for midlife and beyond

Learning Objective: 11.15

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

92. Your cousin Frank just got married and he and his wife would like to start a family within a few years. Based upon the research, which of the following time periods is most likely to be the most stressful for his marriage?

A. The time period of child rearing

B. The time period of retirement

C. The time period of prosperity

D. The time period of grandparenthood

Learning Objective: 11.15

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

93. Your aunt and uncle have been married for 21 years and have not been very happy in their marriage for as long as you can remember. Your aunt has resisted getting separated because she thinks that she will be even unhappier as a divorced woman. From your knowledge of development, relative to marital status, who are the most unhappy people?

A. Divorced people

B. Unhappily married people

C. Single people

D. Married couples raising young children

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

94. In an American study (Brim, 1999) involving over 2,000 midlife adults aged 40 to 59, approximately what percentage described their marriage as ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’?

A. 75%

B. 65%

C. 55%

D. 45%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

95. Your parents have been married for 32 years and have a very good marriage. They both have close friendships with former high school classmates and enjoy socialising with colleagues from work. They also both have older siblings with whom they enjoy close relationships. They have many friends with whom they do many things (e.g. camping, going to movies). When you ask your father who his best friend is, what does he say?

A. His business partner

B. His long-time friend from high school

C. Your mother

D. His older brother

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

96. Some researchers have proposed that during middle adulthood, many married couples maintain a relationship of companionate love. According to Sternberg’s theory, companionate love is best described as a relationship that is ____.

A. high in intimacy and commitment, and low in passion

B. low in intimacy and commitment, and high in passion

C. high in intimacy, low in commitment and high in passion

D. low in passion, high in commitment and low in intimacy

Learning Objective: 11.15

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

97. You recently saw your best friend from high school and asked how her parents were doing. She told you that they are healthy, but that they do not really enjoy each other’s company and that the passion that they once had is gone. They are not very committed to each other and share very little intimacy. According to Sternberg, what type of love are they experiencing?

A. Consummate love

B. Liking/friendship

C. Infatuated love

D. Empty love

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

98. When do most divorces occur?

A. During first 10 years of marriage

B. Between the 11th and 15th years of marriage

C. Between the 16th and 20th years of marriage

D. After the 20th year of marriage or later

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

99. Most divorces take place within the first 10 years of marriage, but about what percentage of divorces in the United States and Canada occur after 20 or more years of marriage?

A. 5%

B. 15%

C. 25%

D. 35%

Learning Objective: 11.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

100. Divorces in young adulthood tend to be full of anger and conflict, with each partner bitterly blaming the other for the failure of the marriage. In contrast, the midlife divorces tend to be between couples whose ____.

A. career goals have become incompatible

B. love had gone cold

C. political views have separated

D. choice of soul mates has changed

Learning Objective: 11.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

101. For Americans who experience a divorce sometime in their 40s, 50s and 60s, the most common cited reason for men is ____.

A. ‘different values/lifestyles’

B. ‘verbal or physical abuse’

C. ‘infidelity’

D. ‘fell out of love’

Learning Objective: 11.15

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

102. For Americans who experience a divorce some time in their 40s, 50s and 60s, the most common cited reason for women is ____.

A. ‘different values/lifestyles’

B. ‘verbal or physical abuse’

C. ‘infidelity’

D. ‘fell out of love’

Learning Objective: 11.15

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

103. In the United States and Canada, what percentage of marriages ends in divorce after 20 or more years of marriage?

A. 15%

B. 25%

C. 35%

D. 45%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

104. What percentage of men and women who divorced in their 40s, 50s or 60s believed that they had made the right decision by getting a divorce from their spouse?

A. 45%

B. 55%

C. 65%

D. 75%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

105. Your mother and father just divorced. You talk to your mother frequently and she has indicated to you that she is worried that she will live the rest of her life alone—after all, she’ll be 50 soon. Are her concerns well founded?

A. Yes, only 33% of women who get divorced after age 40 remarry.

B. Yes, only 10% of women who get divorced after age 40 remarry.

C. No, 66% of women who get divorced after age 40 remarry.

D. No, 90% of women who get divorced after age 40 remarry.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

106. In a study of over 1,000 divorced adults, 44% of women indicated that they were having financial problems after they were divorced. What percentage of men indicated that they were having financial difficulties?

A. 44%

B. 33%

C. 22%

D. 11%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

107. A midlife man in India reaches the stage of ‘forest dweller’ when his first grandson is born. As a forest dweller a person is supposed to ____.

A. give all of his belongings to the poor

B. devote his life to his grandchildren

C. search for higher spiritual life, which includes renunciation of sexuality

D. live alone in the wilderness for the next 10 years

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

108. According to the Sex in America study, which examined sexuality in 18- to 59-year-olds, what was discovered regarding Americans in their 40s and 50s?

A. They rarely had sexual intercourse.

B. They had sexual intercourse as frequently as emerging adults did.

C. They were sexually active, but had intercourse less frequently than emerging adults.

D. They rarely had sexual intercourse, but were very interested in sexuality.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

109. According to Brim (1999), what percentage of women in their 50s who had a partner responded on a national survey that they were sexually active within the past six months?

A. 88%

B. 68%

C. 48%

D. 28%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

110. Your uncle is 54 years old and is overweight, smokes and does not exercise. He is likely to have what type of difficulty with regard to sexual behaviour?

A. Finding an interested woman

B. Erectile dysfunction

C. Lack of libido

D. Lack of interest

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

111. What percentage of men report having difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection by age 60?

A. 90%

B. 70%

C. 50%

D. 30%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

112. What is the success rate for men who use medication for difficulties achieving or maintaining an erection?

A. 60% to 80%

B. 40% to 59%

C. 20% to 39%

D. 10% to 19%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

113. Community involvement in middle adulthood is related to the Erikson’s concept of ____.

A. despair

B. generativity

C. stagnation

D. mistrust

Learning Objective: 11.16

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

114. For Americans aged 30 to 59 years of age, what percentage is involved in civic engagement?

A. 12%

B. 22%

C. 32%

D. 42%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

115. In Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Turkey, what percentage of 50- to 54-year-olds works 40 or more hours per week?

A. 50%

B. 60%

C. 70%

D. 80%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

116. Which of the following is the most common form of leisure for individuals who are in middle adulthood?

A. Watching television

B. Sports and outdoor activities

C. Board games and crossword puzzles

D. Video games

Learning Objective: 11.16

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

117. In one study of over 12,000 men aged 35 to 57, vacation time was assessed over a 5-year period, then medical records were tracked for the next 9 years. What did this research find?

A. Vacation and health were not related.

B. Men who took annual vacations were 33% less likely to die from coronary heart disease.

C. Taking vacations for men was very stressful.

D. The health of men who took annual vacations was worse than those who did not.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 11.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

Short

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 11.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

119. What are two critiques of Levinson’s research on midlife crisis?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

120. Discuss two ways that a person could achieve a sense of generativity.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 11.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development

121. Describe the cultural beliefs regarding sexuality for Indians during midlife.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

122. How does marital satisfaction in midlife compare to marital satisfaction in earlier parts of adulthood in Western countries?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood

123. Today, all developed countries except the United States guarantee some paid vacation to employees. How could you make the argument that investing in even a few days of paid vacation would be worth it in the long term? Cite research to support your answer.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 11.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood