Arnett, Human Development: A Cultural Approach, First edition

Chapter 8: Adolescence

Section 1: Physical development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The word puberty is derived from the Latin word pubescere, which means to grow ____.

A. older

B. more mature

C. hairy

D. adult-like

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

2. Pubertal changes begin when a threshold of ____.

A. body fat is reached

B. a specific age is reached

C. specific height is reached

D. after the rites of passage have occurred

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

3. You overheard your little sister and her best friend, who are both 8 years old, discussing what they thought about puberty and when they thought those changes would begin for them. Your sister is thin and her friend is considerably heavier. What is likely to occur in terms of the beginning of puberty for them?

A. They will both begin puberty at the same time.

B. Your sister, being thinner, is likely to begin puberty earlier.

C. Your sister’s friend, having more body fat, is likely to begin puberty earlier.

D. They are not likely to be talking about puberty at this age.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

4. The site of chemical events triggering puberty, the hypothalamus is ____.

A. a bean-sized structure located in the lower part of the brain

B. an area of the cerebral cortex that is located at the anterior end

C. a region of the brain that is located towards the lower back of the skull

D. a bundle of nerve fibres that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Learning Objective: 8.1

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

5. With regard to pubertal development for females, what is the most important oestrogen?

A. Testosterone

B. Oestradiol

C. Oestriol

D. Androgen

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

6. With regard to pubertal development for males, what is the most important androgen?

A. Testosterone

B. Oestradiol

C. Aldosterone

D. Oestrogen

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

7. By the mid-teens, oestradiol production in females is how many times greater than it was before puberty?

A. 8

B. 12

C. 16

D. 20

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

8. By the mid-teens, testosterone production in males is how many times greater than it was before puberty?

A. 8

B. 12

C. 16

D. 20

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

9. Which of the following are two classes of sex hormones?

A. Thalamus and hypothalamus

B. Oestrogens and androgens

C. Dopamine and serotonin

D. Cortisol and relaxin

Learning Objective: 8.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

10. With respect to pubertal development, the most important oestrogen is _________ and the most important androgen is _______.

A. dopamine; serotonin

B. oestradiol; testosterone

C. cortisol; relaxin

D. thalamus; hypothalamus

Learning Objective: 8.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

11. Your 15-year-old son has been what he says is ‘hormonal’. He realises that his emotions and feelings can be quite variable during this time of his life. What is the major difference in his hormone levels now than they were before puberty? His levels of testosterone are about

A. 8 times higher than before puberty.

B. 12 times higher than before puberty.

C. 16 times higher than before puberty.

D. 20 times higher than before puberty.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

12. Two kinds of changes take place in the body in response to increased sex hormones during puberty. What characteristic is directly related to reproduction?

A. Primary sex characteristics

B. Secondary sex characteristics

C. Tertiary sex characteristics

D. Quarternary sex characteristics

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

13. Your little sister, who is 13, has a bust that is visibly increasing. What type of sex characteristic describes this change?

A. Primary sex characteristics

B. Secondary sex characteristics

C. Tertiary sex characteristics

D. Quarternary sex characteristics

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

14. Females are born with all of the eggs that they will ever have. According to the text, how many eggs does the average female have at puberty?

A. 200,000

B. 300,000

C. 600,000

D. 800,000

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

15. Your daughter is 9 years old and you have been talking about the changes that she will soon be experiencing. One of the topics that you are discussing is what happens during menstruation and what she can expect. You tell her that the first menstrual period has a special name. What is it?

A. Spermarche

B. Menarche

C. Menstrual primacy

D. Ovulation

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

16. How many ova are released during the course of a woman’s reproductive life?

A. 100

B. 200

C. 400

D. 600

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

17. Ova, or female eggs, and male sperm are considered ____.

A. primary sexual characteristics

B. secondary sexual characteristics

C. tertiary sexual characteristics

D. gender determining characteristics

Learning Objective: 8.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

18. ____ describes a female’s first menstruation, whereas ____ describes a male’s first ejaculation of sperm.

A. Menarche; spermarche

B. Spermarche; menarche

C. Primary menstruation; foremost ejaculation

D. Foremost menstruation; primary ejaculation

Learning Objective: 8.1

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

19. What is a male’s first ejaculation referred to as?

A. Menarche

B. Spermarche

C. Wet dream

D. Hot flash

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

20. According to the text, how many sperm are in the typical ejaculation?

A. 10,000 to 20,000

B. 500,000 to 2 million

C. 100 million to 300 million

D. 800 million to 1 billion

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

21. At what age is the brain approximately 95% of its adult size?

A. 6 years old

B. 12 years old

C. 15 years old

D. 18 years old

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

22. Considerable increase in synaptic connections occurs around the time puberty begins during a process neuroscientists call ____.

A. overproduction

B. pruning

C. myelination

D. synaptic expansion

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

23. What area of the brain is associated with the overproduction of synaptic connections during puberty?

A. Temporal lobes

B. Frontal lobes

C. Parietal lobes

D. Occipital lobes

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

24. What area of the brain is associated with planning, problem-solving and moral reasoning?

A. Frontal lobes

B. Parietal lobes

C. Temporal lobes

D. Occipital lobes

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

25. Between the ages of 12 and 20, what percentage of the average brain’s volume is lost through synaptic pruning?

A. 1%–2%

B. 7%–10%

C. 15%–20%

D. 21%–24%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

26. During adolescence, neurological overproduction or exuberance occurs throughout the brain; however, it is especially pronounced in the ____.

A. frontal lobes

B. occipital lobe

C. primary motor cortex

D. hypothalamus

Learning Objective: 8.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

27. Your niece is a very intelligent person and is excelling in high school. In fact, it seems that she continues to get more intelligent, and she is especially excelling at biology, which she became interested in during middle school. What is happening to your niece, neurologically speaking?

A. Overproduction

B. Synaptic pruning

C. Myelination

D. Exuberance

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

28. ____ is a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron that keeps the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increases their speed.

A. Myelin

B. The hippocampus

C. Acetylcholine

D. Microtubule

Learning Objective: 8.1

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

29. What does the text describe as ‘a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron that serves the function of keeping the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed’?

A. Synapse

B. Lipids

C. Cortex

D. Myelin

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

30. What is the last structure of the brain to complete its growth process?

A. Cortex

B. Cerebellum

C. Hypothalamus

D. Frontal lobes

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

31. Which of the following is the last structure of the brain to stop growing and when?

A. Pre-frontal cortex; late teens

B. Pre-frontal cortex; mid-twenties

C. Cerebellum; late teens

D. Cerebellum; mid-twenties

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

32. On average, when do girls begin puberty compared to boys?

A. At the same time as boys

B. Two years later than boys

C. Two years earlier than boys

D. Four years earlier than boys

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

33. In Kenya, boys show the first physical changes of puberty _______ their female peers, which is ____ the Western pattern.

A. after; similar to

B. before; similar to

C. after; the reversal of

D. before; the reversal of

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

34. At what age may girls begin to develop breasts or pubic hair or both?

A. 8

B. 9

C. 10

D. 11

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

35. Beginning at age 8, girls have begun to develop _____________.

A. breasts

B. pubic hair

C. underarm hair

D. A and B

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

36. Pubic hair and genital development began earlier for _______ than ________.

A. boys; girls

B. girls; boys

C. tall boys; short boys

D. tall girls; short girls

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

37. What is the term that is used to describe the downward trend in the age of menarche?

A. Obesity trend

B. Secular trend

C. Pubertal trend

D. Secondary sex characteristic trend

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

38. In every Western country for which records exist, there has been a downward trend in the age of menarche. This trend is known as the ____.

A. secular trend

B. lowering trend

C. early onset trend

D. sooner trend

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

39. ____ describes a steady decrease in the average age of menarche in Western countries over the past 150 years.

A. Secular trend

B. Lowering trend

C. Early onset trend

D. Sooner trend

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

40. Ellie is an eight-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in a large metropolitan area. If one were to compare Ellie to her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother in regards to the onset of puberty, one would predict that Ellie will experience puberty ____ others did in her family lineage.

A. younger than

B. older than

C. later than

D. similar to when

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

41. Adequacy of ____ accounts for the average age of menarche being lowest in industrialised countries.

A. nutrition and medical care

B. exercise and education

C. parental care and knowledge

D. family relationships and friendships

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

42. For girls living in developed countries who have access to proper nutrition and medical care, the average age of menarche can be predicted to occur at ____ years.

A. 11

B. 11.5

C. 12

D. 12.5

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

43. In developed countries, menarche generally occurs at age ____, whereas in developing countries it generally occurs at age ____.

A. 10.5; 17

B. 11.5; 16

C. 12.5; 15

D. 13.5; 14

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

44. Cassie lives in a poor, rural community. She does not eat a balanced diet and sometimes goes hungry. She does not go to the doctor regularly. At what age might we expect her menarche to begin?

A. 10

B. 11

C. 12

D. 15

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

45. In regards to the timing of the onset of puberty, which of the following is more at risk for a depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behaviour and school problems?

A. A boy who experiences late-onset puberty

B. A girl who experiences late-onset puberty

C. A boy who experiences early-onset puberty

D. A girl who experiences early-onset puberty

Learning Objective: 8.2

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

46. Your 12-year-old daughter began puberty around age 9; now she is often mistaken for an 18-year-old. What challenges do you face as a parent of an early-maturing female?

A. She is not likely to have boyfriends.

B. She is likely to experience early sexual activity.

C. She is likely to be ostracised due to extraordinary academic success.

D. She is likely to be considered too tall and thin by her classmates.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

47. Your 17-year-old son didn’t start showing signs of puberty until recently, and still looks like he is 14 years old. What challenges do you face as a parent of a late-maturing male?

A. He is likely to engage in early sexual behaviour.

B. He is likely to spend too much time studying.

C. He is likely to be a homebody and prefers to stay at home rather than go out on the weekends.

D. He is likely to have difficulties with alcohol use and delinquency.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

48. ____ are formal customs that signify an individual’s departure from childhood and his or her entrance into adolescence.

A. Puberty rituals

B. Psycho-cognitive stages

C. History-graded norms

D. Aging confirmations

Learning Objective: 8.3

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

49. April is from Latin America and is excited to celebrate her quinciñeara. She has picked out the most beautiful dress and she knows that all of her family and friends will be there. April will soon ____.

A. turn 15 years old

B. have a baby

C. graduate from high school

D. get married

Learning Objective: 8.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

50. A bar or bat mitzvah, the Catholic ritual of confirmation, and the quinciñeara of Latin America are examples of ____.

A. puberty rituals

B. psycho-cognitive stages

C. history-graded norms

D. aging confirmations

Learning Objective: 8.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

51. In many parts of the world, menarche is the catalyst that enters females into a lifelong process of socially constructed monthly rituals. Menstrual-related monthly rituals are remarkably common because ____.

A. many cultures are male dominant and rituals are a means to control women

B. many cultures lack access to medical care and scientific knowledge

C. many cultures have strong beliefs concerning the power of menstrual blood

D. many cultures lack access to informative media such as television and radio

Learning Objective: 8.3

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

52. For girls, menarche is the pubertal event that is most often marked by ritual. In many cultures, menarche initiates a monthly ritual related to menstruation that lasts throughout a woman’s reproductive life because these cultures believe that menstrual blood is ____.

A. dangerous

B. magical

C. precious

D. medicinal

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

53. Traditional puberty rituals for males do not focus on a particular biological event comparable to menarche for females, but require a young man to ____.

A. prove his ability to gain financial wealth

B. display his intelligence and creativity

C. display courage, strength and endurance

D. display his ability to control emotional expressions

Learning Objective: 8.3

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

54. In traditional cultures, coming-of-age rituals for young men often require them to demonstrate proficiency in warfare, hunting and fishing because ____.

A. they are required by national law

B. boys cannot perform these tasks

C. men are physically stronger than women

D. daily life often requires these skills

Learning Objective: 8.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

55. In many cultures, boys were required to engage in violent rituals in which they were to submit to and sometimes engage in bloodletting of various kinds. Why have these rituals declined in frequency or disappeared?

A. Changes in religion practices

B. Globalisation

C. Legislation

D. Boys’ refusal to participate

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

56. What puberty ritual in many African cultures is still maintained today?

A. Whipping

B. Public circumcision

C. Scaring by burning

D. Tattooing

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

57. Due to globalisation, many cultural groups have minimised their use of puberty rituals for boys; however, in Africa the ritual of ____ is still maintained.

A. the farmer

B. the warrior

C. public beatings

D. public circumcision

Learning Objective: 8.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

58. Female circumcision in adolescence remains common in Africa, with rates of more than ____ in many countries and above ____ in Mali, Egypt, Somalia and Djibouti.

A. 40%; 60%

B. 50%; 70%

C. 60%; 80%

D. 70%; 90%

Learning Objective: 8.3

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

59. Critics have waged an international campaign against ____ and have cited it as a cruel and inhumane practice that has lifelong physiological effects.

A. male vasectomies

B. male circumcision

C. female mastectomies

D. female circumcision

Learning Objective: 8.3

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

60. What do critics call female circumcision?

A. Barbaric

B. Torturous

C. Hymen intrusion

D. Female genital mutilation

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

61. What percentage of Egyptian girls are circumcised?

A. 90%

B. 70%

C. 50%

D. 30%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

62. A 2012 survey found that ____ of Australian adolescent girls and ____ of boys were very extremely concerned about body image.

A. 43%; 18.6%

B. 72%; 25.1%

C. 86%; 20.4%

D. 91%; 15.9%

Learning Objective: 8.4

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

63. One study found that ____ of Australian teen girls reported they had been on a diet of some kind.

A. 20%

B. 15%

C. 68%

D. 90%

Learning Objective: 8.4

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: Health issues in adolescence

64. One study found that ____ percent of Australian teen boys reported they had been on a diet of some kind.

A. 20

B. 15

C. 68

D. 90

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: Health issues in adolescence

65. According to a study, how many Australian girls had said they fasted last month?

A. 1 in 2

B. 1 in 5

C. 1 in 10

D. 1 in 20

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

66. In Finland, a large study of 14- to 15-year-olds found eating-disordered behaviour among ____ of girls.

A. 16%

B. 24%

C. 8%

D. 37%

Learning Objective: 8.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

67. The two most common eating disorders are <KT>anorexia nervosa</KT> and <KT>bulimia</KT>; however, ____.

A. bulimia nervosa is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa

B. anorexia nervosa is slightly more common than bulimia nervosa

C. anorexia nervosa is more common in males than it is in females

D. bulimia nervosa is more common in males than it is in females

Learning Objective: 8.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

68. In Finland, a large study of 14- to 15-year-olds found eating-disordered behaviour among ____ of boys.

A. 16%

B. 24%

C. 8%

D. 37%

Learning Objective: 8.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

69. An estimated _____ of Australian women will experience an eating disorder at some

point.

A. 3%

B. 9%

C. 15%

D. 21%

Learning Objective: 8.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

70. When Rachel looks into a mirror, she sees a fat person. However, she is extremely thin for her height, weighing less than 85% of normal. She has intense fear of gaining weight and has not experienced a menstrual cycle in the last four months. Knowing diagnostic criteria, one can assume that Rachel might manifest which of the following disorders?

A. Anorexia nervosa

B. Bulimia nervosa

C. Pica

D. Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood

Learning Objective: 8.4

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

71. Ramon engages in discrete periods of binge eating and he feels as if he cannot control himself. After each binge episode, his guilt is extremely high and he feels compelled to exercise relentlessly. Typically, after a binge episode, he will spend 2 hours at the gym and another hour running. Knowing diagnostic criteria, one can assume that Ramon might manifest ____.

A. a feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood

B. pica

C. bulimia nervosa

D. anorexia nervosa

Learning Objective: 8.4

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

72. Your friend has been losing quite a bit of weight and is now very thin. Although she was very attractive before she began to lose weight, nearly everyone thinks that she is now way too thin and unattractive. However, she thinks that she is too heavy. What is going on? She likely has ____.

A. anorexia nervosa

B. bulimia

C. a thyroid problem

D. cancer

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

73. Your neighbour is concerned that her teenage daughter has an eating disorder. You are not so sure, since her daughter is of normal weight. If her daughter does have an eating disorder, what is the most likely possibility?

A. Bulimia nervosa

B. Anorexia nervosa

C. Over-exercise

D. EDNOS

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

74. Your mother and father are examining hospital treatment facilities for your younger sister, who has just been diagnosed with anorexia. What is the likelihood that she will improve with hospital treatment?

A. 11%

B. 22%

C. 44%

D. 66%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

75. Your younger sister has been recently diagnosed with anorexia. Your mother and father are not really sure what they should do and think that your sister might just improve on her own. You are very concerned because it took a couple of years before your parents insisted that your sister get a diagnosis and you know that anorexia can be a very serious problem. What is one of the major difficulties with anorexia?

A. 10% will die from its complications

B. 30% will struggle with anorexia-like problems their entire lives

C. 50% will never marry or have families

D. 70% will acquire a more severe psychological disorder

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

76. In Australia in 2016, ____ of young people aged 15–24 engaged in risky drinking.

A. 11%

B. 25%

C. 39%

D. 42%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

77. In Australia in 2016, ____ of young people aged 15–24 engaged in daily smoking.

A. 11%

B. 25%

C. 39%

D. 42%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

78. In Australia in 2016, ____ of young people aged 15–24 had engaged in using illicit drugs in the past year.

A. 11%

B. 25%

C. 39%

D. 42%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

79. Among New Zealanders, _____ of 15- to 17-year-olds score in the potentially

hazardous range on a drinking survey.

A. 7.9%

B. 15%

C. 37%

D. 495

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

80. Among New Zealanders, _____ of 18- to 25-year-olds score in the potentially

hazardous range on a drinking survey.

A. 7.9%

B. 15%

C. 37%

D. 49%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

81. The prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in boys aged 15–19 years old is the highest in what country?

1. Australia
2. China
3. Germany
4. The United Kingdom

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

82. The prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in girls aged 15–19 years old is the highest in what country?

1. Australia
2. China
3. Germany
4. The United Kingdom

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

83. The prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in boys aged 15–19 years old is the lowest in what country?

1. Australia
2. China
3. Germany
4. The United Kingdom

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

84. The prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in girls aged 15–19 years old is the lowest in what country?

1. Australia
2. China
3. Germany
4. The United Kingdom

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

85. Why are rates of cigarette smoking lower among adolescents in Western countries as compared to Europeans?

A. Adolescents in the United States and Canada are more intelligent than European adolescents.

B. It is not illegal to sell tobacco products to European adolescents.

C. Western governments have waged large-scale public health campaigns against smoking.

D. Parents in the Australia and Canada are less likely to smoke.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

86. Which of the following are four classifications that young people can be grouped into as substance users?

A. Experimental, social, medicinal and addictive

B. Medical, pharmacological, social and experimental

C. Pre-addictive, addictive, post-addictive and recovery

D. Social, antisocial, asocial and pre-social

Learning Objective: 8.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

87. Which of the following best describes the classification of experimental substance use?

A. Trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again

B. The use of a substance during social activities with one or more friends

C. Using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress or loneliness

D. When a person has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically

Learning Objective: 8.5

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

88. Which of the following best describes the classification of medicinal substance use?

A. Trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again

B. The use of a substance during social activities with one or more friends

C. Using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress or loneliness

D. When a person has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically

Learning Objective: 8.5

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

89. Which of the following best describes the classification of social substance use?

A. Trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again

B. The use of a substance during social activities with one or more friends

C. Using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress or loneliness

D. When a person has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically

Learning Objective: 8.5

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

90. Your parents just found illegal substances in your younger brother’s backpack. He is a good student and does well in sports. He told your parents that he has not used the drugs yet and was only interested in trying them. Considering what you learned in your developmental course, how likely is this?

A. He is a likely telling the truth; experimentation is one of the four major reasons that adolescents use substances.

B. He is probably lying, most drug abusers do.

C. He is not telling the truth; adolescents are either users or not users.

D. He is likely self-medicating.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

91. Your roommate’s younger brother just broke up with his girlfriend, who he has been dating for 3 years, and has been upset about it. When your roommate went home to visit, she noticed her brother was using substances. She was surprised since he never did before. What is happening? He is likely ____.

A. experimenting

B. self-medicating

C. using substances socially

D. addicted

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

92. When substances are used to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress or loneliness, the type of substance use is ____.

A. experimenting

B. self-medicating

C. social substance use

D. addiction

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

93. Although there are many reasons for using substances, how do adults generally view substance use among adolescents?

A. Acceptable if used occasionally

B. ‘Problem behaviour’

C. Tolerable if only used socially

D. Normal age-related behaviour

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

94. Which of the following best describes the classification of addictive substance use?

A. Try a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then do not use it again

B. The use of a substance during social activities with one or more friends

C. To relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress or loneliness

D. A person has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically

Learning Objective: 8.5

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

95. _____ is the use of a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again, whereas ____ is the use of substances during social activities with one or more friends.

A. Experimental substance use; social substance use

B. Social substance use; experimental substance use

C. Medicinal substance use; addictive substance use

D. Addictive substance use; medicinal substance use

Learning Objective: 8.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

96. ____ is the use of a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress or loneliness, whereas ____ takes place when a person has come to depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically or psychologically.

A. Experimental substance use; social substance use

B. Social substance use; experimental substance use

C. Medicinal substance use; addictive substance use

D. Addictive substance use; medicinal substance use

Learning Objective: 8.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

97. Samantha is a teenager and is having a really bad day; not only did she fail her chemistry test, but also the person she wanted to go to the prom with asked someone else. She is feeling sad, lonely and depressed. Having only drunk alcohol socially in the past, she becomes intoxicated after consuming four beers that she finds in her father’s garage. Based upon the four classifications of adolescent substance use, which of the following best describes Samantha situation?

A. Experimental substance use

B. Social substance use

C. Medicinal substance use

D. Addictive substance use

Learning Objective: 8.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

98. Which country has a prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in people aged 15–19 years old that is the most similar for boys and girls?

1. Australia
2. China
3. Germany
4. The United Kingdom

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

99. What is the rate of daily smoking for people aged 15-42 in Australia and New Zealand in 2013?

A. 8%

B. 11%

C. 16%

D. 22%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

Short

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

101. What are two causes of the secular trend?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

102. Briefly describe a puberty ritual of a non-Western culture.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

103. Weiner (1992) proposed four classes of substance use, illustrating that adolescents use substances for a variety of purposes. Name and briefly describe two purposes of substance abuse.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: health issues in adolescence

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

104. Recent neuroscience research findings have overturned previous beliefs about brain development during adolescence. Discuss at least one of these findings and its implications.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

105. If you could go back in time and mature early, late or on time, what would you choose and why? Support your answer with research findings that include short-term and/or long-term effects.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty

Section 2: Cognitive development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What Piagetian stage involves the development of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A. Pre-operations

B. Concrete operations

C. Formal operations

D. Advanced hypothesis testing

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

2. ____ is the ability to think scientifically and apply the rigor of the scientific method to cognitive tasks.

A. Concrete-formal reasoning

B. Creative reasoning

C. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

D. Formal reasoning

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

3. Which of the following best describes hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A. The ability to form stable concepts as well as to think in images and symbols

B. The ability to coordinate sensations and actions through reflective behaviours

C. The ability to transcend traditional ideas, rules, patterns and relationships

D. The ability to think scientifically and apply the rigor of the scientific method to cognitive tasks

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

4. What Piagetian task was used to test whether a child had progressed from concrete to formal operations?

A. Open-box problem

B. Pendulum problem

C. Three-mountain problem

D. Blueprint problem

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

5. Jean Piaget used the ____ to illustrate and measure children’s and adolescent’s entrance into hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

A. pendulum problem

B. law of conservation task

C. visual cliff

D. three-mountain task

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

6. You were recently watching your younger sister, who is 13 years old, try to figure out why her cell phone was not working. You were fascinated by the systematic problem-solving strategies that she was using. You remember just a few months ago she would not have been able to perform at this level of hypothesis testing. According to Piaget, what type of reasoning is she using?

A. Random operations

B. Haphazard trial and error processing

C. Discrete trial learning

D. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

7. For Piaget, cognitive advances at each stage were reflected not just in the answers children devised for problems, but in ____.

A. their explanations for how they came to the solution

B. the emotional maturity with which they solved the problems

C. how long the child would stay on task

D. the advancement of the child’s memory abilities

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

8. On any given Piagetian task of formal operations, what is the success rate among late adolescents and adults?

A. 80% to 100%

B. 60% to 80%

C. 40% to 60%

D. 20% to 40%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

9. As described by Piaget, the child who attempts to solve the pendulum task by trial and error is closer to the ____ stage of cognitive development.

A. sensorimotor

B. preoperational

C. concrete operations

D. formal operations

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

10. As described by Piaget, the child who solves the pendulum task and can explain their rationale is closer to the ____ stage of cognitive development.

A. sensorimotor

B. preoperational

C. concrete operations

D. formal operations

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

11. In Piaget’s pendulum task, the solution that reveals whether not an individual is in the formal operations stage is ____.

A. the length of the string

B. the height from which the weight is dropped

C. the force with which it is dropped

D. the weight of the pendulum

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

12. The following is a description of a child being assessed in Piaget’s pendulum task: ‘They may try the heaviest weight on the longest string dropped from medium height with medium force, then a medium weight on the smallest string dropped from medium height with lesser force. If they happen to arrive at the right answer, they find it difficult to explain why.’ According to this description, it is clear that the child is in which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A. Sensorimotor

B. Preoperational

C. Concrete operations

D. Formal operations

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

13. Children who use hypothetical-deductive reasoning to solve Piaget’s pendulum problem and can provide a rationale for their solution are closer to the ____ stage of cognitive development.

A. sensorimotor

B. preoperational

C. concrete operations

D. formal operations

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

14. According to Piaget, determining that the length of the string is the solution to the pendulum problem, and being able to provide a rationale, are hallmarks of hypothetical-deductive reasoning, which is indicative of the ____ stage of cognitive development.

A. sensorimotor

B. preoperational

C. concrete operations

D. formal operations

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

15. Which of the following are the two largest criticisms of Piaget’s theory of formal operations?

A. There are individual differences and cultural variations.

B. There are neurological differences and social stratification.

C. There are developmental sequencing and continued neurological migration.

D. There are immeasurable and invalid variables.

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

16. On any given Piagetian task of formal operations, the success rate among late adolescents and adults is only about ____.

A. 10%–20%

B. 40%–60%

C. 95%–100%

D. 75%–80%

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

17. People who demonstrate the capacity for formal operations tend to use it selectively, for ____.

A. problems and situations that involve social cognitive reasoning and social cognitive problem-solving

B. problems and situations that involve low to moderate creativity and ingenuity

C. problems and situations in which they have the most experience and knowledge

D. problems and situations that involve personal consequences

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

18. Sam is a young adult who is enrolled in university in Australia. He is taking a broad range of courses, and is passionate about automobiles and motorcycles. He has the capacity to perform tasks that Piaget would deem formal operational; however, he selectively uses his cognitive ability. In which of the following courses is he more likely to perform cognitive tasks that are within formal operations?

A. Literature

B. Small engine repair

C. Computer-aided design

D. Psychology and sociology

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

19. According to Piaget, the stage of formal operations begins at about age ___.

A. 8

B. 9

C. 10

D. 11

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

20. More recent research suggests that people in many cultures use reasoning that could be called formal operational thought, provided that they ____.

A. are using materials and tasks familiar to them and relevant to their daily lives

B. are supplied with formal education and proper teaching methods

C. are introduced and taught the scientific approach and scientific theory

D. are taught hypothetical-deductive reasoning before the critical period to learn this cognitive skill expires

Learning Objective: 8.6

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

21. Which adolescents are more likely than others to exhibit formal operational thought?

A. Older adolescents

B. Adolescents who have higher intelligence

C. Adolescents who have had coursework in math and science

D. Adolescents who have part-time jobs

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

22. You are watching a video of a man in a developing country performing a task intended to determine if he is in the formal operations state of development. The person performing the task is 28 and he is performing quite poorly. What explanation would late 20th-century researchers have given to account for his poor performance?

A. He was cognitively incapable of formal operations.

B. He did not have formal education that included the scientific method.

C. He had previously experienced brain damage.

D. He was not interested in ‘proving’ his abilities.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

23. There is widespread support among scholars for the proposition that the stage of formal operations constitutes a universal human potential, but ____.

A. only a very small and select group of elite humans have this potential

B. no one can figure out how to test this hypothesis

C. there is very little support for this position

D. the form it takes depends on the kinds of cognitive requirements people in that culture face

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

24. You are in class listening to the instructor, but the students on both sides of you are having separate quiet conversations. Even though these conversations are distracting, you are able to maintain your focus and attention on the lecture. What skill are you utilising?

A. Divided attention

B. Selective attention

C. Ignoring

D. Focused attention

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

25. You are studying the summary for Chapter 8 of your developmental textbook while you are listening to music. What skill are you utilising?

A. Selective attention

B. Divided attention

C. Ignoring

D. Focused attention

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

26. Pool et al. (2003) found that watching television interfered with adolescents’ homework performances, but ____.

A. they learned about the same as people who did not watch television

B. listening to music did not

C. texting did not

D. they received similar grades on their exams as those who did not watch television

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

27. What is the name of memory strategies that adolescents use more frequently than younger children that involve organising information into coherent patterns?

A. Learning devices

B. Long-term memory devices

C. Mnemonic devices

D. Virtual memory devices

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

28. According to the text, what component of the memory system is limited such that the more information that is contained in the system, the less effectively new information can be added?

A. Short-term memory

B. Long-term memory

C. Episodic memory

D. Iconic memory

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

29. What helps individuals learn new information and store it in long-term memory?

A. Strategies

B. A good short-term memory

C. A good teacher

D. Related knowledge

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

30. What is the capacity of long-term memory?

A. it depends upon the ability of the person to process relevant information

B. limited neurologically to 4 billion engrams

C. Essentially unlimited

D. Seven plus or minus two items

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

31. You have been interested in kanji, Japanese logograph symbols, for many years. In fact, you know about 500 of them, which is extraordinarily advanced. Your friends frequently ask you what the symbols mean because they are interested in getting tattoos of them. You are surprised at how many times they ask you about the same symbol. Why is it that you can learn more kanji symbols fairly easily, but your friends barely learn a few symbols?

A. You have considerable knowledge, which assists you in learning more.

B. You hang around with friends who are not very intelligent.

C. Your friends put very little effort in learning the symbols.

D. You have special powers of memorisation.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

32. Which of the following are the two keys to cognition in the information-processing approach?

A. Attention and memory

B. Neural growth and synaptic connections

C. Parietal and occipital lobes

D. Visual images and the management of cognitive load

Learning Objective: 8.7

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

33. ____ attention is the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant.

A. Selective

B. Divided

C. Inattentive

D. Lateralised

Learning Objective: 8.7

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

34. Which of the following best describes selective attention?

A. The ability to filter out or ignore all environmental stimuli and to focus on one’s own thoughts

B. The ability to focus on relevant information from two or more independent sources

C. Organising information into coherent patterns

D. The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant

Learning Objective: 8.7

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

35. Which of the following best describes divided attention?

A. The ability to filter out or ignore all environmental stimuli and to focus on one’s own thoughts

B. The ability to focus on relevant information from two or more independent sources

C. Organising information into coherent patterns

D. The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant

Learning Objective: 8.7

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

36. Reading a book and listening to music at the same time is an example of ____.

A. selective attention

B. divided attention

C. inattentive attention

D. lateralised attention

Learning Objective: 8.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

37. ____ are ways of organising information into coherent patterns that enhance memory storage.

A. Retrieval clues

B. Divided attention

C. Selective attention

D. Mnemonic devices

Learning Objective: 8.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

38. Writing a chapter outline, making notes in the margins, organising information into categories, underlining key passages and so on are all examples of ____.

A. retrieval clues

B. cognitive-lateral organisation

C. selective attention

D. mnemonic devices

Learning Objective: 8.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

39. Beyond the development of mnemonic devices and a greater capacity for selective attention, adolescents’ long-term memory is also enhanced by ____.

A. a greater amount of experience and knowledge of the world

B. a greater amount of testosterone, which has been shown to enhance memory

C. their ability to think concretely and egocentrically about the world

D. their ability to question their parents and the world around them

Learning Objective: 8.7

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

40. What is the capacity to think about thinking?

A. Metamemory

B. Metathinking

C. Metacognition

D. Metacritical

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

41. ____ is the capacity to think about thinking.

A. Postcognition

B. Precognition

C. Metacognition

D. Megacognation

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

42. When adolescents first enter formal operations, they may have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others. Piaget would have argued that this results in a distinctive kind of adolescent ____.

A. cognition

B. thinking

C. behaviour

D. egocentrism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

43. ____ is when an individual distinguishes their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others.

A. Adolescent egocentrism

B. An imaginary audience

C. An adolescent personal fable

D. Adolescent creative thinking

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

44. Which of the following best describes adolescent egocentrism?

A. Difficulty distinguishing one’s thinking about one’s own thoughts from one’s thinking about the thoughts of others

B. An exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behaviour

C. Holding the belief that one’s personal experiences and personal destiny are unique

D. Organising information into coherent patterns

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

45. What makes adolescents much more self-conscious than they were in childhood?

A. Egocentrism

B. The imaginary audience

C. The personal fable

D. The adolescent growth spurt

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

46. Your 14-year-old nephew just walked in the door from school and told you that he is not going to go back to school. You ask why and he tells you that everyone laughed at him because he dropped his tray full of food as he was sitting down during lunch. Although you tried to help, he was inconsolable. Why? Your nephew was experiencing what David Elkind regarded as ____.

A. egocentrism

B. the imaginary audience

C. the personal fable

D. the adolescent growth spurt

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

47. According to David Elkind, adolescents believe that their personal experiences and personal destinies are historically new and unique. What did Elkind call this phenomenon?

A. Egocentrism

B. The imaginary audience

C. The personal fable

D. The adolescent growth spurt

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

48. Your younger brother’s best friend is a huge risk-taker. Even though he is 15 years old, he has already exhibited some very dangerous behaviours. One of his favourite activities is to run across a highway in the early evening when there is quite a bit of traffic. What concept helps explain this risky behaviour?

A. Egocentrism

B. The imaginary audience

C. The personal fable

D. The adolescent growth spurt

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

49. ____ is when an individual distinguishes their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others.

A. Adolescent egocentrism

B. An imaginary audience

C. An adolescent personal fable

D. Adolescent creative thinking

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

50. Which of the following best describes adolescent egocentrism?

A. Difficulty distinguishing one’s thinking about one’s own thoughts from one’s thinking about the thoughts of others

B. An exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behaviour

C. Holding the belief that one’s personal experiences and personal destiny are unique

D. Organising information into coherent patterns

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

51. According to Elkind, adolescent egocentrism has two aspects: ____.

A. ethnocentrism and formal operations

B. concrete operations and egocentrism

C. hypothetical-deductive reasoning and hypothesis testing

D. personal fable and imaginary audience

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

52. Which of the following best describes an imaginary audience?

A. Difficulty distinguishing one’s thinking about one’s own thoughts from one’s thinking about the thoughts of others

B. An exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behaviour

C. Holding the belief that one’s personal experiences and personal destiny are unique

D. Organising information into coherent patterns

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

53. Which of the following best describes a personal fable?

A. Difficulty distinguishing one’s thinking about one’s own thoughts from one’s thinking about the thoughts of others

B. An exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behaviour

C. Holding the belief that one’s personal experiences and personal destiny are unique

D. Organising information into coherent patterns

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

54. A(n) _____ is holding the belief of one’s uniqueness of personal experiences and personal destiny, whereas a(n) ____ is an exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behaviour.

A. personal fable; imaginary audience

B. imaginary audience; personal fable

C. metacognition; egocentrism

D. egocentrism; metacognition

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

55. Marco is a teenager and is arguing with his father about borrowing the car on Friday night. Out of frustration Marco states, ‘Dad, you don’t know what it feels like to be a teenager. You have no clue what about what I’m going through, and how not having a car on Friday night is going to kill my social life. I swear, no one will be drinking at the party. Why don’t you believe me?’ Which of the following best describes the cognitive limitation Marco is experiencing?

A. Imaginary audience

B. Personal fable

C. Mnemonic device

D. Egocentrism

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

56. Taliba is a teenager with a pimple on her nose. Feeling self-conscious, she is sure everyone is staring at her when in fact no one has noticed. Out of embarrassment, she pretends she is sick and calls her mom to pick her up from school. Which of the following best describes Taliba’s cognitive experience?

A. Imaginary audience

B. Personal fable

C. Mnemonic device

D. Concrete operations

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

57. Even though state law requires all drivers of motorcycles and ATVs wear helmets, Roberto refuses to wear one. Arguing with his father, Roberto makes the claim that he is a skilled driver and the reason why there are so many motorcycle accidents is because other drivers lack skills and don’t pay attention. Roberto is confident he will never get into a motorcycle accident and will not wear a helmet while riding. Which of the following best describes Roberto’s cognitive limitation?

A. Imaginary audience

B. Personal fable

C. Mnemonic device

D. Concrete operations

Learning Objective: 8.8

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

58. What did Vygotsky refer to as the difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone and those they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer?

A. Scaffolding

B. Zone of proximal development

C. Area of competence

D. Structuring

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

59. What term refers to the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent who is not yet able to perform a task or skill according to theorists who espouse Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development?

A. Scaffolding

B. Zone of proximal development

C. Area of competence

D. Structuring

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

60. In regards to cognition, which of the following researchers developed the concepts of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development?

A. Jean Piaget

B. B. F. Skinner

C. Sigmund Freud

D. Lev Vygotsky

Learning Objective: 8.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

61. According to Vygotsky, children and adolescents learn best if the instruction they are provided is ____ of the zone of proximal development.

A. near the top

B. near the bottom

C. towards the right side

D. towards the left side

Learning Objective: 8.9

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

62. Lev Vygotsky coined the term ____, which refers to the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent in the zone of proximal development.

A. supporting

B. enhancing

C. boosting

D. scaffolding

Learning Objective: 8.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

63. In Vygotsky’s view ____ always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses ____ and someone who is in the process of obtaining it.

A. learning; knowledge

B. physical growth; knowledge

C. struggle; social maturity

D. moratorium; achievement

Learning Objective: 8.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

64. The following is an example of a boy learning to weave handmade cloth. ‘The boy attempts a simple weaving pattern, the father corrects his mistakes, the boy tries again. When the boy gets it right, the father gives him a more complex pattern, thus raising the bar so that the boy continues to be challenged and his skills continue to improve.’ This scenario illustrates Lev Vygotsky’s concept of ____.

A. scaffolding

B. zone of proximal development

C. psychosocial moratorium

D. cooperative learning

Learning Objective: 8.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

65. ____ is the difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone and those they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer.

A. Psychosocial moratorium

B. Cooperative learning

C. Scaffolding

D. The zone of proximal development

Learning Objective: 8.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

66. Which of the following best describes Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding?

A. The belief in the uniqueness of their personal experiences and their personal destiny

B. The capacity to think about thinking

C. The difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone

D. The degree of assistance provided to the adolescent in the zone of proximal development

Learning Objective: 8.9

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

67. In _________ , the most necessary skills and knowledge are often those involved in

making things the family can use or that other people will want to buy.

A. developing countries

B. developed countries

C. Australia

D. the United States

Learning Objective: 8.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

68. Ms. Long is a first grade teacher and uses cooperative learning in her classroom. In creating groups of students, she will equally distribute high achieving, moderate achieving and low achieving students so there is one student of each category in every group. Based upon the skills of each student, Ms. Long knows that the high achieving students can help the moderate achieving students, and in turn, the moderate achieving students can help the low achieving students. It is clear that Ms. Long is using the principle of ____ in her classroom.

A. psychosocial moratorium

B. accommodation

C. scaffolding

D. assimilation

Learning Objective: 8.9

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

69. What percentage of adolescents in economically developing countries attend secondary school?

A. 30%

B. 50%

C. 70%

D. 90%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

70. Nearly ____ adolescents are enrolled in secondary school in developed countries. In contrast, only about ____ of adolescents in economically developing countries attend secondary school.

A. 40%; 20%

B. 60%; 30%

C. 80%; 40%

D. all; 50%

Learning Objective: 8.10

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

71. In the Growing Up in Australia study, ____ of children said they did experience difficulties with the transition to secondary school.

A. 8%

B. 11%

C. 15%

D. 26%

Learning Objective: 8.10

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

72. By the age of 19, _____ of non-Indigenous Australians complete Year 12.

A. 90%

B. 75%

C. 44%

D. 22%

Learning Objective: 8.10

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

73. By the age of 19, _______ of Indigenous Australians complete Year 12.

A. 90%

B. 75%

C. 44%

D. 22%

Learning Objective: 8.10

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

74. Your Chinese neighbour relocated to the Australia several years ago before his children were adolescents. He told you that there were many reasons why he wanted to move his family to the Australia, but one reason had to do with his children’s education during high school. He stated that high schools in Eastern countries like China, Japan and South Korea train their students ____.

A. by rote learning

B. by using critical thinking

C. with no computers

D. with harsh criticism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

75. Which of the following countries is the highest achieving in math and reading performance at eighth grade?

A. United States

B. Germany

C. Japan

D. Canada

Learning Objective: 8.10

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

76. Which of the following countries is the lowest achieving in math and reading performance at eighth grade?

A. Canada

B. Mexico

C. Japan

D. Indonesia

Learning Objective: 8.10

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

77. Which of the following forms of work, for adolescents, is a pervasive and growing problem in some developing nations, especially in Asia?

A. Prostitution

B. Logging

C. Farming

D. Military

Learning Objective: 8.11

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

78. According to the text, adolescent prostitution is a pervasive and growing problem, especially in ____.

A. China

B. Mexico

C. Russia

D. Thailand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

79. Which of the following best captures what adolescents in developed nations with part-time jobs do with the money they earn?

A. They are likely to contribute it to their family’s living expenses.

B. They are likely to save it for university.

C. They are likely to purchase items for themselves, such as clothes.

D. They are likely to donate it to charity.

Learning Objective: 8.11

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

80. What percentage of 12- to 13-year-old Australian teens report that they have worked?

A. 8%

B. 11%

C. 16%

D. 39%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

81. What percentage of 14- to 15-year-old Australian teens report that they have worked?

A. 8%

B. 11%

C. 16%

D. 39%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

82. Adolescents from developed countries who work more than 10 hours a week are more likely to ____.

A. experience psychological problems

B. be happy

C. have several romantic relationships

D. have very high grades

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

83. Countless research studies have examined the correlation between the number of hours an adolescent works and problems they may experience. It is clear that when a teenager works beyond ____ hours a week, problems arise, and beyond ____ hours a week the problems become considerably worse.

A. 2; 10

B. 5; 15

C. 10; 20

D. 15; 30

Learning Objective: 8.11

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: education and work

Short

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

85. What would be one critique in measuring formal operations by using Piaget’s pendulum problem among adolescents in an impoverished traditional culture?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

86. What is metacognition and how could it be the source of stress for adolescents?

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

87. Name one of the types of adolescent egocentrism described by Elkind. Give a specific example.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

88. How do males from the Dioula culture of the Ivory Coast learn to weave? How does your answer illustrate Vygotsky’s theory?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

89. Describe two ways that adolescents’ cognitive development is more advanced than school-age children. Use specific examples to illustrate your response.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

90. Give an example of how formal operational thinking allows adolescents to become very good at arguing or debating with their parents. Use your own example or outline of what an adolescent might say to a parent who told her child to be home by midnight after the prom.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: adolescent cognition

Section 3: Emotional and social development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. A type of ______literature during the 18th century became known as ‘sturm und drang’ literature – meaning ‘storm and stress’.

A. English

B. German

C. French

D. Italian

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

2. Which of the following research methods involves having people carry wristwatch beepers and then beeping them randomly during the day so that they can record their thoughts, feelings and behaviour?

A. Longitudinal Study

B. Quasi-experiment

C. Experience Sampling Method

D. Naturalistic observation

Learning Objective: 8.12

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

3. Which of the following best describes the overall conclusion of research that used the Experience Sampling Method to measure the emotional state of adolescence in the United States?

A. Adolescence is often a time of emotional volatility

B. Adolescence is often a time of emotional stability

C. Adolescence is often a time of intellectual stagnation

D. Adolescence is often a time of intellectual volatility

Learning Objective: 8.12

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

4. A type of German literature was developed approximately 250 years ago, sturm and drang, in which young people in their teens and early 20s experienced extreme emotions of angst, sadness and romantic passion. What does sturm and drang mean?

A. Schizophrenic and dysphoric

B. Silly and deranged

C. Serious depression

D. Storm and stress

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

5. Comparing preadolescent fifth graders to adolescent eighth graders, Larson and Richards (1994) found that the percentage of time participants experienced as ‘very happy’ ____.

A. increased by 60%

B. increased by 20%

C. decreased by 30%

D. decreased by 50%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

6. Your little sister, who is 14 years old, has been extremely emotional lately. Her mood changes very abruptly. Although at this point there are many changes that are taking place in her life, and her emotions seem to reflect this, what is likely to occur as she develops into late adolescence? Her emotional state will ____.

A. improve

B. become more negative

C. flat and expressionless

D. more depressive

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

7. One aspect of the complexity of adolescents’ self-conceptions is that they can distinguish between an actual self and ____.

A. potentiated selves

B. possible selves

C. imagined selves

D. fictional selves

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

8. The ____ self is your self-conception, and ____ selves are the different people you could become in the future depending on your choices and experiences.

A. ideal; feared

B. feared; ideal

C. possible; actual

D. actual; possible

Learning Objective: 8.13

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

9. Kerry loves and respects her mother; however, her mother works in a job that she hates. Kerry knows that she wants better for herself and wants to earn a university degree. Having a teaching career in mind, Kerry knows that she does not want to work in a job similar to her mother’s. Which of the following self-concepts best describes Kerry trepidation of working in a dissatisfying career like her mother does?

A. Feared self

B. Real self

C. Possible self

D. Ideal self

Learning Objective: 8.13

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

10. The ____ self is a self that adolescents present to others while realising that it does not represent what he or she are actually thinks and feels.

A. real

B. false

C. feared

D. congruent

Learning Objective: 8.13

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

11. The actual self as defined by scholars is an adolescent’s ____.

A. self-conception

B. real self

C. imagined self

D. fictional self

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

12. Your 15-year-old cousin exaggerates his performance in nearly every story that he tells. He claims to be a better athlete than he is, a better musician than he is and much more popular than he actually is. To what type of self is he referring?

A. Feared self

B. Ideal self

C. Real self

D. Fictional self

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

13. Your 17-year-old niece is very careful not to get involved with any types of substances and has no friends who engage in substance use of any kind. Her brother, who is 8 years older than she is, had a serious substance abuse problem during his high school years. What type of self is your niece concerned about?

A. Feared self

B. Ideal self

C. Real self

D. Fictional self

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

14. The discrepancy between the actual and the ideal self is the greatest during ____.

A. middle childhood

B. mid-adolescence

C. early adolescence

D. late adolescence

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

15. What have researchers discovered with regard to the size of the discrepancy between the actual and ideal selves in both adolescents and emerging adults? The discrepancy is related to ____.

A. strong ego values

B. heightened ambition and determination

C. low achievement

D. depressed moods

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

16. What is being presented when individuals put on a self that they know does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling?

A. Feared self

B. Ideal self

C. False self

D. Fictional self

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

17. To whom are adolescents most likely to show the self that they know does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling?

A. Friends

B. Dates

C. Parents

D. Teachers

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

18. In what cultures do adolescents tend to be strongly peer-oriented and to value the opinions of their peers highly, especially on day-to-day issues such as how they are dressed and what they say in social situations?

A. Asian

B. Western

C. Developing

D. African

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

19. The overall conclusion of several longitudinal studies shows that self-esteem slightly ____ in early adolescence, then slightly ____ through late adolescence and emerging adulthood.

A. levels off; declines

B. rises; levels off

C. declines; rises

D. rises; declines

Learning Objective: 8.13

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

20. Why does self-esteem rise in late adolescence and emerging adulthood?

A. Adolescents feel more mature

B. Parents are much less critical during this time

C. Peers’ evaluations become less important

D. Adolescents have initiated romantic relationships by this time

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

21. Your family values education, but your younger brother is a very poor student and has always been a poor student. His global self-esteem is quite high. How can this be?

A. He is unaware that he is a poor student.

B. He probably has a neurological injury.

C. He probably does not really value the importance of education.

D. He has had years of counselling to help his self-esteem.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

22. Who is more likely to emphasise physical appearance as a basis for their self-esteem?

A. Adolescent females

B. Adolescent males

C. Middle-aged males

D. Middle-aged females

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

23. Girls tend to use physical appearance when determining their global self-esteem. Because girls tend to view their physical appearance ____.

A. positively, their global self-esteem is quite high throughout adolescence

B. negatively, their global self-esteem is lower than boys’ during adolescence

C. neutrally, their global self-esteem is variable throughout adolescence

D. Negatively, their global self-esteem is very high during adolescence

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

24. ____ is the proposal that psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence because of social pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles.

A. Sexual labelling theory

B. Gender-based speculation hypothesis

C. Sexual identification theory

D. Gender-intensification hypothesis

Learning Objective: 8.13

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

25. Hill and Lynch proposed that psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence because of intensified socialised pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles. What is the name of this hypothesis?

A. Gender role hypothesis

B. Gender identification-alignment hypothesis

C. Gender-intensification hypothesis

D. Adolescent role confusion hypothesis

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

26. During adolescence, gender intensification is often considerably stronger in ____.

A. traditional cultures than in the West

B. Western cultures than in traditional cultures

C. developed nations than in industrialised nations

D. industrialised nations than in developed nations

Learning Objective: 8.13

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

27. One striking difference in gender expectations in traditional cultures is that for boys, manhood is something that ____.

A. naturally occurs with maturation

B. has to be achieved

C. is not acquired until young adulthood

D. requires a rite of passage

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

28. David Gilmore (1990) concluded that, in most cultures, an adolescent boy must demonstrate three capacities before he can be considered a man: _____.

A. perform, promote and prosper

B. proud, perfect and polite

C. proficient, pure and political

D. provide, protect and procreate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

29. Kohlberg viewed moral development as based on ____.

A. biological maturity

B. psychological functioning

C. cognitive development

D. environmental forces

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

30. ____ viewed moral development as based on cognitive development, such that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop, regardless of culture.

A. Karen Horney

B. Lawrence Kohlberg

C. Jean Piaget

D. Lene Jensen

Learning Objective: 8.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

31. When Kohlberg began his research on moral judgment, who did he study?

A. 72 boys aged 10, 13 and 16 years old

B. 72 males aged 10, 20 and 30 years old

C. 36 boys and 36 girls aged 10, 13 and 16 years old

D. 36 males and 36 females aged 10, 20 and 30 years old

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

32. To Kohlberg, whether the participants concluded that the actions of the persons in the dilemma ____ was crucial for understanding the level of people’s moral development.

A. were ‘right’ or ‘wrong

B. made the correct choice

C. should have been punished

D. were not just ‘right’ or ‘wrong’, but how they explained their answers

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

33. Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s post-conventional level of moral reasoning?

A. Moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.

B. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.

C. Rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority.

D. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.

Learning Objective: 8.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

34. Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?

A. Moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.

B. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.

C. Rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority.

D. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.

Learning Objective: 8.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

35. Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral reasoning?

A. Moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.

B. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.

C. Rules should be obeyed based on the established from those in authority.

D. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.

Learning Objective: 8.14

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

36. Kohlberg’s claims of a universal theory of moral development have been challenged, most notably by Richard Shweder, who believes that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand the individual’s ____.

A. intellectual abilities

B. cultural worldview

C. social context

D. personality factors

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

37. You and your roommate are having a discussion about divorce. You both believe there is no ethical reason for someone who is unhappy in his or her marriage not to seek a divorce – that the individual’s interests are the most important thing to consider. Because you are both emerging adults, Jensen would argue that you probably use what worldview to determine ethical behaviour?

A. The ethic of autonomy

B. The ethic of community

C. The ethic of culture

D. The ethic of divinity

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

38. You and your father are having an argument regarding ethics. You are arguing that as long as people do no harm to anyone else, their behaviour is ethical. Your father argues that people have responsibilities in the family, community and other groups that have to be considered and evaluated before a behaviour is considered ethical. Jensen would argue that your father is using what worldview to determine ethical behaviour?

A. The ethic of autonomy

B. The ethic of community

C. The ethic of culture

D. The ethic of divinity

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

39. Lene Jensen’s theory of moral development differs from Kohlberg’s theory in that it places emphasis on a person’s ____ as the ultimate basis of morality.

A. worldview

B. self-esteem

C. social conditioning

D. temperament

Learning Objective: 8.14

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

40. In general, adolescents and emerging adults in developed societies are ____.

A. more religious than their counterparts in developing nations

B. just as religious as their counterparts in developing countries

C. more religious than their counterparts in traditional cultures

D. less religious than their counterparts in developing countries

Learning Objective: 8.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

41. Approximately 84% of American adolescents believe in God or a universal spirit, but only about ____ attend religious services at least twice a month.

1. 38%
2. 52%
3. 18%
4. 10%

Learning Objective: 8.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

42. Developed countries, such as Belgium, tend to be highly ____, which means based on non-religious beliefs and values.

A. worldly

B. spiritual

C. secular

D. divine

Learning Objective: 8.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

43. Jonathan is in his late teens and is beginning to question his religious upbringing. Just recently, he has begun to believe in the human spirit and a person’s ability to reason. Moving closer to a scientific worldview, and moving further away from religious beliefs and values, it is clear that Jonathan is becoming more ____.

A. pious

B. spiritual

C. secular

D. divine

Learning Objective: 8.15

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: Morality and religion

44. In the 2011 Census, ____ of Australians reported no religious affiliation.

A. 8%

B. 16%

C. 22%

D. 35%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

45. In the 2011 Census, ____ of people in New Zealand reported no religious affiliation.

A. 8%

B. 16%

C. 22%

D. 35%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

46. Among those who do report a religious affiliation, _______ comprise the largest percentage in Australia.

A. Eastern Orthodoxs

B. Protestants

C. Lutherans

D. Catholics

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

47. Numbers of people reporting no religion are lowest among _________.

A. males and young people

B. females and young people

C. males and middle adulthood people

D. females and middle adulthood people

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

48. Religious New Zealanders are more likely to abstain from

A. sex

B. drinking alcohol

C. shoplifting

D. All of these: sex, drinking alcohol, and shoplifting

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

49. Your sister is frustrated that she is arguing with her 15-year-old daughter quite a bit about what feels like everything. Your sister feels that her relationship with her daughter is deteriorating and abnormal. Based on your knowledge of development, what advice do you give your sister?

A. Do not worry, conflict with sons is even worse.

B. Do not worry, conflict between mothers and daughters is typical during this time.

C. She should worry, something is seriously wrong with her daughter.

D. She should worry, it sounds like her daughter has borderline personality disorder.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

50. How frequent is conflict between parents and adolescents in traditional cultures?

A. Frequent

B. Somewhat frequent

C. Somewhat rare

D. Rare

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

51. In a Canadian study, ______ of adolescents reported having at least one argument with their parents a week and it was the worst for ________.

1. 10%; mothers and daughters
2. 40%; fathers and sons
3. 40%; mothers and daughters
4. 60%; fathers and daughters

Learning Objective: 8.16

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

52. Perhaps the most notable change in family relationships that occurs from middle childhood to adolescence in American society is ____.

A. the decline in the amount of time spent with family members

B. the increase in the amount of homework that adolescents are assigned in school

C. the increase in the amount of friends teenagers add to their social network

D. the decline in purchasing power of adolescents, as a whole

Learning Objective: 8.16

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

53. The amount of time adolescents spend with their families ____ between fifth and ninth grades and averages only ___ per day.

A. increases; 3 hours

B. decreases; 3 hours

C. decreases; one hour

D. increases; one hour

Learning Objective: 8.16

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

54. Your roommate is an only child. What percentage of people in developed countries have at least one sibling?

A. 100%

B. 90%

C. 60%

D. 40%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

55. Schlegel and Barry (1991) found that what percentage of adolescent boys and girls had frequent responsibility for caring for younger siblings in traditional cultures?

A. 100%

B. 80%

C. 60%

D. 40%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

56. According to Schlegel and Barry (1991), how frequently do most adolescents in traditional cultures have contact with their grandparents?

A. Rarely

B. Very infrequently

C. Somewhat frequently

D. Daily

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

57. Antony is an adolescent who is primarily responsible for taking care of his younger sibling while his parents work. In addition, Antony’s household includes not only his parents and siblings but also includes grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins as well. Based upon this description, Antony is most likely ____.

A. an adolescent who lives in a traditional culture

B. an adolescent who lives in an industrialised nation

C. an adolescent who lives in a developed nation

D. an adolescent who lives in a Western nation

Learning Objective: 8.16

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

58. What percentage of Dutch adolescents indicated that they communicated about themselves, about their personal feelings and about sorrows and secrets with their fathers?

A. 3%

B. 13%

C. 23%

D. 33%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

59. ____ is the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts and feelings.

A. Caring

B. Intimacy

C. Passion

D. Commitment

Learning Objective: 8.17

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

60. Whom do adolescents indicate they depend on for companionship and intimacy?

A. Parents

B. Siblings

C. Teachers

D. Friends

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

61. Which of the following is considered the most important feature of adolescent friendships?

A. Sincerity

B. Love

C. Intimacy

D. Commitment

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

62. Alfredo is a high school student whose circle of friends includes about six other people. They all know each other well and spend most of their time together, from sharing lunch in the cafeteria every day to hanging out on the basketball courts after school and on weekends. What type of group is this?

A. Clique

B. Crowd

C. Friends

D. Family

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

63. Your high-school-aged sister is one of the school’s best sprinters and she’s also a starting forward on two different soccer teams. During free periods, she spends time in the weight room with her teammates and coaches. Your family and other students at her school consider her a jock. What type of group does being a jock signify that she’s a member of?

A. Clique

B. Crowd

C. Friends

D. Family

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

64. According to Susman et al. (2007) what type of group includes students who do not stand out in any particular way, neither positively nor negatively, and are mostly ignored by other students?

A. Elites

B. Academics

C. Deviants

D. Others

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

65. ____ are small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together and form a regular social group; in contrast, ____ are larger, reputation-based groups of adolescents who are not necessarily friends and do not necessarily spend much time together.

A. Pods; groups

B. Groups; pods

C. Crowds; cliques

D. Cliques; crowds

Learning Objective: 8.17

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

66. Fitz is an athletic high school student and is a member of both the football and basketball teams. He has a reputation of being a jock, but seldom interacts with other athletes. If asked, he would state that he has more friends who are members of the glee club than who are athletes. His closest friends are those he interacts with on a daily basis, other teens who live in his neighbourhood and who he has grown up with. Which of the following best describes Fitz’s crowd?

A. Jocks

B. Glee club members

C. Neighbourhood friends

D. The football and basketball teams

Learning Objective: 8.17

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

67. Fitz is an athletic high school student and is a member of both the football and basketball teams. He has a reputation of being a jock, but seldom interacts with other athletes. If asked, he would state that he has more friends who are members of the glee club than who are athletes. His closest friends are those he interacts with on a daily basis, other teens who live in his neighbourhood and who he has grown up with. Which of the following best describes Fitz’s clique?

A. jocks

B. glee club members

C. neighbourhood friends

D. the football and basketball teams

Learning Objective: 8.17

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: The social and cultural contexts of adolescence

68. Your 14-year-old sister is constantly being harassed at school. She has done all that she can to avoid and prevent the bullying besides just dropping out of school. She has decided that all she can do is try to avoid the perpetrators. What can you tell her regarding how long this type of behaviour continues? The bullying will ____.

A. intensify as adolescence continues

B. remain about the same throughout adolescence

C. slowly decline by late adolescence

D. decrease substantially by late adolescence

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

69. What is another name for electronic bullying?

A. Internet bullying

B. Cell phone bullying

C. Text bullying

D. Cyberbullying

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

70. According to one study, _______ of Australian students in Years 10–12 reported they had had a boyfriend or girlfriend and/or had a sexual relationship.

A. 24%

B. 36%

C. 42%

D. 56%

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

71. In what country is adolescent premarital sex forbidden?

A. Norway

B. Australia

C. South Korea

D. Denmark

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

72. Within New Zealand, a nationally representative survey found that overall 24% of adolescents in Years 9–13 had had sex.

A. 24%

B. 36%

C. 42%

D. 56%

Learning Objective: 8.18

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

73. Premarital sex during adolescence is the most common in which of the following countries?

A. Western European countries

B. African countries

C. Australia

D. Northern European countries

Learning Objective: 8.18

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

74. In regards to sexuality, ____ tolerate and even encourage adolescent sexuality, whereas ____ place strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage.

A. permissive cultures; restrictive cultures

B. restrictive cultures; semi-restrictive cultures

C. permissive cultures; semi-restrictive cultures

D. semi-restrictive cultures; restrictive cultures

Learning Objective: 8.18

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

75. Two types of countries have low rates of teenage pregnancy: those that are very restrictive in sexual behaviour and those that are ____.

A. ultra-restrictive

B. punitive

C. permissive

D. moderately restrictive

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

76. Your roommate is from Denmark and she was telling you that she and her boyfriend had sexual intercourse frequently and her parents allowed him to spend the night with her. You were quite surprised to learn this and asked if her situation was unusual. She indicated that ____.

A. yes, it was very unusual, Denmark is very restrictive regarding sexual behaviour

B. yes, it was somewhat unusual. None of her friends were allowed to have their boyfriends or girlfriends spend the night with them

C. no, Denmark has a very permissive attitude regarding teenage sexual behaviour

D. it was somewhat unusual, but if the parents signed consent forms, their children could acquire contraception

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

77. What country has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy of any other developed country?

A. Sweden

B. Japan

C. United States

D. Canada

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

78. One survey in New Zealand found that 6% of adolescents were same-sex attracted or attracted to both sexes.

A. 2%

B. 4%

C. 6%

D. 8%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

79. What is the term for fear and hatred of homosexuals?

A. Homophobia

B. Gay bashing

C. LGB haters

D. Homophilia

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

80. The average age of coming out for LGB adolescents has _____ in recent decades.

A. remained the same

B. declined

C. increased

D. sharply increased

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

81. Which of the following are three components of the Media Practice Model?

A. Selection, interaction and application

B. Television, radio and the Internet

C. Electronic, visual and auditory media

D. Pre-engagement, engagement and post-engagement

Learning Objective: 8.19

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

82. How many minutes per day do Australian children aged 9–11 average on screen-based media?

A. 119

B. 157

C. 181

D. 201

Learning Objective: 8.19

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

83. How many minutes per day do Australian children aged 12–14 average on screen-based media?

A. 119

B. 157

C. 181

D. 201

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

84. Which of the following is NOT a reason that 12- to 14-year-old boys gave for playing violent video games?

1. The social aspect
2. To relieve anger and stress
3. To meet girls
4. To enjoy exciting new situations

Learning Objective: 8.19

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

85. The majority of crimes are committed by young males who are between the ages of ______.

A. 12 and 25 years

B. 14and 20 years

C. 16 and 25 years

D. 18 and 30 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

86. Which of the following is a theory used to explain why the crime rate for adolescents and young adults is so dramatically high in comparison to other groups?

A. Adolescence and young adulthood is a time in which one seeks independence from parents and is reinforced by their peers to commit various crimes.

B. From a biological perspective, one’s genetic code begins to unfold during adolescence and this predisposes the individual to commit crimes.

C. Since the crime rate is much higher for males, it is believed that testosterone triggers criminal behaviours during adolescence and young adulthood.

D. Adolescents and young adults are negatively influenced by media violence, and this in turn causes them to commit crimes.

Learning Objective: 8.20

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

87. Rates of crime begin rising in the mid-teens. At what age does crime peak?

A. 12 years

B. 14 years

C. 16 years

D. 18 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

88. Your friends are talking about the crazy and stupid things that they did when they were adolescents. Most of your male friends said they were involved in vandalism, underage drinking or petty shoplifting once or twice. On average, how many adolescent boys committed at least one criminal act before they reached age 20?

A. 90%

B. 75%

C. 60%

D. 18 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

89. What type of delinquent individuals show no signs of problems in infancy or childhood, and few of them engage in any criminal activity after their mid-20s?

A. Adolescence-limited delinquents

B. Life-course-persistent delinquents

C. Lifetime-chronic delinquents

D. Time-specific delinquents

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

90. What type of delinquent individuals show signs of problems since birth, and many of them engage in criminal activity after their mid-twenties?

A. Adolescence-limited delinquents

B. Lifetime-course limited delinquents

C. Life-course-persistent delinquents

D. Time-specific delinquents

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

91. Using the _____is an effective way for programs to reduce adolescent delinquency by including parent training, job training and vocational counselling.

1. multiple systems approach
2. multisystemic approach
3. delinquency reduction approach
4. youth delinquency systems approach

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

92. Which of the following is a basic premise of the multisystemic approach to combating delinquency for adolescents and young adults?

A. To place a high degree of structure upon adolescents and young adults who have been the product of neglectful parenting

B. To direct the energy of delinquents into more socially constructive directions

C. to expose delinquent adolescents and young adults to prison inmates who have committed the same crimes in hopes of ‘scaring them straight’

D. To punish delinquent adolescents and young adults in an appropriate manner so they will learn from their mistakes and pay retribution to society

Learning Objective: 8.20

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

93. What term is used to describe a temporary period of sadness, without any related symptoms?

A. Depressed mood

B. Depressive syndrome

C. Major depressive disorder

D. Pseudo-depression

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.21

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

94. Which of the following best describes the category of depressed mood?

A. A temporary period of sadness, without any related symptoms

B. A more enduring period of sadness along with other symptoms such as frequent crying, feelings of worthlessness and feeling guilty, lonely or worried

C. Includes all the symptoms of depressive syndrome, plus other symptoms such as difficulty sleeping and changes in appetite

D. A feeling of being wound-up, tense or restless; difficulty concentrating; and a high rate of irritability

Learning Objective: 8.21

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

95. A variety of studies have shown that the proportion of female Australian adolescents who report experiencing major depressive disorder in a 1-year period is ____.

A. 4.3%

B. 5.8%

C. 7.1%

D. 8.2%

Learning Objective: 8.21

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

96. A variety of studies have shown that the proportion of male Australian adolescents who report experiencing major depressive disorder in a 1-year period is ____.

A. 4.3%

B. 5.8%

C. 7.1%

D. 8.2%

Learning Objective: 8.21

Difficulty: Moderate

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

97. The two main types of treatment for depression are ____.

A. social modelling training and Gestalt theory

B. counselling and behaviour modification

C. psychoanalysis and electroconvulsive shock therapy

D. medication and psychotherapy

Learning Objective: 8.21

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

98. _____ is/are the most effective way to treat depression in adolescents.

A. Antidepressant medications

B. Psychotherapy

C. Antidepressant medications and psychotherapy

D. Exercise

Learning Objective: 8.21

Difficulty: Basic

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

99. What is the most serious form of depression?

A. Depressed mood

B. Depressive syndrome

C. Major depressive disorder

D. Pseudo-depression

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.21

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

100. Your suitemate has been sad all semester and has cried quite a bit, felt worthless and guilty and is very worried. What type of depression is she experiencing?

A. Depressed mood

B. Depressive syndrome

C. Major depressive disorder

D. Pseudo-depression

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.21

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

101. What is one of the strongest risk factors for all types of depression in adolescence and beyond?

A. Being female

B. Being an only child

C. Being poor

D. Being obese

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.21

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

102. What is the most effective approach to treating adolescent depression?

A. Medication alone

B. Psychotherapy alone

C. Medication and psychotherapy

D. Electroshock therapy

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.21

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

103. What is the term for the phenomenon defined as ‘good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation and development’?

A. Resilience

B. Rebounding

C. Rebirth

D. Rebuilding

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.22

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

104. According to the text, resilience is promoted by ____ that enable adolescents to overcome risk elements, or factors that may impede or stifle their success in life.

A. imposing factors

B. buffering factors

C. inoculating factors

D. protective factors

Learning Objective: 8.22

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

105. Carlos can be best described as a resilient adolescent. Against all odds, he has graduated from high school and is enrolled in university. He comes from a lower socio-economic status and a harsh neighbourhood, and he is the first in his family to graduate from high school and attend university. Which of the following are three protective factors we can assume Carlos possesses?

A. High intelligence, warm but controlling parents and a social network of caring adults

B. High religious involvement, an easy going temperament and an insecure attachment

C. High sociability, high emotional quotient and low intelligence

D. High parental control, a difficult temperament and high intelligence

Learning Objective: 8.22

Difficulty: Complex

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: problems and resilience

Short

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

107. Outline at least two of Harter’s domains of self-image or self-esteem. Which domain has been found to be more important to adolescents?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

108. Give an example of a behaviour that is based on pre-conventional moral reasoning and explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion

109. Discuss one reason why conflict with parents rises during adolescence.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

110. How are adolescents’ friendships different from those of younger children? Are there sex differences?

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 8.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: the social and cultural contexts of adolescence

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

111. What research methodology has been used to track adolescents’ emotions? Discuss the findings comparing the emotional experiences of adolescents to younger children.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 8.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Social and emotional development: emotional and self-development

112. Describe how religion may influence the behaviour of some adolescents in New Zealand.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 8.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Social and emotional development: Cultural beliefs: morality and religion