Chapter 4: Early Childhood

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. In early childhood, the two hemispheres of the brain begin to operate slightly differently, which allows for a wider range of activity. This is known as the ______.

A. lateralization process

B. developmental process

C. verticalization process

D. preconventional process

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A child who is able to jump rope demonstrates ______ skills.

A. developmental motor

B. fine motor

C. physical motor

D. gross motor

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Scribbling, cutting with scissors, and printing one’s name are all examples of ______ skills.

A. developmental motor

B. fine motor

C. physical motor

D. gross motor

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Physical Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Sam (5-year-old) smells chicken at his grandmother’s house and comments that she must be having a party. She indicates that she is not, but Sam thinks another party is going to occur because the last time he smelled chicken she had a party. This incident reflects what kind of reasoning?

A. transductive reasoning

B. egocentrism reasoning

C. preconceptual reasoning

D. intuitive reasoning

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Jack (4-year-old) believes that it is his fault that his father left the family. This incident reflects what kind of reasoning?

A. transductive reasoning

B. egocentrism reasoning

C. preconceptual reasoning

D. intuitive reasoning

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The ______ approach posits that parents should be consistent in their responses to their children’s behavior.

A. cognitive developmental approach

B. behavioral developmental approach

C. social learning approach

D. psychodynamic approach

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Understanding Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Kohlberg’s model speaks to which moral development approach?

A. cognitive developmental

B. behavioral developmental

C. social learning

D. psychodynamic

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Understanding Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. In Kohlberg’s model, the ______ stage suggests that moral reasoning is based on whether behavior is rewarded or punished.

A. postconventional

B. conventional

C. preconventional

D. conventional evolution

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Understanding Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Terri and Ron are fighting over who gets to play with the new train station. Which type of aggression is this?

A. relational aggression

B. physical aggression

C. hostile aggression

D. instrumental aggression

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. David purposefully hits Sam with a stick during playtime. This is an example of ______ aggression.

A. relational

B. forceful

C. hostile

D. instrumental

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which of the following statements best describes friendship to young children?

A. Friends are people you talk to every day.

B. A friend is someone you play with.

C. Friends are like family.

D. A friend is someone you can trust.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Research studies have shown that the largest difference between boys and girls is ______.

A. aggression

B. self-esteem

C. moral development

D. friendship styles

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Role Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Ron is pretending to be a monster and chase his little brother around the house. Which type of play is this?

A. learning play

B. sociodramatic play

C. symbolic play

D. instrumental play

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Describe the role of play in early childhood development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Play

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Play allows children to explore reality, ______, and ______.

A. explore reality; gain control

B. get physical exercise; overcome fears

C. build friendships; grow attached to their fathers

D. have shared experiences; develop cognitively

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Describe the role of play in early childhood development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Play

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Sally, Corey, and Todd are playing house. Sally pretends to be the mother, Corey is the dad, and Todd is their dog. They pretend to play at the local park. Which type of play is this?

A. learning play

B. sociodramatic play

C. symbolic play

D. instrumental play

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Describe the role of play in early childhood development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Play

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Whenever Jack gets in trouble from his parents, they are cold and harsh and sometimes spank him. Which type of parenting style is this?

A. permissive

B. authoritative

C. logical

D. authoritarian

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.7: Give examples of risk factors and protective factors during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ineffective Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. ______ parents set firm limits but are warm and nurturing.

A. Permissive

B. Authoritative

C. Logical

D. Authoritarian

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.7: Give examples of risk factors and protective factors during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ineffective Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Early childhood, preschool age, and early school age are all names of a period of development that includes what age range?

A. 3–9 years old

B. 3–6 years old

C. 2–5 years old

D. 6–8 years old

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Typical Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. According to the text, the most important aspect of the preoperational stage (ages 2–3) is ______.

A. development of symbolic representation

B. abstract thinking

C. logical sequencing

D. reasoning

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Which of the following findings supports early childhood education?

A. Early education provides opportunities for moral development.

B. Children are more engaged in playtime.

C. Parents stress levels are reduced.

D. Early childhood education saves societies significant amounts of money over time.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.5: Evaluate the possible benefits of early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Language Skills

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. According to the text, which of the following statements is true about parents and grandparents who both participate in childcare?

A. Parents resent how big of an influence grandparents can have on their child’s well-being.

B. Grandparents see parents as the ultimate authority over the child’s diet.

C. Grandmothers are usually more involved.

D. They disagree about disciplinary styles.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.7: Give examples of risk factors and protective factors during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Childhood in the Multigenerational Family

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The ability to understand another person’s emotional condition is ______.

A. empathy

B. imaginative play

C. perspective taking

D. intuition

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Understanding Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. According to the text, the important themes of development during early childhood include ______.

A. self-regulation, numeracy, and literacy

B. self-esteem, agency, and literacy

C. self-direction, agency, self-management, and self-regulation

D. self-efficacy, self-direction, and intelligence

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Personality and Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. The main remedy for developmentally delayed children is ______.

A. therapy

B. a nurturing parent style

C. specialized childcare facilities

D. social skill development

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.4: Analyze the roles of biology and the environment in creating development delays and disabilities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developmental Delays and Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. When Jack eats a dozen cookies and gets sick, his parents laugh and say, “I guess you will learn.” Which type of parenting style is this?

A. permissive

B. authoritative

C. logical

D. authoritarian

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.7: Give examples of risk factors and protective factors during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ineffective Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Physical growth significantly speeds up in toddlers ranging from 3 to 6 years of age.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Early childhood education has benefits for both the participating generation and the second generation.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.5: Evaluate the possible benefits of early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Childhood Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Tantrums are usually a sign that a child has difficulty regulating their emotions.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotions

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Cognitive development includes language development because it is the mechanism by which cognitive interpretations are communicated to others.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Language Skills

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. According to Erikson, the stage of emotional development during the early childhood years is called initiative versus guilt.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Hostile aggression in young children occurs while fighting over toys and space.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Young children with insecure working models may gravitate more toward peer relations.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A child’s increasing understanding of the self in relation to the world eventually becomes organized into a self-theory.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Parents and grandparents do not generally agree on which foods are healthy.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4-6: Identify special issues that face the multigenerational family with young children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Childhood in the Multigenerational Family

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. It has been suggested that children experience negative effects from divorce because of the parents’ responses to divorce rather than of the divorce itself.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.7: Give examples of risk factors and protective factors during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Divorce and Parental Relationship Dissolution

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Discuss the concept of early childhood education. How can early education influence the development of protective factors and decrease potential risk in children?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Early Childhood Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Discuss the three types of parenting styles. Include in your discussion how children in general might respond and include examples from the case study on Terri. How might the socioeconomic environment affect parenting style?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.7: Give examples of risk factors and protective factors during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ineffective Discipline

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss social development issues in early childhood. Include in the discussion issues surrounding peer relations, self-concept, gender identity, and racial and ethnic identity. Why is it important for children to have social competence? How might Jack’s social competence be impacted by the divorce of his mother and father?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss moral development in early childhood. Include in your discussion Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and three theoretical approaches. Discuss how parents can help children develop morally?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Summarize typical physical, cognitive and language, moral, personality and emotional, and social development during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Discuss the risks associated with healthy development in early childhood. Include in your discussion the factors of poverty, ineffective discipline, divorce, and violence. What are some protective factors that can promote resiliency in the face of apparent risks?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.7: Give examples of risk factors and protective factors during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risks to Healthy Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard