Chapter 3: The Victim–Offender Overlap

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which crime is not identified in the book as being a crime that involves a victim–offender overlap?

A. juvenile delinquency

B. sexual assault

C. white-collar crime

D. property crime

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Focus on International Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Which researchers advanced the principle of homogamy?

A. Sampson and Lauritsen

B. Cullen and Fisher

C. Clarke and Cornish

D. Felson and Cohen

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim and Offender Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What are the two types of theoretical arguments for explaining the relationship between victimization and offending?

A. positivist school and classical school

B. macro theory and micro theory

C. dynamic causal perspective and population heterogeneity argument

D. biosocial explanations and general theory of crime

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Dynamic Causal Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What does the dynamic causal perspective suggest?

A. All offenders experience victimization.

B. People who spend time around offenders have higher risk of being victimized.

C. The linkage between victimization and offending occurs due to the influence and impact of these experiences directly on one another.

D. All people who experience victimization in childhood will go on to offend.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Dynamic Causal Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Who developed the general strain theory?

A. Robin Engel

B. Erving Goffman

C. Hans von Hentig

D. Robert Agnew

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Strain Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Greg loses his job and cannot find another one. As a result, he begins to rob stores. What theory can help explain Greg’s offending?

A. subcultural theories

B. general theory of crime

C. general strain theory

D. routine activities and lifestyles theory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Strain Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. According to routine activities and lifestyles theory, why does offending increase the risk that one will be victimized?

A. Offenders provoke the people around them.

B. Offending can be viewed as part of a risky lifestyle.

C. Offenders live in a culture that supports violence.

D. Offenders have low self-control.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What theory can explain why some drug dealers experience property victimization?

A. biosocial explanations

B. dynamic causal perspective

C. victim-rationality perspective

D. routine activities and lifestyles theory

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Which theory suggests that victimization and offending is part of a broader cultural belief in the acceptability and sometimes necessity of violence?

A. subcultural theories

B. victim-rationality perspective

C. population heterogeneity perspective

D. general theory of crime

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Subcultural Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Research shows that the victim–offender overlap does vary across neighborhoods and this variation is connected to attachment to the ______ and degree of ______.

A. code of the streets; structural deprivation

B. norms of violence; poverty

C. streets; low self-control

D. code of the streets; violence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Subcultural Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. What happens to one’s victimization risk the more enmeshed they are in deviant lifestyles during adolescence?

A. It increases over time.

B. It decreases over time.

C. It does not change.

D. It fluctuates.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Subcultural Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. According to the victim-rationality perspective, victimization can ______ subsequent offending.

A. decrease

B. increase

C. stabilize

D. predict

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim-Rationality Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The population heterogeneity perspective is also called the ______ argument.

A. causal

B. variations

C. noncausal

D. exponential

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Population Heterogeneity Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. What does the population heterogeneity perspective state?

A. Victimization and offending are not related.

B. Victimization and offending both stem from risk lifestyles.

C. Victimization and offending both stem from biological factors.

D. Victimization and offending both are related to personality characteristics or environmental factors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Population Heterogeneity Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Which is not a key assumption of general theory of crime?

A. Crime occurs in areas of high poverty.

B. Crime requires no special motive.

C. Crime occurs when there is an opportunity.

D. Crime is easy and exciting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: General Theory of Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which is not an attribute of low self-control?

A. It is time stable.

B. It is developed in early childhood.

C. It differs between males and females.

D. It is developed through parenting practices.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: General Theory of Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. What personality trait is shown to be linked to victimization and offending?

A. low self-control

B. neuroticism

C. being talkative

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Theory of Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which theoretical perspectives assert that victimization and offending are influenced by similar genetic factors that lead to an overlap between the two?

A. dynamic causal perspectives

B. biosocial explanations

C. subcultural theories

D. population heterogeneity perspectives

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biosocial Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Research shows that approximately ______ of the correlation between violent victimization and offending is due to shared genetic factors.

A. 0%

B. 50–70%

C. 100%

D. 20–40%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biosocial Explanations

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Who was the first researcher to recognize the overlap between offending and victimization within homicide?

A. Hans von Hentig

B. Stephen Schaefer

C. Marvin Wolfgang

D. Benjamin Mendelsohn

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Homicide

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. What is it called when the victim is the first to use physical force against the subsequent slayer during a homicide event?

A. victim-precipitated homicide

B. victim-provoked homicide

C. offender reaction homicide

D. offender-precipitated homicide

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Homicide

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Homicide research demonstrates that anywhere up to ______ of homicide victims had previous offending records.

A. 60%

B. 50%

C. 10%

D. 20%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Homicide

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which of the following is the most common type of intimate partner violence?

A. intimate terrorism

B. violent resistance

C. situational couple violence

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. What is a common motivation behind women’s use of violence in intimate relationships?

A. financial gain

B. power and control

C. anger

D. self-defense

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Prostitution courts and diversionary programs have emerged as a method to reduce what?

A. recidivism associated with sex work

B. drug use associated with sex work

C. property offending associated with sex work

D. homicide associated with sex work

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Special Case: Prostitution Courts

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. The majority of research examining the overlap between victimization and offending has been conducted with sample from North America and Western Europe.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Focus on International Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The principle of homogamy asserts that associating with criminals increases a person’s risk of victimization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim and Offender Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The victim–offender overlap is present for all victims and offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Link Between Victimization and Offending

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Biosocial explanations of the victim–offender overlap fall under the dynamic causal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biosocial Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. General strain theory is one of the few that considers victimization as a risk factor for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Theory of Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The most often cited theoretical explanation given for the relationship between victimization and offending is the lifestyles and routine activities perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Individuals who engage in offending are exposed more frequently to people and contexts in which victimization is likely to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Subcultural theories are similar to routine activities theories in that victimization may lead to subsequent offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subcultural Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The population heterogeneity perspective is premised on the hypothesis that the victimization experience can serve as a turning point for some offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Population Heterogeneity Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. General theory of crime defines crime as an act of force or fraud done in pursuit of self-interest.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Theory of Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Victims are individuals who have been victimized but do not engage in crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim and Offender Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Pure offenders are individuals who engage in crime but have no victimization history.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim and Offender Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. There are two types of theoretical arguments when it comes to explaining the relationship between victimization and offending: the dynamic causal perspective and the population heterogeneity argument.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dynamic Causal Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Population heterogeneity argument is based on the claim that specific negative incidents (e.g., victimization) modifies attitudinal and behavioral patterns, in turn shifting the likelihood for engaging in the other (e.g., offending).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Population Heterogeneity Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Bullying is the unintentional infliction of verbal or physical injury repeatedly over time by a more powerful perpetrator over a less powerful victim.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bullying

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. According to the victim–offender overlap, why do certain people experience victimization?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Victim and Offender Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Compare and contrast the dynamic causal perspective and the population heterogeneity perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Explaining the Link Between Victimization and Offending

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe the three major types of intimate partner violence? In which type or types is a victim–overlap likely?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Violence

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What are the three distinct types of individuals involved in crime?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Victim and Offender Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What is the subcultural of violence theory?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Subcultural Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium