Chapter 1: Introduction to Victimology

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Who coined the term “victimology”?

A. Hans von Hentig

B. Stephen Schaefer

C. Marvin Wolfgang

D. Benjamin Mendelsohn

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Victimology?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. During the ______, victims were the focus of the justice system.

A. Industrial Revolution

B. Dark Ages

C. Middle Ages

D. modern times

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Victimology: Before the Victims’ Rights Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. ______ principle suggests that retribution is the key to justice.

A. Habeas corpus

B. Modus operandi

C. Mens rea

D. Lex talionis

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Victimology: Before the Victims’ Rights Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which type of victim culpability suggests that an irresponsible act by a victim was taken advantage of by an offender?

A. victim precipitation

B. victim facilitation

C. victim provocation

D. victim culpability

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Role of the Victim in Crime: Victim Precipitation, Victim Facilitation, and Victim Provocation

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Victimology is the study of ______.

A. the etiology of victimization

B. consequences of victimization

C. how the criminal justice system accommodates and assists victims

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Victimology?

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which theorist suggested that victims and offenders needed to be considered in a dyad in order to fully understand victimization?

A. Hans von Hentig

B. Stephen Schaefer

C. Marvin Wolfgang

D. Benjamin Mendelsohn

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hans von Hentig

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. What percentage of homicides did Marvin Wolfgang discover were precipitated by victims?

A. 5%

B. 11%

C. 26%

D. 34%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marvin Wolfgang

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. In what year was the first National Crime Survey conducted?

A. 1957

B. 1966

C. 1981

D. 1992

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Victimology: The Victims’ Rights Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Two of the first three victim assistance programs focused on ______ type of crime victimization.

A. domestic violence

B. child victimization

C. homicide survivors

D. rape

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Programs for Crime Victims

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which of the following items were not a critical victimological development of the women’s movement?

A. Victimization could be emotionally harmful.

B. The criminal justice revictimized victims.

C. Women used alcohol and drugs as self-medication techniques to deal with rape.

D. The volunteer movement was huge so grassroots organizations could stay open longer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Women’s Movement

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which movement identified that both offenders and victims were mistreated by the criminal justice system?

A. Law and Order Movement

B. Civil Rights Movement

C. Women’s Movement

D. Children’s Movement

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which organization was an outgrowth of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984?

A. National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA)

B. National Center for Victims of Crime (NCVC)

C. Office for Victims of Crime (OVC)

D. National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC)

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislation and Policy

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. What 1980 study led to recommendations to improve services to crime victims for criminal justice personnel, the medical community, the social service and victim advocacy communities, and other agencies that worked with victims?

A. Victim of Crime Study

B. Justice for All Study

C. New Directions in the Field Study

D. President’s Task Force on Victims of Crime Study

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislation and Policy

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which programs are responsible for notifying victims of court proceedings and providing guidance during the court process?

A. victim advocacy agencies

B. victim/witness assistance programs

C. courtroom companionship agencies

D. grassroots agencies

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Programs for Crime Victims

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. ______ is the name for individuals who are affected by the victimization of a loved one.

A. Vicarious victims

B. Indirect victims

C. Secondary victims

D. Pseudo-victims

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development of Victim Organizations

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The Violence Against Women Act was enacted in which year?

A. 1980

B. 1984

C. 1994

D. 1994

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislation and Policy

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The cost of victimization may include ______.

A. the cost of stolen or damaged property

B. the costs of receiving treatment at the emergency room

C. monies spent to assist crime victims

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Costs of Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which early Babylonian code required that equity be restored between the offender and the victim?

A. Code of Hammurabi

B. lex talionis

C. Roman Principles

D. Code of Athens

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Victimology: Before the Victims’ Rights Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. When victims were the focus of the justice “system,” which two principles guided most proceedings when an offender was determined guilty?

A. rehabilitation and community service

B. retribution and restitution

C. restoration and restitution

D. deterrence and rehabilitation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Victimology: Before the Victims’ Rights Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The Women’s Movement also brought attention to ______ group of victims.

A. animals

B. victims of state-sponsored crime

C. families of “victimless” crime offenders

D. children

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women’s Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Victimologists use the scientific method to answer questions about ______.

A. offenders

B. abusers

C. victims

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Victimology?

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Menachem Amir found that rapes were likely to involve ______.

A. alcohol

B. coercion

C. abuse

D. injury

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Menachem Amir

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Amir’s study was quite controversial. It was attacked for ______.

A. his assertion that no further studies were needed

B. not using the scientific method

C. using a small sample size

D. blaming victims, namely women

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Menachem Amir

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. One of the most influential movements for victims was the ______ movement.

A. LGBT

B. voter rights’

C. women’s

D. child abuse

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women’s Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Domestic violence shelters and rape crisis centers started appearing in the ______.

A. 1960s

B. 1970s

C. 1980s

D. 1990s

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women’s Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Victimology is considered a subfield of psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Victimology?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. An individual enters a home with the intent to burglarize it. He is shot. This would be considered victim provocation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Role of the Victim in Crime: Victim Precipitation, Victim Facilitation, and Victim Provocation

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Marvin Wolfgang found that for victim precipitated homicides, victims oftentimes knew the offender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marvin Wolfgang

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The National Crime Survey shed light on how much crime was not reported to law enforcement.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Victimology: The Victims’ Rights Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. New York was the first state to implement a crime victims’ compensation program.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Programs for Crime Victims

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. California was the first state to implement a Victims’ Bill of Rights.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislation and Policy

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The costs of crime are limited to tangible costs such as medical bills, loss of property, and so on.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Costs of Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Menachem Amir empirically studied victim precipitation in rape and sexual assaults.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Menachem Amir

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Feminists were concerned with how female victims were treated by the criminal justice system and pushed for victims of rape and domestic violence to receive special care and services.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women’s Movement

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Some victims only suffer a single victimization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Costs of Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Many persons who are victimized by crime do not report their experiences to the police.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Crime Victim and the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Many police departments and prosecutors’ offices offer victim assistance programs through which victims can receive information about available services.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Crime Victim and the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Although the offender is ultimately responsible for crime victimization, it is difficult to change offender behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prevention

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Victim precipitation is defined as the extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of the Victim in Crime: Victim Precipitation, Victim Facilitation, and Victim Provocation

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Marvin Wolfgang argued that crime victims could be placed into 1 of the 13 categories based on their propensity for victimization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hans von Hentig

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. What are the similarities and differences between criminology and victimology?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Is Victimology?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. How did the “father of criminology” classify crime victims?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Benjamin Mendelsohn

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. How are the 1980 President’s Task Force on Victims of Crime and the 1998 New Directions from the Field related to each other?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Legislation and Policy

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Why is the work of Hans von Hentig important in the study of victimology?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Hans von Hentig

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What are the three key developments that arose from the Women’s Movement?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Women’s Movement

Difficulty Level: Medium