Complete Test Bank Chapter 20 Psychoactive Plants Levetin

Plants and Society, 8e (Levetin)

Chapter 20 Psychoactive Plants

1) The main effect of psychoactive drugs is on the brain's ________.

A) neurotransmitters

B) sensory neurons

C) motor neurons

D) interneurons

E) More than one of these are correct

2) Addictive compounds generally elicit one or more of which of the following?

A) Psychological dependence

B) Physiological dependence

C) Tolerance

D) Have an effect on the mesolimbic dopamine system

E) All of the above are correct.

3) Cocaine can do which of the following?

A) relieve pain

B) act as a stimulant

C) cause death

D) cause addiction

E) Cocaine can do all of the above.

4) All of these psychoactive drugs are correctly paired with their effect except one. Choose the exception.

A) cocaine :: stimulant

B) kava :: hallucinogen

C) nutmeg :: hallucinogen

D) opium :: depressant

E) tobacco :: stimulant

5) The level of what neurotransmitter is elevated by all addictive drugs?

A) serotonin

B) endorphin

C) dopamine

D) oxytocin

E) The level of more than one of these neurotransmitters is elevated by all addictive drugs.

6) Which of the following is a correct statement about the effects of stimulants and opiates on neurotransmitters?

A) Stimulants disrupt the transport of neurotransmitters back to their site of origin to be reabsorbed and opiates inhibit the shutdown of neurotransmitter production.

B) Both stimulants and opiates disrupt the transport of neurotransmitters back to their site of origin to be reabsorbed.

C) Opiates disrupt the transport of neurotransmitters back to their site of origin to be reabsorbed and stimulants inhibit the shutdown of neurotransmitter production.

D) Both stimulants and opiates inhibit the shutdown of neurotransmitter production.

E) None of the above are correct.

7) What is the name of the area in the brain that is the origin of the "reward pathway"?

A) Dopamine

B) Ventral Tegmental Area

C) Lateral sinus

D) Corpus callosum

E) Corpora quadrigemina

8) Which of the following is a correct statement about psychoactive drug effects in the brain?

A) The neurotransmitter involved attaches to receptors in the ventral tegmental area and causes its psychoactive effect.

B) Chronic drug abuse causes the neurotransmitter involved to release cyclic AMP.

C) Chronic drug abuse causes cyclic AMP to activate a translation factor called VTA.

D) Chronic drug abuse causes VTA to inhibit the production of the neurotransmitter involved.

E) All of these are true statements about the psychoactive drug effects in the brain.

9) VTA, NA, cyclic AMP, and CREB are all factors involved in which of the following conditions?

A) psychological dependence

B) physiological dependence

C) tolerance

D) resistance

E) All of the above are correct.

10) The active compound in all the following psychoactive plants is an alkaloid except one. Choose the exception.

A) Papaver somniferum

B) Erythroxylum coca

C) Cannabis sativa

D) Nicotiana tabacum

E) Lophophora williamsii

11) What is the name of the signaling molecule that activates a transcription factor (CREB), that then triggers certain genes to dull the reward circuit by inhibiting the dopamine-producing neurons of the VTA?

A) ATP

B) NADP

C) Cyclic AMP

D) AMP

E) None of the above are correct.

12) Which part of the poppy plant produces the exudate used in making opium?

A) the leaves

B) the roots

C) the seeds

D) the fruits

E) the stems

13) Which of the following choices applies to the opium poppy?

A) It is a large annual herb of the family Papaveraceae.

B) After pollination, the ovary matures into a capsule.

C) The milky sap of the green capsule exudes a white latex rich in alkaloids.

D) It is native to the Middle East.

E) All of the above are correct.

14) Laudanum is a tincture of alcohol and which of the following?

A) opium

B) marijuana

C) heroin

D) peyote

E) tobacco

15) Widespread opium addiction in China ended after which of the following took place?

A) first opium war

B) establishment of the People's Republic of China

C) second opium war

D) Japanese invasion in World War II

E) United States intervened to stop it

16) Which of the following is a correct statement about opium?

A) Opium has been eaten, drunk, and smoked for centuries.

B) The usual method of preparation for opium as medication was to dissolve the crude opium in wine.

C) Hippocrates advocated poppy wine as a medicine for many complaints.

D) The tincture of opium, called laudanum, was a popular medication for centuries.

E) All of the above are correct.

17) Morphine is an alkaloid found in the psychoactive plant taxonomically known as which of the following?

A) Papaver somniferum

B) Erythroxylum coca

C) Cannabis sativa

D) Nicotiana tabacum

E) Lophophora williamsii

18) Which of the following neurotransmitter receptors is affected by morphine?

A) serotonin

B) endorphin

C) dopamine

D) oxytocin

E) adrenaline

19) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) More than 20 alkaloids have been found in opium, with morphine and codeine the most significant.

B) Morphine was named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams.

C) Morphine is unsurpassed in its ability to deaden pain.

D) Morphine was always administered by syringe.

E) Morphine binds to the endorphin receptor sites and mimics endorphin's actions.

20) Heroin was believed to be superior to codeine as which of the following?

A) pain reliever

B) cough suppressant

C) headache potion

D) cure for diarrhea

E) wound treatment

21) This psychoactive plant is a dioecious annual with distinctive palmately compound leaves. This psychoactive plant is

A) Papaver somniferum.

B) Erythroxylum coca.

C) Cannabis sativa.

D) Nicotiana tabacum.

E) Lophophora williamsii.

22) Which of the following is correct about the history of opium?

A) Opium use has only a minor historical connection with China.

B) Opium use began to increase when smoking tobacco was introduced to China.

C) The British wanted a favorable trade balance with China.

D) The Chinese had virtually no interest European goods.

E) All of the above are correct statements about the history of opium.

23) Which of the following is not correct about heroin?

A) The Bayer company introduced heroin, which they believed was a nonaddictive opiate with analgesic properties superior to morphine.

B) Cough syrups with heroin were promoted for their effectiveness in adults and children alike.

C) Heroin is actually six times more addictive than morphine.

D) Heroin addiction has caused long-standing drug and crime problems in the United States.

E) The greatest producer of heroin is Peru.

24) The first peoples known to have used marijuana as a psychoactive plant were the

A) Cyprians.

B) Incas.

C) Spartans.

D) Scythians.

E) Mayans.

25) Marijuana with the highest THC content is grown under ________ conditions.

A) hot and moist

B) cool and moist

C) cool and dry

D) hot and dry

E) None of the above is correct.

26) THC mimics a compound that binds to receptors in the brain. This compound in the brain that is mimicked by THC is called ________.

A) anandamide

B) 2AG

C) CBD

D) dopamine

E) cyclic AMP

27) THC mainly affects the regions of the brain involved in which of the following?

A) speech

B) motor activities

C) digestion

D) breathing

E) tactile sensations

28) Marijuana shows promise in treating which of the following conditions?

A) Parkinson's disease.

B) multiple sclerosis.

C) PTSD

D) wound healing.

E) All of the above conditions can be treated by substances from marijuana.

29) The first peoples known to have used coca as a psychoactive plant were whom of the following?

A) Cyprians

B) Incas

C) Spartans

D) Scythians

E) Mayans

30) Which statement about Datura stramonium is not correct?

A) It contains a tropine alkaloid that is used to treat motion sickness

B) It is in the nightshade family

C) It can be toxic

D) It contains atropine that dilates pupils

E) All of these statements about D. stramonium are correct.

31) Medically, cocaine is an effective ________.

A) blood thinning agent

B) regulator of birth contractions

C) local anesthetic

D) treatment for migraines

E) wound healer

32) Which of the following is an adverse effect of cocaine use?

A) addiction

B) psychosis

C) damage to nasal cartilage

D) sudden death

E) All of these are adverse effects of cocaine use.

33) This psychoactive plant is an herbaceous annual that is a natural tetraploid hybrid. It has large leaves and a terminal inflorescence. This psychoactive plant is called ________.

A) Papaver somniferum

B) Erythroxylum coca

C) Cannabis sativa

D) Nicotiana tabacum

E) Lophophora williamsii

34) The first narcotic used in South America was which of the following?

A) tobacco

B) cocaine

C) peyote

D) marijuana

E) opium

35) Ambil is a product made from which of the following?

A) coca leaves

B) marijuana roots

C) tobacco leaves

D) opium

E) peyote

36) The active compound from this psychoactive plant is similar in structure to a neurotransmitter. When ingested the dried buttons cause vivid hallucinations that may be pleasant or unpleasant. Physical effects include nausea and tremors. This psychoactive plant is classified as which of the following?

A) Papaver somniferum

B) Erythroxylum coca

C) Cannabis sativa

D) Nicotiana tabacum

E) Lophophora williamsii

37) Which of the following is the most often used psychoactive substance in the world?

A) Opium

B) Caffeine

C) Cocaine

D) Mescaline

E) Heroin

38) Morning glory seeds contain the psychoactive compound ________.

A) cocaine

B) THC

C) D-lysergic acid

D) belladonna

E) morphine

39) In the preparation of this narcotic, roots are chewed, spit out, and mixed with water. The plant from which this narcotic is derived is classified as which of the following?

A) Erythroxylum coca.

B) Papaver somniferum.

C) Piper methysticum.

D) Lophophora williamsii.

E) Ipomoea violoaceae.

40) Of all the psychoactive plants covered in this chapter, the one responsible for the most human deaths is classified as which of the following?

A) Papaver somniferum

B) Erythroxylum coca

C) Cannabis sativa

D) Nicotiana tabacum

E) Lophophora williamsii

41) Which of the following hallucinogenic plants is a cactus?

A) morning glory

B) peyote

C) nutmeg

D) marijuana

E) None of the above are correct.

42) Mescaline is the major active compound derived from which of the following?

A) peyote

B) marijuana

C) poppies

D) ergot

E) None of the above are correct.

43) Which of the following psychoactive plants contains amides of D-lysergic acid alkaloids?

A) Papaver somniferum

B) Erythroxylum coca

C) Cannabis sativa

D) Ipomoea violoaceae

E) Lophophora williamsii

44) Which part of Cannabis has the highest concentration of the hallucinogen THC?

A) lower leaves

B) female flowers

C) resin

D) seeds

E) All of the above are correct.

45) The use of Cannabis can be traced back to which of the following countries?

A) India

B) China

C) Suriname

D) Peru

E) Gondwanaland

46) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) Three grades of Cannabis are recognized: bhang, ganja, and charas.

B) The word for "assassin" derives from the word hashishins, which is also a root for the word of the resin, hashish.

C) In Paris, hashish clubs were common meeting places for intellectuals, writers, poets, and artists.

D) Cannabinoids are phenolic compounds.

E) The number of people dying annually from Cannabis abuse numbers in the hundreds of thousands—far greater than the number of deaths from alcohol and tobacco use combined.

47) The concentration of THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) varies considerably, depending on which of the following?

A) genetic strain

B) sex

C) climate

D) growing conditions

E) All of the above can affect the concentration of THC.

48) Opiates can do all of the following except ________.

A) deaden pain

B) impair digestion

C) dull awareness

D) stimulate the nervous system

E) cause hallucinations

49) Which of the following statements about tobacco is not correct?

A) Nicotine is synthesized in the roots.

B) Tobacco is a member of the nightshade family.

C) Tobacco is mildly addictive.

D) Nicotiana tabacum is the predominant tobacco cultivar.

E) All of the above are correct.

50) Name the seedless variety of marijuana that produces the highest levels of THC.

A) oriental

B) indica

C) ganja

D) sinsemilla

E) None of the above are correct.

51) The pure resin from flowering female marijuana plants is called ________.

A) charas or hashish

B) ganja

C) bhang

D) dagga

E) medicinalis

52) A member of the pepper family, the root of this plant is used to prepare a popular beverage in Polynesia that acts as a depressant upon the CNS.

A) Cannabis sativa

B) Erythroxylum coca

C) Piper methysticum

D) Atropa belladonna

53) The use of psychoactive plants probably dates back to prehistory.

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54) Psychoactive plants are still used today to reduce pain, relieve fatigue and hunger, and enhance spirituality.

55) The neurons sending out neurotransmitters into synapses are always the postsynaptic neurons.

56) The major active ingredient in opium is the alkaloid heroin.

57) Crack is prepared by heating cocaine hydrochloride with baking soda.

58) By the end of the Opium Wars (after 1913), nearly 25% of the Chinese population of China was addicted to opium.

59) More than 20 potent alkaloids have been identified in opium, with morphine and codeine probably being the most significant.

60) The chewing of coca leaves for its mild stimulating effects dates back to 1500 B.C. in India.

61) The active ingredient in most psychoactive drugs is an alkaloid.

62) It is important to remember that there is always a large distinction between drugs that are medicinal, psychoactive, and toxicity.

63) In contemporary use, the term narcotic applies to any psychoactive compound that is dangerously addictive.

64) A hallucinogen by legal definition is any dangerously addictive drug, e.g. heroin or cocaine.

65) The development of the hypodermic syringe accelerated the spread of morphine addiction.

66) Secondary smoke from cigarettes has not been shown to pose a health risk.

67) The active principals in most psychoactive plants are classified as secondary plant products.

68) Opiates have been used indiscriminately in the past to control such common ailments as diarrhea and coughing.

69) Heroin addiction is on the rise in the United States because it is much purer and much cheaper than it was just 50 years ago.

70) The phrase "going cold turkey" used to describe the abrupt cessation of a drug habit because "goose bumps" became prominent in a person undergoing opiate withdrawal.

71) Tolerance means requiring ever-increasing amounts of a drug to obtain stronger effects.

72) All alkaloids contain nitrogen and have a basic pH.