Test Bank Chapter 8 Physical Development in Early Childhood

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 8 Physical Development in Early Childhood

1) During the infant's second year, the growth rate

A) becomes rapid.

B) begins to slow down.

C) is characterized by frequent spurts.

D) is marked by rapid deceleration.

2) As the preschool child grows older, the percentage of increase in height and weight ________ with each additional year.

A) doubles

B) remains constant

C) increases

D) decreases

3) By the end of the preschool years, most children

A) put on more body fat.

B) put on more fat only on their limbs.

C) lose their top-heavy look

D) lose their lean appearance.

4) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding changes in height and weight in early childhood?

A) As the preschool child grows older, the percentage of increase in height and weight increases with each additional year.

B) Girls are substantially smaller in build and weight than boys throughout the preschool years.

C) No significant changes in height are seen in boys and girls during the period of early childhood.

D) Body fat shows a slow, steady decline during the preschool years, with girls having more fatty tissue and boys having more muscle tissue.

5) A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that the two most important contributors to height differences are ________ and nutrition.

A) ethnic origin

B) cultural variation

C) obesity

D) activity levels

6) Which of the following factors is associated with short height in children?

A) somnambulism

B) XYY syndrome

C) maternal smoking during pregnancy

D) obesity and excessive weight gain in childhood

7) Growth hormone deficiency is the absence or deficiency of growth hormones produced by the ________ gland to stimulate the body to grow.

A) pituitary

B) thymus

C) sebaceous

D) pineal

8) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to growth hormone deficiency?

A) Growth hormone deficiency typically occurs in the pubertal years and later.

B) Growth hormone deficiency results from a pineal gland dysfunction.

C) Growth hormone deficiency, like XYY syndrome, results in very high stature.

D) Growth hormone deficiency can be treated by daily or weekly hormone therapy.

9) Which of the following is a neuronal change that occurs in early childhood?

A) decreased dopamine production

B) increased myelination

C) increased decay of healthy brain tissue

D) decreased localization of executive functions

10) Communication in the brain is characterized by the transmission of information between

A) schemes.

B) DNA.

C) genes.

D) neurons.

11) Neurons communicate with each other through

A) erythrocytes.

B) neurotransmitters.

C) mucous glands.

D) triglycerides.

12) Neurons communicate with each other through chemical substances that carry information between the neurons across gaps, called

A) synapses.

B) karyotypes.

C) phenotypes.

D) triglycerides.

13) ________ is the process in which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system.

A) Lateralization

B) Habituation

C) Myelination

D) Localization

14) Which of the following effects does myelination have on the nervous system?

A) It increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system.

B) It increases the blood-flow to the brain, spinal cord, and surrounding areas.

C) It improves the quality of sleep in children.

D) It aids the functioning of connective tissues in the bodies of infants and young children.

15) Research has shown that developmental delay of motor and cognitive milestones in children is related to

A) an increased count of white blood cells.

B) decreased intake of lead and other minerals.

C) increased levels of the growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.

D) decreased levels of myelination.

16) Which of the following describes structural change seen in the brain in the 3-to-15-year age range?

A) dramatic change in local patterns within the brain

B) rapid increase in the overall size of the brain

C) lack of any major anatomical changes in the brain

D) significant changes in the brain's structure, but only after puberty

17) Researchers have found that in children from three to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the

A) temporal lobe areas controlling olfaction.

B) parietal lobe areas controlling somatosensory functions of the body.

C) reticular formation controlling sleep and alertness.

D) frontal lobe areas controlling planning and organization of new actions.

18) Researchers have discovered that from age 6 through puberty the most rapid growth takes place in the temporal and parietal lobes, especially areas that play major roles in

A) cognition and information processing.

B) language and spatial relations.

C) attention and planning.

D) judgment and problem solving.

19) Which of the following is dependent on the maturation of the prefrontal cortex?

A) height

B) weight

C) stamina

D) attention

20) Which of the following gross motor skills is expected from a 3-and-a-half-year-old child?

A) skipping rope

B) riding a bicycle

C) stepping on footprint patterns

D) carrying a 16-pound object

21) Dora is 3 and a half years old. She is likely to be able to

A) roller skate successfully.

B) skip rope by alternating feet.

C) carry a 16-pound object.

D) hop three times with both feet.

22) Nancy is an extremely athletic child who excels in roller-skating, bicycling, and skipping. Nancy is likely to be in the age group of

A) 28–36 months.

B) 61–72 months.

C) 49–60 months.

D) 37–48 months.

23) Which of the following fine motor skills is characteristic of children in the 37 to 48 months age group?

A) folding papers into halves and quarters

B) making clay objects with two small parts

C) using crayons appropriately

D) approximating a circle in drawing

24) Jim is 55 months old. Which of the following fine motor skills is he MOST likely to develop?

A) copying two short words

B) stringing shoelaces

C) cutting interior pieces from paper

D) tracing by hand

25) Kylie often brings home her crayon drawings and clay models of animals from art class. Recently, her art teacher added a remark on one of her drawings, saying that Kylie has an eye for detail and displays good coordination and control when drawing or modeling clay. Which of the following is TRUE regarding Kylie?

A) Kylie is in Kellogg's shape stage.

B) Kylie is likely to be between 4 and 5 years of age.

C) Kylie is likely to be between 5 and 6 years of age.

D) Kylie is moving into the placement stage.

26) A 4-year-old is likely to be able to

A) copy two short words.

B) pour a glass of water without spilling.

C) create pictorial designs recognizable by adults.

D) reproduce words from memory.

27) Noah has strung together a necklace of a dozen colorful beads as a birthday present for his mother. Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE with regard to Noah?

A) Noah is between 2 and 3 years of age.

B) Noah is in the placement stage described by Kellogg.

C) Noah's ability to string beads is typical of children between 4 and 5 years of age.

D) Noah's ability to string beads is typical of children in the shape stage of Kellogg's four stages of children's drawings.

28) ________ is a test used to diagnose developmental delay in children from birth to 6 years of age through separate assessments of gross and fine motor skills, language, and personal-social ability. 

A) Raven's Progressive Matrices

B) Symptom Checklist-90-R

C) Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale

D) Denver Development Screening Test II

29) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the Denver Development Screening Test II?

A) The test requires sophisticated imaging technologies, making it an expensive assessment tool.

B) It can be used for children in the age range of 3 to 9 years.

C) The test is an individually administered test of developmental functioning.

D) The test evaluates fine and gross motor skills and excludes language and adaptive functioning.

30) In terms of perceptual development, at what age do children become efficient at detecting the boundaries between colors?

A) age 12 to 24 months

B) age 2 to 3 years

C) age 3 to 4 years

D) age 6 to 8 years

31) According to recent studies, children's ability to overcome the gravity bias and their impulsive tendencies in perceptual tasks can be improved by

A) providing verbal instructions to the children regarding the task.

B) providing an abundance of carrots to enrich their eyesight.

C) making the perceptual tasks more abstract.

D) allowing parents to participate alongside the children.

32) According to Kellogg, ________ represent the earliest form of drawing in children.

A) sketches

B) shapes

C) designs

D) scribbles

33) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to Kellogg's views on young children's artistic drawings?

A) Young children's art at the preschool level is comprised of meaningless scribbles.

B) By 2 years of age, children can create 20 basic scribbles that are integral to all forms of graphic art.

C) As young children progress from scribbling to picture making, they go through four distinguishable stages: pictorial, shape, design, and placement.

D) A vast majority of children reach the shape stage at 6 years and the pictorial stage at 8 years of age.

34) Which of the following, according to Kellogg, succeeds the stage of basic scribbles?

A) placement stage

B) design stage

C) shape stage

D) pictorial stage

35) Which of the following, according to Kellogg, precedes the design stage of young children's artistic drawings?

A) placement stage

B) design stage

C) shape stage

D) pictorial stage

36) The design stage is Kellogg's term for 3- to 4-year-olds' drawings that

A) consist of two or more basic scribbles.

B) combine two basic shapes into more complex patterns.

C) combine complex designs to form basic shapes and scribbles.

D) consist of simple pictorial designs recognizable by adults.

37) Ben, a 3-year-old boy, fills his sketchbook with drawings of circles, squares, rectangles, triangles, and cross signs. From this information, we can infer that Ben is at least in the ________ stage of artistic drawings devised by Rhoda Kellogg.

A) shape

B) pictorial

C) design

D) placement

38) Charlie, a 4-year-old boy, fills his sketchbook with drawings that mostly consist of a circle within a triangle, a square within a circle, and other complex patterns he can make by using pairs of shapes. From this information, we can infer that Charlie is in the ________ stage of artistic drawings devised by Rhoda Kellogg.

A) placement

B) pictorial

C) design

D) shape

39) Clara is a 5-year-old girl. Her drawings consist of cats, houses, and cars, which her parents applaud and post on their refrigerator. Recently, one of their guests remarked that Clara's drawings were extremely realistic. Clara is in the ________ stage of artistic drawings formulated by Rhoda Kellogg.

A) design

B) shape

C) placement

D) pictorial

40) According to Claire Golomb, children's art is

A) a reflection of conceptual immaturity.

B) a manifestation of their inventive problem-solving ability.

C) a collection of random and meaningless scribbles.

D) independent of their fine and gross motor skills and abilities.

41) Golomb disagrees with Kellogg's view that

A) children's artistic productions are orderly, meaningful, and structured.

B) unintended irregularities of children's drawings suggest spontaneity, freedom, and directness.

C) children go through four fixed and distinguishable age-related stages as they learn to draw.

D) children's artistic ability is dependent on talent, motivation, family support, and cultural values.

42) ________ before bedtime is a type of activity that often contributes to less resistance in going to bed.

A) Encouraging a child to watch television

B) Playing outdoor games with a child

C) Encouraging a child to engage in vigorous activity

D) Playing quietly with a child in the bath

43) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to sleep patterns and problems in early childhood?

A) Experts recommend that young children get six to eight hours of a sleep each night.

B) Daytime naps are an undesirable practice for young children.

C) Sleep problems are associated with attention problems in early childhood that sometimes persist into early adolescence.

D) Children's sleep problems are not associated with any long-term negative developmental outcomes.

44) ________ are frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper.

A) Nocturnal enuresis attacks

B) Night terrors

C) Nightmares

D) Panic attacks

45) ________ are characterized by a sudden arousal from sleep and an intense fear, usually accompanied by a number of physiological reactions, such as rapid heart rate and breathing, loud screams, heavy perspiration, and physical movement.

A) Lucid dreams

B) Night terrors

C) REM sleep periods

D) Delusions

46) Mona El-Sheikh recommends all of the following to improve the child's sleep environment EXCEPT

A) making sure the bedroom is cool.

B) making sure the bedroom is dark.

C) maintaining consistent bedtimes and wake times.

D) making sure the child runs around a lot right before bed.

47) Which of the following is NOT one of the activities recommended for helping children get ready for bed?

A) reading the child a story

B) listening to music

C) playing quietly in the bath

D) playing chase in the house

48) What percentage of children are estimated to have sleep problems at some time during their development, according to one study by Boyle and Cropley?

A) 25 percent

B) 40 percent

C) 65 percent

D) 80 percent

49) Which of the following was found to be related to longer sleep durations during the preschool years?

A) slower physical growth rates

B) difficulties in information processing

C) better peer acceptance

D) increases in obesity

50) Which of the following was found to be related to shorter sleep durations in early childhood?

A) better social skills

B) attentional problems

C) fewer injuries that require medical attention

D) higher receptive vocabulary

51) According to your text, children that have occasional nightmares are

A) normal.

B) under too much stress.

C) watching too much late night television.

D) probably developmentally delayed.

52) Naomi is a preschooler who sleeps well throughout the night for an average of about 12 hours. We can expect Naomi to have

A) problems with her weight.

B) problems making friends at school.

C) a strong receptive vocabulary.

D) problems with her sleep duration by age 6.

53) Which of the following is TRUE of night terrors?

A) Night terrors most often have no physical expression.

B) Experiencing a night terror is usually the end of the sleep cycle for a child for that night.

C) The child who experiences them will usually have little or no memory of what happened in the night terror.

D) Night terrors are roughly as common as nightmares.

54) ________ is another name for somnambulism, which occurs in the deepest stage of sleep.

A) Chronic fatigue syndrome

B) Sleep paralysis

C) Sleep apnea

D) Sleep walking

55) Which of the following key dietary shifts took place in U.S. children from the late 1970s through the late 1990s?

A) decreased dependence on fast-food meals

B) decreased consumption of soft drinks

C) greater away-from-home consumption

D) decreased energy obtained from salty snacks

56) Which of the following is associated with a high consumption of saturated and trans fat?

A) increase in cholesterol level

B) strengthening of the cardiac muscles

C) increased blood platelet count

D) decreased BMI counts

57) In terms of energy needs, the preschool child needs to consume up to

A) 1,000 calories per day.

B) 1,800 calories per day

C) 2,500 calories per day.

D) 3,500 calories per day.

58) Isha is 2-and-half years old. According to research, which of the following vegetables is she mostly likely to consume?

A) broccoli

B) spinach

C) French fries

D) okra

59) Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies mentioned in your text as a recommendation to caregivers to improve young children's eating behaviors?

A) eating on a predictable schedule

B) eating in front of the television

C) modeling eating healthy food

D) making mealtime a pleasant occasion

60) In terms of eating behavior, providing clear information about what is expected, being nurturing, and appropriately responding to children's cues is reflective of a(n) ________ feeding style.

A) sensitive/responsive

B) restrictive

C) obsessive

D) maternal

61) What is TRUE about parents' perceptions of the weight of their children?

A) Most parents think their children could stand to lose a few pounds.

B) Parents routinely try to get their children to eat less.

C) Most parents of overweight children don't see their children as overweight.

D) Nearly all parents of overweight children recognize weight problems in their children.

62) In addition to concerns about foods that are high in fat, parents should also try to help their children avoid foods that are high in ________, which can lead to problems with obesity and cavities.

A) protein

B) fiber

C) sugar

D) calcium

63) Darla will only eat her peanut butter and jelly sandwich with the crust cut off. Darla would likely be labeled as a(n) ________ eater.

A) fussy

B) peculiar

C) restricted

D) over

64) According to Black and Hurley (2017), Holland and others (2014), and Tylka, Lumeng, and Eleli (2015), restrictive feeding practices are

A) linked to children eating too many vegetables.

B) linked to children becoming overweight.

C) an effective way to monitor caloric intake in children.

D) linked to malnutrition in childhood.

65) The percentage of preschool children that were classified as obese has ________ over the last several years.

A) increased

B) decreased

C) stayed the same

D) not been studied

66) What was the approximate drop in the obesity rate of 2- to 5-year-old children between 2003–2004 and 2013–2014?

A) 14 percent down to 9.4 percent

B) 21 percent down to 16 percent

C) 8.9 percent down to 6 percent

D) 32.1 percent down to 20.2 percent

67) In a recent study of childhood obesity involving 8,000 individuals, overweight 5-year-olds were

A) twice as likely to be obese at 14 years of age than their counterparts.

B) four times more likely to be obese at 14 years of age than their counterparts.

C) no more likely to be obese at 14 years of age than their counterparts.

D) mostly able to reach a healthy weight by 8 years of age.

68) Children ages 4 to 6 who had higher than average screen times (time spent in front of television or computer) were

A) better than their peers in social interactions.

B) behind their peers in their socioemotional development.

C) more likely to exhibit low activity levels into adolescence.

D) behind cognitively but ahead physically in most measured categories.

69) A recent intervention in the Head Start programs focused on all of the following EXCEPT

A) reducing children's TV viewing.

B) increasing children's caloric intake.

C) increasing children's physical activity.

D) lowering children's rate of obesity.

70) Young children's eating behavior improves when caregivers

A) encourage children to play outdoor games while eating.

B) allow children to eat while watching television programs.

C) eat with children and eliminate competing activities.

D) permit children to follow a flexible mealtime schedule.

71) Which of the following is a feature of a good feeding style used by parents?

A) the exclusion of competing activities during mealtimes

B) an ability to combine eating with recreation like television

C) a restrictive caregiver behavior at mealtimes

D) a tendency to schedule flexible mealtimes based on parental convenience

72) Helen is a busy working mother, and she often does not have the time to prepare lunches for her three young children. On most days, she gives her children money so they can have lunch at a Taco Bell close to their school. Mealtimes are extremely stressful for Helen because despite the trouble she takes to cook dinners, her children throw tantrums until she gives in to ordering food from KFC or Taco Bell for dinner. Which of the following is TRUE with regard to Helen's situation?

A) Helen has been able to minimize their family's dependence on fast-food meals.

B) Helen ensures that her children receive appropriate nutrition through a balanced diet.

C) Helen's children are likely to have high levels of fat and sugar consumption.

D) Helen's children are yet to develop their personal taste and appetite or food that she has as an adult.

73) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) has established categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight. These categories are determined by the ________ index.

A) glycemic

B) body mass

C) homeostatic

D) body volume

74) Children and adolescents whose BMI is at or above the ________ percentile are classified as obese.

A) 85th

B) 80th

C) 97th

D) 95th

75) Children and adolescents whose BMI is at or above the ________ percentile are classified as overweight.

A) 85th

B) 80th

C) 97th

D) 95th

76) Children and adolescents whose BMI is at or above the ________ percentile are classified as being at risk of becoming overweight.

A) 85th

B) 80th

C) 97th

D) 95th

77) Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to obesity among children in the United States?

A) The number of children who were obese has dropped steeply in recent decades.

B) Obesity has psychological implications and it is associated with lower levels of self-esteem.

C) Obesity among young children is primarily genetic, and lifestyle changes cannot be used as an effective intervention for this problem.

D) Overweight children are most likely to lose the extra weight as they grow because obesity does not continue into adulthood.

78) Which of the following is desirable with regard to prevention of obesity among children?

A) a restrictive feeding style

B) parental perception of food as a reward for good behavior

C) parental perception of their children's appropriate weight and body mass index

D) parental perception of giving in to children's food preference as proof of love

79) Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by the

A) excess accumulation of phenylalanine in the body.

B) experience of chronic fatigue.

C) excess consumption of quality meats.

D) increased metabolic activity in the body.

80) Exercise for preschool children

A) is important for the development of large muscles like in the arms and legs.

B) is not recommended until the age of 5.

C) should last no more than 30 minutes a day according to experts.

D) should always involve structured activity.

81) Experts now suggest that young children should exercise for a total of ________ minutes per day.

A) 25

B) 60

C) 180

D) 240

82) Malnutrition at age 3 has been linked to which of the following developmental outcomes at age 11?

A) superior intelligence

B) externalizing problems

C) high BMI indexes

D) secure attachment

83) Terrance rarely gets enough to eat at home and as a result suffers from malnutrition. If the pattern continues, there will be a much higher chance that Terrance will

A) have a growth spurt at an earlier age than his peers.

B) have few if any behavioral problems in adolescence.

C) have issues with hyperactivity around age 8.

D) perform well on measures of cognitive ability.

84) Jameis was more aggressive than his peers at age 8 and now as a teenager he exhibits excessive motor behavior. It is likely that as a child Jameis

A) suffered from malnutrition at an early age.

B) was tall for his age in his preschool years.

C) came from a high SES family.

D) was the firstborn child.

85) A recent study demonstrated that children's literacy could be improved with

A) 15 minutes of activity per day in preschool academic contexts.

B) 30 minutes of activity per day in preschool academic contexts.

C) 60 minutes of activity per day in preschool academic contexts.

D) a change of condition from inside to outside for 60 minutes per day regardless of activity level.

86) Observations of 3- to 5-year-old children during outdoor play at preschools revealed that

A) girls engaged in more vigorous activity than boys.

B) teachers engaged in more vigorous activity than the children.

C) even outside, children were mainly sedentary.

D) once outside, most children played actively until called back in to school.

87) In the United States, ________ are the leading cause of death in young children.

A) motor vehicle accidents

B) cardiovascular diseases

C) cancers

D) contagious diseases

88) Which of the following is TRUE of most fatal non-vehicle-related deaths in young children?

A) They are typically food-related.

B) They result from exposure to harmful chemicals.

C) They occur in or around the home.

D) They occur around school or public recreational areas.

89) Which of the following actions is associated with greater incidence of asthma and wheezing problems among children?

A) exposure to tobacco smoke

B) availability of firearms

C) availability of a balanced diet

D) presence of home safety equipment

90) A leading cause of childhood death in impoverished countries is

A) obesity.

B) availability of firearms.

C) dehydration caused by diarrhea.

D) motor accidents.

91) Approximately what percentage of children and adolescents are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in the United States?

A) 9 percent

B) 22 percent

C) 18 percent

D) 36 percent

92) All of the following are associated with exposure to environmental tobacco EXCEPT

A) increased likelihood of smoking as an adolescent.

B) antisocial behavior in early adolescence.

C) obesity.

D) respiratory tract infections.

93) For children of low-income families whose mothers receive little or no health care, their health problems often begin

A) before birth.

B) during infancy.

C) during the toddler years.

D) in adolescence.

94) Which of the following is NOT one of the potential risks of growing up in a low-income family?

A) unsanitary living conditions

B) crowded housing

C) inadequate supervision

D) excessively stimulating environment

95) Of the following, the individual who will likely play the most important role in the safety and security of a child is

A) the child himself/herself.

B) a sibling.

C) the caregiver.

D) local law enforcement.

96) According to your text, exposure to lead can give rise to all of the following EXCEPT

A) lower intelligence.

B) higher intelligence.

C) elevated blood pressure.

D) ADHD.

97) Fran's preschool is old and the paint contains lead and is old and chipping. Fran is now most at risk for

A) ADHD.

B) obesity.

C) diabetes.

D) depression.

98) Lower intelligence, lower achievement, ADHD, and elevated blood pressure are all linked to exposure to

A) environmental tobacco smoke.

B) too much media/screen time.

C) lead.

D) adolescents.

99) Which of the following was NOT listed as a factor that influences the under-five mortality rate by UNICEF?

A) dehydration

B) level of immunization

C) genetics

D) clean and safe water

100) According to the UNICEF report titled The State of the World's Children, which of the following countries was among the two that had the lowest mortality rate for children under age 5?

A) the United States

B) Angola

C) Sierra Leone

D) Iceland

101) Describe the pattern of physical growth in early childhood.

102) What are the factors that contribute to the variation in growth patterns seen in young children?

103) Why are some children unusually short?

104) Describe growth hormone deficiency along with its features and treatment options.

105) Briefly explain any two factors that influence the increase in the size of the brain during early childhood.

106) What effect does increased myelination have on the child's abilities?

107) Why is the maturation of the prefrontal cortex crucial to development in early childhood?

108) List some of the gross motor skills that children in the age group of 37 to 48 months can exercise.

109) What is the significance of a developmentally appropriate movement curriculum?

110) List the development of some fine motor skills expected in a child who is 5 years old.

111) Describe the Denver Developmental Screening Test II.

112) What are the various ways through which parents can provide a context for artistic exploration to children?

113) Name the stages of young children's artistic drawings as formulated by Rhoda Kellogg.

114) List some differences between night terrors and nightmares.

115) What are some of the key dietary shifts that took place among U.S. children from the late 1970s through the late 1990s?

116) How can caregivers positively influence the eating behavior of young children?

117) Describe iron deficiency anemia along with its causes and consequences.

118) List a few instances of fatal non-vehicle-related deaths in young children.

119) Describe some influences on children's safety.

120) How can caregivers enhance the likelihood that children will be safe and healthy?