Chapter 7 Mood Disorders And Suicide Complete Test Bank

Abnormal Psychology, 8e (Nolen-Hoeksema)

Chapter 7 Mood Disorders and Suicide

1) A loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities is called

A) depression.

B) anxiety.

C) anhedonia.

D) dissociation.

2) Individuals with ________ walk, gesture, and talk slowly. On the other hand, people with ________ can't sit still and may move around or fidget aimlessly.

A) psychomotor agitation; psychomotor retardation

B) psychomotor retardation; psychomotor agitation

C) psychomotor atrophy; psychomotor dystrophy

D) psychomotor dystrophy; psychomotor atrophy

3) In severe cases of depression, individuals experience ________ that refers to beliefs with no basis in reality and ________, which refers to seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not real.

A) delusions; hallucinations

B) hallucinations; delusions

C) agoraphobia; paranoia

D) paranoia; agoraphobia

4) Jamie says that he hears voices telling him to hurt himself. This type of symptom is called a(n)

A) delusion.

B) hallucination.

C) suspicion.

D) obsession.

5) If a person experiences a loss of interest in usual activities and at least four other depressive symptoms chronically for at least two weeks, and these symptoms are severe enough to interfere with the person's ability to function in everyday life, the person meets the criteria for

A) adjustment disorder.

B) major depressive disorder.

C) depression with psychotic features.

D) bipolar disorder.

6) If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years he or she has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) postpartum depression.

B) persistent depressive disorder.

C) major depression.

D) seasonal affective disorder.

7) Which of the following is true of the difference between persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder?

A) Major depressive disorder is less severe and more chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

B) Major depressive disorder is less severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

C) Major depressive disorder is more severe and more chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

D) Major depressive disorder is more severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

8) In the DSM-5, dysthymic disorder is termed

A) major depression.

B) major depression, recurrent.

C) persistent depressive disorder.

D) unipolar depression.

9) Which of the following disorders most commonly occurs with persistent depressive disorder?

A) Anxiety disorders

B) Dissociative disorders

C) Personality disorders

D) Psychotic disorders

10) The combination of major depression and anxiety is so common that the authors of the DSM-5 introduced the subtype of

A) anxious distress.

B) chronic depressive disorder.

C) generalized anxiety depression.

D) major depression, recurrent episode.

11) Individuals suffering from depression with ________ features show strange behaviors ranging from a complete lack of movement to excited agitation.

A) melancholic

B) psychotic

C) catatonic

D) atypical

12) Martha gave birth to twins two weeks ago. She finds herself weeping while she is changing the twins or feeding them. She is irritable and has had little sleep since their birth. Martha feels guilt and shame because she says a good mother would be able to take care of her children. The subtype of major depression Martha is most likely suffering from is depression with:

A) atypical features.

B) melancholic features.

C) peripartum onset.

D) catatonic features.

13) Which of the following statements is true?

A) The DSM-5 no longer identifies different forms of depression.

B) The DSM-5 presents eight subtypes of depression.

C) The DSM-5 has replaced depression with dysthymic disorder.

D) The DSM-5 has removed a sense of hopelessness from the symptoms of depression.

14) The DSM-5 identifies different forms of depression. These are called

A) comorbid symptoms.

B) comorbid subsets.

C) subtypes.

D) subspecies.

15) Bart has been diagnosed with major depression. Recently, he has been experiencing hallucinations. He sees mystical beings cloaked in white swooping down from the sky trying to "whisk" him away. Bart is most likely experiencing major depression with ________ features.

A) catatonic

B) psychotic

C) melancholic

D) atypical

16) Which of the following statements is true about individuals with seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

A) They have a history of at least two years of experiencing major depressive episodes with little or no recovery.

B) They become depressed when the daylight hours are long and recover when the daylight hours are shorter.

C) They do not experience mood changes as a result of psychosocial events, such as regularly being unemployed during the winter.

D) They are generally depressed all year long with very little variation in their moods.

17) In the United States, which of the following age groups is more likely to have had a major depressive episode in the past year?

A) 10- to 17-year-olds

B) 18- to 29-year-olds

C) 30- to 42-year-olds

D) 43- to 52-year-olds

18) The diagnosis of depression in older adults is complicated because:

A) most older adults tend to exaggerate their symptoms.

B) their symptoms often occur in the context of medical illnesses.

C) most claims made by the elderly are just cries for attention.

D) it is easy to distinguish between a depressive disorder and cognitive disorder.

19) Which of the following is the most common explanation given by researchers for the low rate of depression among older adults?

A) Older people generally develop dementia, so they don't know they are depressed.

B) As people age, they develop adaptive coping skills and a psychologically healthier outlook on life.

C) Older adults tend to be in denial regarding the status of their psychological well-being.

D) The elderly usually decline requests for participation in research studies on mental health.

20) ________ to experience mild depressive symptoms and severe depressive disorders.

A) Men are about twice as likely as women

B) Women are about twice as likely as men

C) Men and women are equally likely

D) Women are five times more likely than men

21) As many as ________ percent of people who experience a first episode of depression will experience subsequent episodes.

A) 10

B) 25

C) 50

D) 75

22) Which of the following statements about depression is true?

A) Depression is chronic, and people diagnosed with its symptoms are unlikely to recover, even with treatment.

B) People with major depression lose an average of 60 days of work per year.

C) People with depression often do not seek treatment, as they expect to overcome their symptoms on their own.

D) The majority of people with depression seek treatment as soon as symptoms first appear.

23) A person filled with grandiose self-esteem, displaying rapid speech and impulsive behaviors, and showing an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week is exhibiting symptoms of

A) mania.

B) OCD.

C) stress.

D) catatonia.

24) People with bipolar II disorder experience episodes that meet the criteria for major depression, but have:

A) milder episodes of mania known as hypomania.

B) stronger episodes of mania known as hypermania.

C) milder symptoms of psychomotor retardation.

D) stronger symptoms of psychomotor agitation.

25) One major difference between hypomania and mania is that the symptoms of hypomania:

A) do not last for more than two consecutive days.

B) usually involves delusions.

C) interfere with daily functioning.

D) do not involve hallucinations.

26) Which of the following is NOT one of the possible bipolar disorder diagnoses?

A) bipolar I disorder

B) bipolar II disorder

C) cyclothymic disorder

D) short cycling bipolar disorder.

27) Whereas people with bipolar I disorder experience mania, people with bipolar II disorder experience

A) hypomania.

B) hypermania.

C) rapid cycling mania.

D) People with bipolar II do not experience mania.

28) Which of the following is the main problem associated with using lithium to treat mood disorders?

A) Lithium increases the likelihood of completed suicidality by 40 percent.

B) The difference between an effective dose of lithium and a toxic dose is small.

C) It has proved ineffective when used in combinations with vitamins and dietary supplements.

D) It has caused mental impairment in over 20 percent of the people who have taken it.

29) Which of the following is not a side effect of lithium in the treatment of mood disorders?

A) Abdominal pain

B) Nausea

C) The development of eating disorders

D) Diarrhea

30) Which of the following is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat mood disorders?

A) Lamotrigine

B) SSRIs

C) Lithium

D) MAOs

31) Lamotrigine is used in the treatment of mood disorders especially to

A) reduce the chances of drug-induced suicide.

B) replace electro-shock therapy.

C) prevent episode recurrence.

D) protect depressed women who are pregnant.

32) Which of the following statements is true about a person with bipolar disorder?

A) The person experiences day-to-day fluctuations in moodiness, unpredictability, or emotional reactivity.

B) The person experiences manic episodes for at least one week.

C) The person experiences manic episodes at least two times per year.

D) The person experiences depression for three days and manic symptoms for four days.

33) Cyclothymic disorder is a form of bipolar disorder which is less severe but

A) more dangerous.

B) more difficult to treat.

C) more cyclic.

D) more chronic.

34) Which of the following is true of the difference between cyclothymic disorder and bipolar disorder?

A) Cyclothymic disorder is less severe and more chronic than bipolar disorder.

B) Cyclothymic disorder is less severe and less chronic than bipolar disorder.

C) Cyclothymic disorder is more severe and more chronic than bipolar disorder.

D) Cyclothymic disorder is more severe and less chronic than bipolar disorder.

35) Which of the following statements is true of mood disorders?

A) A major depressive episode is necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder.

B) Hypomania is a diagnostic criterion for bipolar II disorder but not for cyclothymic disorder.

C) The level of social and occupational functioning of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders are identical.

D) A diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder requires that the person alternates between cycles of hypomania and depression.

36) Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

A) Only about 10 percent of people with bipolar disorder have multiple cycles during their lifetimes.

B) The length of individual episodes of bipolar disorder varies greatly from one person to the next.

C) Most people with bipolar disorder swing from mania to depression and back again within a day.

D) A relatively common pattern in bipolar disorder is for episodes to get longer but less frequent over time.

37) ________ cycles of mania and depression within a year lead to a diagnosis of rapid cycling bipolar I disorder.

A) Two or more

B) Three

C) Four or more

D) Less than three

38) The agitation and risky behavior accompanying mania in youth are difficult to distinguish from the symptoms of

A) catatonia.

B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

D) separation anxiety disorder.

39) According to the DSM-5, which of the following is an appropriate diagnostic criterion for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A) Symptoms must first occur before age six.

B) Symptoms must be present for at least three months.

C) The individual's mood must be stable between temper outbursts.

D) Temper outbursts must occur at least three times per week for at least 12 months.

40) Which of the following is true about the prevalence of bipolar disorder?

A) Women are more likely than men to develop bipolar disorder.

B) Men are more likely than women to develop bipolar disorder.

C) Women and men are equally likely to develop bipolar disorder.

D) Men are three times as likely than women to develop bipolar disorder.

41) Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

A) Most people who develop bipolar disorder do so in early to late adulthood.

B) Biological factors may be more responsible for bipolar disorder than for depressive disorder.

C) People with bipolar disorder are less likely to abuse substances than those with other disorders.

D) The prevalence of bipolar disorder is higher than that of depression.

42) ________ have a higher-than-normal prevalence of mania.

A) Athletes

B) Political leaders

C) Poets

D) Academicians

43) Which of the following statements about mood disorders is NOT true?

A) Writers, artists and composers have a higher prevalence of mania and depression than others.

B) Creative people are more likely than less creative people to experience suicidality.

C) Political figures, especially those who lose political races, are two to three times more likely than writers, artists and composers to experience mania and depression.

D) Celebrities Jim Carey, Kirsten Dunst and Mariah Carey have publicized their mood disorders.

44) According to the textbook, some of the most influential people in history, including political leaders, ________, and artists have been shown to experience benefits from their mood disorders.

A) high school teachers

B) university professors

C) computer technologists

D) religious figures

45) Which of the following is true about the genetic factors of depression?

A) First-degree relatives of people with depression are not likely to have depression themselves.

B) Twin studies of major depression find lower concordance rates for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins.

C) Abnormalities on the serotonin transporter gene could affect the stability of individuals' moods.

D) It has been proven that genetics plays a greater role in this disorder for women than for men.

46) The neurotransmitters that have been implicated most often in depression are the

A) monoamines.

B) opioids.

C) secretins.

D) endorphins.

47) In the brain, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are found in large quantities in the

A) hypothalamus.

B) hippocampus.

C) limbic system.

D) amygdala.

48) The anterior cingulate cortex plays an important role in

A) sexual urges.

B) primitive responses.

C) impulsive behaviors.

D) responses to stress.

49) Which of the following brain abnormalities have been implicated in depression?

A) An increase in the volume of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex.

B) Higher levels of brain-wave activity on the left side of the prefrontal cortex.

C) Greater volume and higher metabolic activity in the hippocampus.

D) An enlargement of and increased activity in the amygdala.

50) The amygdala plays an important role in:

A) short-term memory, planning, and problem solving.

B) emotional expression and social behavior.

C) memory and fear-related learning.

D) directing attention to emotionally salient stimuli.

51) Chronic elevated levels of cortisol in the hippocampus may:

A) promote the development of new neurons in the hippocampus.

B) cause chronic arousal of the body's stress response.

C) further an individual's memory and fear-related learning.

D) lead to chronic atrophy of areas of the brain associated with anhedonia.

52) The effects of overactivity in the ________ may bias people toward aversive or emotionally arousing information.

A) anterior cingulate

B) amygdala

C) hippocampus

D) prefrontal cortex

53) People with depression tend to show:

A) chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis.

B) low activity in the HPA axis.

C) normal activity in the HPA axis.

D) no activity in the HPA axis.

54) Chronic excessive exposure to cortisol:

A) may account for the increase in volume of several areas of the brain.

B) has an inhibiting effect on receptors for the monoamine neurotransmitters.

C) is likely to cause higher metabolic activity in the hippocampus.

D) produces a highly regulated neuroendocrine system that functions efficiently.

55) Changes in the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, affect the ________ and ________ neurotransmitter systems.

A) dopamine; GABA

B) serotonin; norepinephrine

C) dopamine; norepinephrine

D) serotonin; GABA

56) According to behavioral theories of depression,

A) life stress leads to depression because it produces positive reinforcers.

B) depressive behaviors often are reinforced by the sympathy and attention they bring about in other people.

C) depressive patterns are more likely in extroverted people with good social skills.

D) the presence of a support system has no influence on one's susceptibility to depression.

57) Learned helplessness theory suggests that:

A) people with depression are too dependent on their families.

B) frequent stressful events can make people believe their situation is uncontrollable.

C) people learn to be helpless by watching others' lack of motivation.

D) stressful events only perpetuate if people are inactive participants in their life's decisions.

58) Aaron Beck's concept of the negative cognitive triad led to one of the most widely used and successful therapies for depression, which is ________ therapy.

A) psychodynamic

B) existential

C) cognitive-behavioral

D) light

59) The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on:

A) behavioral components, such as reinforcement and punishment.

B) causal attributions or an explanation of why an event happened.

C) maladaptive behaviors and their impact on depression.

D) the impact of family as a factor in maladaptive cognitions.

60) The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on people who habitually explain negative events by causes that are:

A) internal, stable, and global.

B) specific, instable, and internal.

C) external, specific, and global.

D) instable, external, and specific.

61) Sara feels as though every aspect of her life is dismal. She has a pessimistic attitude toward her family, friends, and important events in her life. She views everything on the dark side, and she does not believe that positive thinking is useful in her situation. Sara is most likely exhibiting

A) causal attributions.

B) hopelessness depression.

C) realistic depression.

D) depression with psychotic features.

62) One view that focuses on the process of thinking, rather than the content of thinking, as a contributor to depression is called the

A) ruminative response styles theory.

B) inappropriate cognitions theory.

C) cognitive-stress hypothesis.

D) hopelessness depression theory.

63) Which of the following is not a cognitive theory of depression?

A) hopelessness depression

B) reformulated learned helplessness theory

C) learned helplessness theory

D) depression often arises from repressed anger that has been redirected from an outside target to one's inner self.

64) Hopelessness depression develops when people make ________ attributions for the most important events in their lives and perceive that they have no way to cope with the consequences of these events

A) pessimistic

B) optimistic

C) rational

D) repetitive

65) Mae sits and ruminates about her life daily. She has no motivation to make changes in the areas of her life that are bothering her. She spends a great deal of time focusing on how badly she feels. According to cognitive theorists, which theory is most likely to apply to this situation?

A) Rational-emotive theory

B) Negative cognitive triad

C) Learned helplessness theory

D) Ruminative response styles theory

66) Which of the following is true according to the cognitive theories of depression?

A) Depressed people are more likely to have highly specific and detailed memories.

B) Depressed people with a hopeless style are less likely to relapse.

C) Depressed people show a bias toward negative thinking.

D) Depressed people are less likely than others to dwell on negative stimuli.

67) Jamar has never been convinced that his parents love him unconditionally. He continues to do things to gain their approval. From an interpersonal perspective, Jamar is most likely engaging in

A) rumination.

B) excessive reassurance seeking.

C) attention seeking behaviors.

D) causal attributions.

68) According to interpersonal theories of depression, some depressed people have a heightened need for approval and expressions of support from others but at the same time easily perceive rejection by others, a characteristic called rejection

A) learning.

B) rumination.

C) sensitivity.

D) memory.

69) Which of the following explanations has been given for the age-based variation in the risk for depression?

A) Increasing diversity

B) Lower expectations

C) Changing social values

D) Greater access to information

70) Which of the following statements is true of gender differences in vulnerability to depression?

A) Men tend to be more interpersonally oriented than women, perhaps due to gender socialization.

B) When faced with distress, men are more likely than women to ruminate about their feelings and problems.

C) Men appear more likely than women to base their self-worth on the health of their relationships.

D) The differences in the responses of men and women to stress may be due to social norms.

71) Which of the following adult groups has the lowest rates of reported depression?

A) Latinos

B) African Americans

C) European Americans

D) Native Americans

72) Which of the following has been implicated in bipolar disorder?

A) Abnormality in the size and functioning of the hippocampus

B) Abnormality in the activation of the striatum of the basal ganglia

C) Abnormality in the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex

D) Abnormality in the functioning in the anterior cingulate

73) Several studies suggest that dysregulation of the ________ system contributes to bipolar disorder.

A) dopamine

B) serotonin

C) GABA

D) norepinephrine

74) Which of the following psychological factors has NOT been implicated in bipolar disorder?

A) Sensitivity to reward

B) Enmeshed families

C) Changes in bodily rhythms

D) Stressful events

75) Which of the following statements is true of drug treatments for depression?

A) Drugs have fast emerging effects on intracellular processes in the neurotransmitter systems.

B) Medications appear to work better for treating mild-to-moderate depression rather than severe and chronic depression.

C) Discontinuing antidepressant use during the first six to nine months after symptoms subside seems to double the risk of relapse in severe depression.

D) All of the different antidepressant drugs currently available reduce depression in only about 15 to 20 percent of the people who take them.

76) In the treatment of depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

A) are more effective than other antidepressants.

B) produce more insufferable side effects.

C) tend to be fatal if taken in overdose.

D) have positive effects on co-occurring symptoms.

77) When people first begin taking a(n) ________, they sometimes report feeling "jittery" or having a feeling of "crawling out of one's skin."

A) MAOI

B) tricyclic antidepressant

C) SSRI

D) SNRI

78) The agitation some people experience while taking an SSRI may contribute to an increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior. This risk may be greatest for:

A) children and adolescents.

B) adolescents and the elderly.

C) children and the elderly.

D) adults and adolescents.

79) Which of the following affects norepinephrine and dopamine systems, has been useful in treating psychomotor retardation, and appears to overcome the sexual dysfunction side effects of SSRIs?

A) Effexor

B) Bupropion

C) Remeron

D) Cymbalata

80) Which of the following statements is true of tricyclic antidepressants?

A) They are safe even if taken in overdose.

B) They are used more frequently these days.

C) Their side effects are related to the levels of the neurotransmitter secretin.

D) They can cause cardiac arrhythmia in people with heart problems.

81) Belinda has been warned not to mix her antidepressant medication with certain over-the-counter drugs. She has also been told to watch her consumption of aged cheese, red wine, and beer. Belinda's is most likely taking

A) MAOIs.

B) tricyclic antidepressants.

C) SSRIs.

D) benzodiazepines.

82) ________ can cause diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney dysfunction and can contribute to birth defects if taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

A) Lithium

B) MAOIs

C) SSRIs

D) SNRIs

83) Stewart has been warned by his psychiatrist not to miss any of his medication-check appointments. The drug he is taking can be lethal if not monitored regularly. Which of the following drugs is Stewart most likely taking?

A) Anticonvulsants

B) Lithium

C) Tricyclics

D) MAOIs

84) Many of the side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants are anticholinergic, meaning that they affect levels of the neurotransmitter

A) serotonin.

B) acetylcholine.

C) acetylcholinesterase.

D) dopamine.

85) Which of the following anticonvulsants tends to produce the fewest side effects?

A) Carbamezepine

B) Valproate

C) Tegretol

D) Equetro

86) Anti-epileptics may work by restoring the balance between the neurotransmitter systems in the

A) amygdala.

B) hippocampus.

C) prefrontal cortex.

D) basal ganglia.

87) Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A) ECT decreases metabolic activity in several regions of the brain.

B) These days, ECT is administered to only the left side of the brain.

C) People who undergo unilateral ECT experience memory problems.

D) The relapse rate among people who have undergone ECT is moderate to low.

88) Which of the following statements is true about the newer methods of brain stimulation?

A) Patients who receive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments must be anesthetized.

B) Vagus nerve stimulation results in reduced activity in the hypothalamus and amygdala.

C) Deep brain stimulation can be performed without surgery through using light therapy.

D) In vagus nerve stimulation, a small electronic device is implanted under the patient's skin in the left chest wall.

89) Which of the following statements is true of light therapy?

A) It may help reduce seasonal affective disorder by resetting circadian rhythms.

B) It works by increasing levels of melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland.

C) It may decrease serotonin levels, thereby also reducing depression.

D) It may lead to abnormal production of hormones and neurotransmitters.

90) Luke is seeking treatment for his depression. His therapist tells him that his treatment will be short-term, will entail identifying the circumstances that precipitate his depressive symptoms, and will involve learning new skills necessary to interact effectively with his environment. Luke is most likely undergoing

A) behavior therapy.

B) existential therapy.

C) psychodynamic therapy.

D) psychoanalysis.

91) In the treatment of mood disorders, which of the following is the first phase of behavior therapy?

A) Cohort effect

B) Electroconvulsive therapy

C) Functional analysis

D) Causal attribution

92) Which of the following describes a cohort effect?

A) when a research finds that people differ on some psychological variable depending not on their age per se, but in the era in which they were born and lived.

B) when a researcher finds that people differ on some psychological variable depending not on the era in which they were born and lived per se, but on their chronological age.

C) when a researcher compares two groups of people born in the same year to distinguish psychological variables between them.

D) when a researcher tracks a group of people of different ages over the same period of time.

93) Three demographic factors are especially relevant to sociocultural theories of depression: cohort effects, gender, and

A) rural background.

B) urban background.

C) religious background.

D) ethnic/racial background.

94) Which of the following is one reason to explain why women are more likely than men to suffer from depression.

A) Men and women experience depression at the same rate, but men don't express it.

B) Women are more likely than men to deny negative feelings.

C) Men are more likely than women to drink and take drugs to numb their depression.

D) Men and women differ in how they respond to, or cope with, negative feelings.

95) According to the textbook, increases in gender differences with respect to depression coincide with ________ and ________.

A) puberty; social aspects of puberty

B) puberty; young adulthood

C) young adulthood; employment opportunity

D) childhood; social aspects of childhood

96) According to the textbook, depression rates among Latinos are comparable those among Caucasian Americans, but within the Latino population depression rates vary widely on the basis of specific culture of origin, first versus second generation status, and

A) English fluency.

B) ataque de nervios.

C) acculturation.

D) urban or rural location.

97) Which of the following regarding depression among Latinos in the United States?

A) Latinos born in the United States have higher rates of depression than those who immigrated from other countries,

B) Latinos who have recently immigrated from other countries have higher rates of depression than those born in the United States.

C) Latinos who have immigrated to the United States and those who were born here have similar rates of depression.

D) Latinos born in the Unites States have a similar rate of depression to Caucasian Americans.

98) Which of the following statements about biological theories of bipolar disorder is true?

A) Research has determined the specific genes that are implicated in both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

B) Ongoing research seeks to identify the genes implicated in bipolar disorder, some of which likely contribute to other disorders like schizophrenia.

C) Research has determined that environmental factors rather than genetic dispositions cause bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

D) Ongoing research seeks to prove that depression and schizophrenia are two forms of the same disorder.

99) According to the textbook, which of the following disorders may be influenced by some of the same genes involved with bipolar disorder?

A) schizophrenia

B) anorexia nervosa

C) somatic symptom disorder

D) general anxiety disorder

100) Depression and bipolar disorders are associated with abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the amygdala. Some evidence also suggests alterations in the size and functioning of the

A) prefrontal cortex.

B) limbic system.

C) cerebellum.

D) hippocampus.

101) What are the goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression?

A) To change negative and hopeless patterns of thinking while helping the individual develop more effective life skills

B) To change negative behaviors and help clients change their negative perceptions about taking medication

C) To develop a rapport between the therapist and client in order to help the client feel more secure in her or his environment

D) To remove reinforcers and implement punishers to extinguish the client's negative thinking and beliefs about her or his depressive symptoms

102) Luke is seeking treatment for his depression. His therapist begins by helping him discover the negative automatic thoughts that he habitually exhibits and how these thoughts are connected to his depression. Luke is encouraged to challenge these thoughts and his therapist helps him to develop skills such as assertiveness to help him cope better in his daily life. The therapy Luke is most likely receiving is ________ therapy.

A) behavior

B) psychodynamic

C) cognitive-behavioral

D) rational-emotive

103) In ________ therapy, therapists look for four types of problems in depressed individuals: grief, role transitions, role disputes, and skill deficits.

A) interpersonal

B) psychodynamic

C) cognitive-behavioral

D) behavior

104) Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT) for people with bipolar disorder combines ________ techniques with ________ techniques to help patients maintain regular routines of eating, sleeping, and activity, as well as stability in their personal relationships.

A) psychodynamic; cognitive

B) interpersonal therapy; behavioral

C) cognitive; interpersonal therapy

D) behavioral; psychodynamic

105) In ________ therapy, patients with bipolar disorder and their families are educated about bipolar disorder and trained in communication and problem-solving skills.

A) interpersonal

B) family-focused

C) interpersonal and social rhythm

D) cognitive-behavioral

106) Which of the following statements is true about the different treatments for mood disorders?

A) Drug therapy has been found to be more effective in treating people with chronic depression than when used in combination with psychotherapy.

B) Behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and drug therapies appear to be about equally effective in treating most people with depression.

C) Few psychiatrists and psychologists are in favor of administering maintenance therapy to clients once their symptoms of depression disappear.

D) In the case of bipolar disorder, combining drug treatment with the psychological therapies may increase the rate at which patients stop taking their medication.

107) Which of the following has not been identified as a psychosocial approach to understanding bipolar disorder?

A) education

B) reward sensitivity

C) stress

D) changes to bodily and social routines

108) ________ refers to the degree to which people experience emotional, behavioral, and biological responses to positive events they experience or anticipate.

A) Stress management

B) Reward sensitivity

C) Positive psychology

D) Resilience

109) Some people feel manic when first taking an SSRI for a mood disorder as a side effect of the drug. As mentioned in the textbook, which of the following is another possibility in explaining this manic state?

A) a side effect of going off the medication

B) mixing the SSRI with other medications

C) receiving the wrong dose

D) increased motivation and energy as depression begins to lift from having taken the SSRI in the first place

110) SNRIs show a slight advantage over SSRIs because they influence ________ and ________.

A) norepinephrine; the genes that cause depression

B) norepinephrine; serotonin

C) serotonin and the genes that cause depression

D) behavior and relapse rates

111) Women are ________ likely than men to attempt suicide and ________ likely than men to complete suicide.

A) more; more

B) more; less

C) less; less

D) less, more

112) Which of the following is the most common method of suicide among women?

A) Poisoning

B) Hanging

C) Gunshot

D) Stabbing

113) Which of the following statements is true of suicide?

A) Suicide attempts are much more common than completed suicides.

B) Accurate data on nonlethal suicide attempts can be easily obtained.

C) Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are one and the same.

D) In the United States, an average of 40 people per day commit suicide.

114) Which of the following groups in the United States has the highest suicide rate?

A) European Americans

B) Native Americans

C) African Americans

D) Latinos

115) Which of the following groups has the second highest suicide rate in the United States?

A) European Americans

B) Native Americans

C) African Americans

D) Latinos

116) Suicide may become more common in adolescence than in childhood for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) adolescents have higher rates of several types of psychopathology that are tied to suicide.

B) adolescents are more sophisticated than children in their thinking and can contemplate suicide more clearly.

C) adolescents simply have easier access to the means to commit suicide than do children.

D) adolescents are generally more prone to impulsive behaviors, whereas children tend to be more cautious.

117) Which of the following statements is true of suicide in adolescents and children?

A) Homosexual and bisexual adolescents have lower rates of suicide attempts compared to heterosexual adolescents.

B) Hispanic females have the lowest rates of suicidal thoughts owing to the cultural value of familism, which ensures individuals of their family's support.

C) Rates of suicide among children and teenagers have more than doubled since 1994.

D) The FDA mandated a warning regarding the use of SSRIs by youth in 2004—the year when there was a spike in adolescent suicide rate.

118) Which of the following people would be at the greatest risk for suicide?

A) An 86-year-old Hispanic male

B) An 87-year-old European American male

C) A 75-year-old Asian male

D) A 90-year-old African American male

119) Which of the following is true of suicide in older adults?

A) European American males over the age 65 are at the highest risk for suicide.

B) Older people are less successful than younger people when they attempt suicide.

C) Most older people who attempt suicide do not fully intend to die.

D) Suicide rates among older people are highest in the first year following the loss of a loved one.

120) Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for suicide in older adults?

A) The loss of a loved one

B) Loneliness

C) A history of psychological problems

D) A spouse or loved one who is chronically ill

121) Which of the following is NOT believed to be a reason to trigger nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)?

A) As a means to release tension

B) As a method to influence the social environment

C) As a trial for suicide

D) As a strategy to draw support and sympathy from others

122) Which of the following best describes a problem associated with understanding suicide through research?

A) Cultural differences make it difficult to establish causality.

B) Suicide notes generally are not accessible on account of ethical issues.

C) Suicide is relatively rare, thereby making it difficult to study scientifically.

D) It is difficult to differentiate a homicide from a suicide.

123) According to Émile Durkheim, ________ suicide is committed by people who believe that taking their own life will benefit society.

A) egoistic

B) anomic

C) social

D) altruistic

124) Jacob has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He feels alienated and isolated since his institutionalization. He also feels as though no one really cares about him. He has been contemplating suicide. Durkheim's theory would classify this thinking as ________ suicide.

A) negative

B) inhibited

C) altruistic

D) egoistic

125) After working for a company for 25 years, Anna loses her job on account of company cutbacks. She has had difficulty finding a job largely because of her age. She is deeply depressed. According to Émile Durkheim, Anna is most likely at risk of committing ________ suicide.

A) egoistic

B) anomic

C) altruistic

D) undifferentiated

126) A person who experiences major changes in his or her relationship to society may experience severe social role disorientation. According to Durkheim's theory of suicide, this person may be at risk of committing ________ suicide.

A) anomic

B) egotistic

C) altruistic

D) undifferentiated

127) It is probable that ________ percent of people who commit suicide had been suffering from a diagnosable mental disorder.

A) fewer than 25

B) 25–60

C) 60–90

D) more than 90

128) Which of the following is associated with the increased rates of suicide among African American men?

A) Deteriorating heath

B) Poor family support system

C) Perception of economic conditions

D) Increased incarceration

129) According to research, suicide rates among African American males in the United States were highest in communities where:

A) community pride was lacking.

B) economic inequalities were greatest.

C) there were high rates of AIDS.

D) there was limited access to mental health services.

130) Which of the following stressful events has been most consistently linked to increased vulnerability to suicide?

A) Career disappointments

B) Loss of a loved one

C) Economic hardship

D) Disagreements with family members

131) When two or more completed or attempted suicides are nonrandomly bunched in space or time, it is known as a(n)

A) suicide cluster.

B) assisted suicide.

C) group suicide pact.

D) multiple suicide syndrome.

132) The personality characteristic that seems to predict suicide best is

A) introversion.

B) extroversion.

C) passivity.

D) impulsivity.

133) Which of the following cognitive variables has predicted suicide most consistently?

A) Retrograde amnesia

B) Hopelessness

C) Perceptual inconsistencies

D) Deficits in intellectual functioning

134) The biological factor most associated with suicide is:

A) brain injury.

B) physical deformity.

C) high levels of cortisol.

D) low levels of serotonin.

135) Many studies have found a link between low levels of the neurotransmitter ________ and suicide.

A) dopamine

B) epinephrine

C) serotonin

D) norepinephrine

136) Crisis intervention aims to reduce the risk of an imminent suicide attempt by providing suicidal persons:

A) easy access to medication to subdue their thoughts of suicide.

B) someone to talk with who understands their feelings and problems.

C) coping skills that they may use in the long term.

D) easier access to treatment by way of financial support.

137) The medication most consistently shown to reduce the risk of suicide is

A) SSRIs.

B) antipsychotics.

C) lithium.

D) MAOIs.

138) ________ therapy was developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder, who frequently attempt suicide.

A) Electroconvulsive

B) Rational emotive

C) Stress management

D) Dialectical behavior

139) Most people who are suicidal never seek treatment because they:

A) fear the stigma associated with suicide.

B) do not believe the treatment will make a difference.

C) generally do not have insurance that will cover psychological service.

D) believe there is a conflict between mental health and spiritual healing.

140) Broad-based suicide prevention or education programs do not tend to be very helpful and might even do harm because they:

A) target only students who are not at a high risk for suicide.

B) usually describe suicidal people as suffering from psychological disorders, thereby adding to the stigma associated with suicide.

C) make suicide appear quite common, which may cause students to believe that it is an understandable response to stress.

D) do not address the core psychological issues that cause people to turn to suicide in the first place.

141) What should you do if you suspect that a person you know is suicidal?

A) Leave the person alone for a while so he or she may "cool off."

B) Promise that things will get better with time.

C) Acknowledge the person's feelings in a nonjudgmental way.

D) Ask indirect questions about whether the person has a plan for suicide.

142) Which term below relates to the possible influence of the media on suicidality?

A) suicide contagion

B) suicide epidemic

C) suicidal plague

D) suicidal transmission

143) Recent research is beginning to study the possible impact of ________ on suicidality.

A) poor nutrition

B) education

C) social media

D) economic privilege

144) Cognitive factors associated with suicide include cognitive rigidity, rumination, perfectionism, and

A) genetic disposition.

B) substance abuse.

C) poor problem solving.

D) self-loathing.

145) Roughly ________ people commit suicide in the United States each year?

A) 1500

B) 12,000

C) 40,000

D) 100,000

146) Which of the following groups are most likely to commit suicide in the United States?

A) African-American women of all age groups

B) Adolescents of all ethnic and racial groups.

C) Middle-aged Caucasian men

D) Middle-aged Latino men

147) What is one reason why men are more likely than women to kill themselves?

A) Men are inherently more despairing than women.

B) Men generally have lower self-esteem than women.

C) Men are more likely to use guns than women.

D) Men are more likely to use poison than women.

148) Which group exhibits the highest rate of nonsuicidal self-injury?

A) adolescents

B) young adults

C) adults

D) the elderly

149) ________ is a risk factor mentioned in the textbook for both suicide risk and nonsuicidal self-injury.

A) bad grades

B) poor self-esteem

C) poor interpersonal skills

D) hopelessness

150) Describe the different subtypes of major depression as recognized by the DSM.

151) What distinguishes premenstrual dysphoric disorder from other depressive disorders?

152) Summarize the symptoms of mania.

153) Discuss the theories of brain abnormalities associated with depression.

154) Explain the negative cognitive triad in relation to depression.

155) Define hopelessness depression.

156) Explain the major psychosocial contributors to bipolar disorder.

157) What are the major differences between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders?

158) What is the difference between mania and hypormania?

159) What is the defining feature of cyclothymic disorder?

160) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of lithium as a treatment for bipolar disorder.

161) Describe the effects of buproprion in treating mood disorders.

162) Identify three possible side effects of anticonvulsant drugs.

163) Why are tricyclics prescribed less often than other drugs used to treat mood disorders?

164) What does the term cohort effect mean?

165) A study that followed people with bipolar disorder for nearly 3 years found that those with greater sensitivity to reward relapsed into manic or hypomanic symptoms sooner than did those with lower sensitivity to reward. Provide an example of what sensitivity to reward and a relapse into manic or hypomanic symptoms might look like.

166) Why is it important to study ethnic and racial differences with respect to depression?

167) Identify five characteristics of mood disorders have been shown to benefit people who suffer from these conditions?

168) What are some possible reasons that African-Americans tend to commit suicide at lower rates than other groups?

169) Describe the interpersonal theory of suicide.

170) Identify three disorders other than mood disorders that have been associated with suicidality.

171) Identify three stressors that are identified in the textbook that have been shown to increase the risk of suicide.

172) Analyze the difference between intervention and prevention programs in addressing suicide.

173) Explain three newer methods of brain stimulation.

174) Discuss gender, ethnic, and cross-cultural differences in suicide rates within the United States and across nations.

175) Describe the three types of suicide described by Durkheim, along with examples of each.

176) What criticisms have been leveled against suicide prevention programs based in schools or colleges?