Ch9 Personality Disorders Test Bank

Abnormal Psychology, 8e (Nolen-Hoeksema)

Chapter 9 Personality Disorders

1) ________ determines all the ways we have of acting, thinking, believing, and feeling that make each of us unique.

A) Personality

B) Temperament

C) Cognition

D) Disposition

2) When an individual fails to develop a sense of self-identity and a capacity for interpersonal functioning that are adaptive in the individual's relationships, he or she may be diagnosed with a(n) ________ disorder.

A) mood

B) anxiety

C) psychotic

D) personality

3) A(n) ________ trait is a complex pattern of behavior, thought, and feeling that is stable across time and across many situations.

A) emotional

B) personality

C) behavioral

D) cognitive

4) The DSM-5 approach to diagnosing personality disorders differs from its approach to other types of disorders in that it explicitly incorporates a ________ perspective into the diagnosis.

A) continuum

B) cluster

C) binary

D) independent

5) Under the DSM-5 approach, the first step in diagnosing a personality disorder is determining:

A) how physiological factors come into play.

B) an individual's level of functioning.

C) whether an individual has any pathological traits.

D) relevant details of family history.

6) The DSM-5 incorporates a continuum based functional assessment tool know as the Levels of Personality Functioning Scale for diagnosing a personality disorder. This scale evaluates functional impairment ranging from 0 to

A) 3.

B) 4.

C) 5.

D) 6.

7) All of the following are personality dimensions recognized in the DSM-5 EXCEPT:

A) detachment.

B) antagonism.

C) disinhibition.

D) creativity.

8) Which of the following is NOT a personality disorder recognized by the DSM-5?

A) Multiple personality disorder

B) Borderline personality disorder

C) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

D) Antisocial personality disorder

9) In the DSM-5, the psychoticism dimension includes:

A) drama and high emotional expression.

B) chronic self-doubt.

C) eccentricity.

D) fearful emotions.

10) In the DSM-5, ________ is a negative characteristic of the disinhibition dimension.

A) impulsivity

B) manipulativeness

C) hostility

D) suspiciousness

11) In the DSM-5, ________ is a negative characteristic of the detachment dimension.

A) manipulativeness

B) hostility

C) irresponsibility

D) withdrawal

12) If an individual does not meet the criteria for any of the DSM-5 personality disorders but still has significant difficulties in his or her sense of self and relationships together with pathological personality traits, a clinician may give a diagnosis of:

A) personality disorder—trait specified.

B) personality complex—trait specified.

C) personality disorder—dimension specified.

D) personality complex—dimension specified.

13) The DSM-5's approach to personality disorders is a ________ model.

A) strictly dimensional

B) strictly categorical

C) hybrid

D) disintegrated

14) The DSM-IV included ________ separate personality disorders.

A) 4

B) 6

C) 8

D) 10

15) Although the DSM-5 uses a continuum-based approach to diagnosing personality disorders, it also includes ________ separate personality disorders.

A) 4

B) 6

C) 8

D) 10

16) Borderline personality disorder is characterized by hypersensitivity to

A) risk.

B) aggression.

C) abandonment.

D) stress.

17) Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of borderline personality disorder?

A) Hallucinations

B) Manic behavior

C) Major depressive episodes

D) Unstable relationships

18) Gina has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Which of the following would best describe Gina's mood?

A) Unstable

B) Rigid

C) Dejected

D) Apprehensive

19) Jen, a second-year college student, attempted suicide at least 10 times before entering therapy. Her attempts to hurt herself usually followed arguments with her husband about getting a divorce. Which of the following diagnoses is Jen most likely to receive from her therapist?

A) Borderline personality disorder

B) Avoidant personality disorder

C) Antisocial personality disorder

D) Schizotypal personality disorder

20) Which of the following statements about borderline personality disorder is NOT true?

A) People diagnosed with this disorder experience instability in their moods, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships.

B) The manifestation of this disorder varies from one person to the next and from one day to the next in any one person.

C) The majority of persons diagnosed with this disorder also meet the diagnostic criteria for at least one other mental disorder.

D) About 30 percent of persons diagnosed with borderline personality disorder experience hallucinations.

21) All of the following are personality traits associated with borderline personality disorder in the DSM-5 EXCEPT:

A) negative affectivity.

B) disinhibition.

C) antagonism.

D) psychoticism.

22) All of the following are pathological personality traits associated with borderline personality disorder in the DSM-5 EXCEPT:

A) negative affectivity.

B) disinhibition.

C) antagonism.

D) detachment.

23) Cognitively, people with borderline personality disorder are ________ negative emotional stimuli in the environment.

A) less aware of

B) hyperattentive to

C) avoidant of

D) resistant to

24) One theory as to why ________ are more likely to receive a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder is that stress is more common among this group.

A) Latinos

B) European Americans

C) Asian Americans

D) African Americans

25) In dialectical behavior therapy, clients with borderline personality disorder may learn how to control their ________ behaviors by monitoring situations most likely to lead to such behaviors and learning alternative ways to handle those situations.

A) avoidant

B) obsessive

C) suspicious

D) impulsive

26) A nationwide study suggests that approximately ________ percent of the population could be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder.

A) 2

B) 4

C) 6

D) 8

27) According to research, which of the following groups is more likely to be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder?

A) African Americans

B) European Americans

C) Latinos

D) Asian Americans

28) According to Linehan, people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder:

A) are often self-reliant in handling difficult situations.

B) possess the self-confidence to ask for help.

C) have deficits in emotional regulation.

D) have a history of being controlled by others.

29) Psychoanalytic theorists, particularly those in the object relations school, suggest that people with borderline personality disorder have:

A) poorly differentiated views of themselves compared to others.

B) a strong desire to be independent and self-sufficient.

C) a tendency to integrate the negative and positive qualities of their self-concept.

D) adapted abilities to deal with abandonment and neglect.

30) Jennifer has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Her therapist noticed that she sees things as either "all good" or "all bad." This process is called

A) tearing.

B) detaching.

C) separating.

D) splitting.

31) The process of splitting, whereby individuals with borderline personality disorder see themselves and other people as either all good or all bad, was theorized in the ________ school of thought.

A) cognitive

B) behavioral

C) humanistic

D) psychoanalytic

32) Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the instability in emotions and interpersonal relationships seen in people with borderline personality disorder is due to:

A) a fear of rejection.

B) splitting.

C) confusion about reality.

D) the inability to read environmental cues.

33) Studies show that people with borderline personality disorder have greater activation of the ________, which may contribute to the difficulty they have in regulating their moods.

A) thalamus

B) amygdala

C) medulla

D) hippocampus

34) Drug treatments for people with borderline personality disorders have focused on reducing:

A) psychotic symptoms.

B) symptoms of anxiety and depression.

C) flat or blunted affect.

D) ideas of reference.

35) Which of the following psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder focuses on helping clients gain a more realistic and positive sense of self, learn adaptive skills for solving problems and regulating emotions, and correct dichotomous thinking?

A) Transference-focused therapy

B) Rational emotive therapy

C) Mentalization-based treatment

D) Dialectical behavior therapy

36) ________ is a group intervention for people with borderline personality disorder that combines cognitive techniques challenging irrational and maladaptive cognitions and behavioral techniques addressing self-management and problem solving.

A) Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving (STEPPS)

B) Rational emotive therapy (RET)

C) Mentalization-based treatment

D) Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

37) STEPPS is a ________ therapy treatment for borderline personality disorder.

A) behavioral

B) cognitive

C) psychodynamic

D) physiological

38) ________ uses the relationship between patient and therapist to help patients develop a more realistic and healthy understanding of themselves and their interpersonal relationships.

A) Rational emotive therapy

B) Dialectical behavior therapy

C) STEPPS

D) Transference-focused therapy

39) ________ is based on the argument that people with borderline personality disorder have fundamental difficulty understanding the mental states of themselves and others because of traumatic experiences in childhood and poor attachment to their caregivers.

A) STEPPS

B) Mentalization-based treatment

C) Dialectical behavior therapy

D) Transference-focused therapy

40) Which of the following antidepressants has proven most useful in the treatment of borderline personality disorder?

A) MAOIs

B) Aripiprazole

C) Tricyclics

D) Lithium

41) The results of drug treatment studies for borderline personality disorder have been:

A) mixed.

B) mostly negatively.

C) somewhat positive.

D) extremely positive.

42) Which of the following statements does NOT reflect an aspect of histrionic personality disorder?

A) Histrionic personality disorder shares features with borderline personality.

B) People with histrionic personality disorder crave flattering nurturance and preferential treatment.

C) A highly dramatic attitude often characterizes histrionic personality disorder.

D) Histrionic personality disorder is another name for narcissistic personality disorder.

43) In treating histrionic personality disorder, psychodynamic psychotherapists work towards helping their clients to

A) dress more conservatively.

B) uncover repressed memories and needs.

C) learn to regulate their voices.

D) overcome difficulties in eating.

44) Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder are characterized by

A) arrogance.

B) anxiety.

C) avoidance.

D) indecisiveness.

45) Under the DSM-5 criteria, which of the following pathological personality traits is associated with narcissistic personality disorder?

A) Psychoticism

B) Detachment

C) Disinhibition

D) Antagonism

46) Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder tend to seek

A) dependency.

B) admiration.

C) solitude.

D) stability.

47) Which of the following statements is true about narcissistic personality disorder?

A) This disorder is more frequently diagnosed in women than in men.

B) People with this disorder have no difficulties with self-esteem.

C) People with this disorder are preoccupied with fantasies of power and success.

D) People with this disorder often consider themselves to be inferior but are benevolent.

48) A nationwide study in the United States found about ________ percent of men could be diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder.

A) 2

B) 4

C) 6

D) 8

49) A nationwide study in the United States found that about ________ percent of women could be diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder.

A) 3

B) 5

C) 7

D) 9

50) Psychodynamically oriented theorists suggest that the symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder are:

A) defenses against rejection by others.

B) related to coping with difficulties in social interaction.

C) maladaptive strategies for managing emotions and self-views.

D) the results of indulgence and overvaluation during childhood.

51) Aaron Pincus and Mark Lukowitzky maintained that narcissists can be both:

A) grandiose and vulnerable.

B) grandiose and withdrawn.

C) delusional and vulnerable.

D) delusional and withdrawn.

52) Which of the following is understood as a subtype of a narcissist?

A) Schizoid narcissist

B) Histrionic narcissist

C) Vulnerable narcissist

D) Anxious narcissist

53) Cognitive theorists have argued that some people with narcissistic personality disorder:

A) do not seek approval from others or consider themselves superior.

B) have hallucinations and suicidal thoughts frequently.

C) develop the belief that they are unique or exceptional as a defense against rejection.

D) develop negative assumptions about their self-worth due to highly critical parenting styles.

54) Which of the following personality disorders is more likely to endorse beliefs such as "I don't have to be bound by rules that apply to other people"?

A) Borderline personality disorder

B) Schizotypal personality disorder

C) Avoidant personality disorder

D) Narcissistic personality disorder

55) Which of the following statements is true about the treatment of narcissistic personality disorder?

A) People with this disorder are often proactive when it comes to seeking treatment for their problems.

B) Once confronted, most people with this disorder are more likely to accept responsibility for their actions.

C) People with this disorder often remain in therapy even after their acute symptoms or problems lessen.

D) Cognitive techniques help these clients develop more realistic expectations of their abilities and more sensitivity to the needs of others.

56) Narcissistic personality disorder is most associated with a history of ________ in childhood.

A) criticism

B) achievement

C) failure

D) neglect

57) Arnie has been passed over for a promotion. To cope with the intense shame that he feels, he tells his colleagues that he was more qualified than the person who got the job and really should be considered for the upcoming vice president position. This reaction to disappointment might indicate which of the following disorders?

A) vulnerable narcissism

B) grandiose narcissism

C) obsessive-compulsive disorder

D) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

58) According to the text, two subtypes of narcissism are grandiose narcissism and ________ narcissism.

A) malignant

B) vulnerable

C) self-defeating

D) self-enhancing

59) People with avoidant personality disorder:

A) have high-self-esteem.

B) enjoy solitude.

C) are prone to shame.

D) have poor impulse control.

60) People diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder:

A) are usually oblivious to external threats.

B) tended to be highly sociable as children.

C) shun interactions if there is a possibility of being criticized.

D) tend to be cheerful and satisfied in their solitary professions.

61) Twin studies have shown that ________ plays a role in avoidant personality disorder.

A) parenting

B) genetics

C) early education

D) physical illness

62) Under the DSM-5 criteria, which of the following pathological personality traits is associated with avoidant personality disorder?

A) Psychoticism

B) Detachment

C) Disinhibition

D) Antagonism

63) Avoidant personality disorder is:

A) more common among men than women.

B) actually quite different from social anxiety disorder.

C) prevalent in more than 10 percent of the population.

D) associated with rejection in early life of a child.

64) People with avoidant personality disorder:

A) tend to want to connect with others, unlike people with social anxiety disorder.

B) do not view themselves as inadequate and incompetent, unlike people with social anxiety disorder.

C) tend to have more severe and generalized anxiety about social situations than people with social anxiety disorder.

D) are not as impaired by their anxiety about social situations as are people diagnosed with social anxiety disorder.

65) Janice's friend invited her to a five-star restaurant. Janice became nervous when she saw the various pieces of silverware placed on the table. She felt that others were scrutinizing her every move and watching to see if she used the cutlery properly. Overwhelmed with anxiety, Janice left the restaurant without eating dinner. Janice would most likely be diagnosed with:

A) avoidant personality disorder.

B) schizotypal personality disorder.

C) borderline personality disorder.

D) dependent personality disorder.

66) Cognitive theorists suggest that people with avoidant personality disorder:

A) are unperturbed by thoughts of inferiority and avoid social interactions with others because they lack social skills.

B) develop dysfunctional beliefs about being worthless as a result of rejection by important others early in life.

C) tend to dwell on and overemphasize the importance of any positive feedback they receive from others.

D) are not as concerned about living up to other people's expectations as they prefer living up to their own standards.

67) ________ therapies have proven most helpful for people with avoidant personality disorder.

A) Cognitive and behavior

B) Psychodynamic and behavior

C) Cognitive and psychodynamic

D) Psychodynamic and humanistic

68) ________ are sometimes used to reduce the social anxiety of people with avoidant personality disorder.

A) Serotonin reuptake inhibitors

B) Tricyclic antidepressants

C) MAOIs

D) Benzodiazepines

69) Which of the following statements about avoidant personality disorder is true?

A) Avoidant personality disorder can be treated successfully with short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.

B) Avoidant personality disorder resembles schizoid personality disorder in that both disorders can be treated successfully with short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.

C) Avoidant personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder are similar in that both involve social isolation.

D) Avoidant personality disorder, social anxiety disorder, and schizoid personality disorder are all essentially the same disorder.

70) Avoidant personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder are similar in that both involve

A) long and uncertain treatment.

B) social isolation.

C) anxious avoidance.

D) traumatizing parents.

71) Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder tend to be highly:

A) delusional

B) perfectionistic.

C) withdrawn.

D) grandiose.

72) Compared to individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, those with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder tend to have:

A) fewer fixations on behavior.

B) fewer concerns over perfection.

C) more physiological symptoms of stress.

D) more general concerns with order.

73) Under the DSM-5 criteria, which of the following pathological personality traits is associated with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A) Psychoticism

B) Detachment

C) Disinhibition

D) Negative affectivity

74) People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder:

A) are quite spontaneous in their interactions with others.

B) are often workaholics who see little need for leisure activities.

C) tend to relate well with people of different ranks.

D) tend to be efficient and hence make excellent employees.

75) People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder:

A) are quite spontaneous in their interactions with others.

B) are often experienced by others as stubborn and stingy.

C) tend to relate well with people of different ranks.

D) tend to be efficient and hence make excellent employees.

76) Cognitive theories suggest that people with ________ personality disorder harbor beliefs such as, "Flaws, defects, or mistakes are intolerable."

A) avoidant

B) schizotypal

C) obsessive-compulsive

D) dependent

77) People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder tend to have slightly greater histories of ________ than people with no personality disorder.

A) physical neglect

B) physical illness

C) developmental delays

D) developmental disabilities

78) Which of the following is widely used in treatment for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A) Antidepressants

B) Psychodynamic therapy

C) Light therapy

D) Relaxation techniques

79) Which of the following statements is true?

A) There is no appreciable difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

B) People with OCD experience obsessions and compulsions as intrusive and unwanted; by contrast, people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder typically view their concerns as part of their personalities.

C) People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder experience obsessions and compulsions as intrusive and unwanted whereas people with OCD typically view their concerns as part of their personalities.

D) People with OCD experience their obsessions and compulsions more intensely than people diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder experience theirs.

80) People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder experience their obsessions and compulsions as

A) part of their personalities.

B) discrete experiences tied to specific events such as turning off the stove or making sure the lights are turned off before leaving home.

C) intrusive and unwanted.

D) a personal strength that guarantees perfect outcomes.

81) A criterion for a diagnosis of ________ personality disorder is a distorted self-concept.

A) schizotypal

B) antisocial

C) borderline

D) paranoid

82) All of the following are personality traits associated with schizotypal personality disorder in the DSM-5 EXCEPT:

A) negative affectivity.

B) detachment.

C) antagonism.

D) psychoticism.

83) As with avoidant personality disorder, which of the following is characterized by withdrawal from social situations?

A) Schizotypal personality disorder

B) Borderline personality disorder

C) Dependent personality disorder

D) Antisocial personality disorder

84) Which personality disorder is characterized by an unstable or disorganized identity and is accompanied with odd beliefs, perceptions, and self-presentations?

A) Paranoid personality disorder

B) Borderline personality disorder

C) Schizotypal personality disorder

D) Dependent personality disorder

85) Which of the following characterizes schizotypal personality disorder?

A) Blunted or inappropriate affect

B) Highly intense interpersonal relationships

C) Nearly complete loss of touch with reality

D) Bizarre or idiosyncratic worldviews

86) ________ shown by people with schizotypal personality disorder set them apart from people with other personality disorders.

A) Suspiciousness

B) Oddities in cognition

C) Restricted affectivity

D) Preferences for being alone

87) People with schizotypal personality disorder are more likely than others to have unusual beliefs about the:

A) possibility of career success.

B) importance of keeping order.

C) significance of random events.

D) approval of others.

88) Martin, diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder, believes that there are times when he ceases to exist. He tells his therapist that "My body just evaporates." Martin has managed to form a close relationship with his therapist, who treats Martin in which of the following ways?

A) The therapist explores the Martin's fantasies about evaporating.

B) The therapist offers Martin a token as a reward every time that he remembers that he in fact exists,.

C) The therapist treats Martin by revealing his repressed memories.

D) The therapist teaches Martin to look for objective evidence of his reality.

89) According to the text, the cognitive-behavioral approaches to treating schizotypal personality disorder are similar to cognitive-behavioral approaches to treating

A) psychotic disorders.

B) obsessive compulsive disorder.

C) depression.

D) autism.

90) Teresa seems emotionally detached. Most people think that she is a snob. Teresa likes activities where she can be alone. She views relationships with others as unrewarding, messy, and intrusive. She has very few friends outside of her first-degree relatives. Teresa is most likely to be diagnosed with:

A) paranoid personality disorder.

B) antisocial personality disorder.

C) schizoid personality disorder.

D) dependent personality disorder.

91) Reggie is uninteresting, dull, and humorless. He is aloof and reclusive, rarely responds to people saying "Good morning" or "Hello" to him, and often doesn't understand jokes. His self-concept is distorted, and he has difficulty understanding others' motives. If Reggie were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it would most likely be:

A) narcissistic personality disorder.

B) antisocial personality disorder.

C) borderline personality disorder.

D) schizotypal personality disorder.

92) Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder tend to rate higher than do people with other personality disorders on the dimension of:

A) psychoticism.

B) disinhibition.

C) antagonism.

D) detachment.

93) As children, people who develop schizotypal personality disorder are:

A) hyperactive.

B) sociable and trusting.

C) hypersensitive to criticism.

D) completely out of touch with reality.

94) Which of the following is NOT a category of odd cognition seen in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder?

A) Paranoia or suspiciousness

B) Ideas of reference

C) Narcissism

D) Magical thinking

95) Roger believes he has a special ability. He believes he can read the thoughts of other people and transfer his own thoughts into their mind. There are times when he believes that certain random events and circumstances are directly related to him. On some occasions, he becomes very suspicious of the people around him. Which of the following personality disorders best describes Roger's behavior?

A) Paranoid personality disorder

B) Schizotypal personality disorder

C) Narcissistic personality disorder

D) Borderline personality disorder

96) Which of the following statements is true about schizotypal personality disorder?

A) Between 8 and 10 percent of people will be diagnosed with it at some time in their life.

B) Among people seeking treatment, this disorder is more commonly diagnosed in women than in men.

C) For a person to be given a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder, his or her odd or eccentric thoughts cannot be part of cultural beliefs.

D) Whites are diagnosed more often with schizophrenia-like disorders than are other ethnic groups.

97) People with schizotypal personality disorder tend to show dysregulation of ________ in the brain.

A) epinephrine

B) norepinephrine

C) serotonin

D) dopamine

98) Which of the following is widely used in treating individuals with schizotypal personality disorder who are experiencing significant distress?

A) Antidepressants

B) Aversion therapy

C) Guided meditation

D) Social skills training

99) Which of the following groups is most likely to be diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder?

A) European Americans

B) African Americans

C) Latinos

D) Asian Americans

100) Which of the following is true about schizotypal personality disorder?

A) Family history, adoption, and twin studies all suggest that schizotypal personality disorder has a low genetic linkage.

B) Schizotypal personality disorder is much more common in the first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia than in the relatives of other psychiatric patients.

C) People with schizotypal personality disorder have normal levels of dopamine in some areas of the brain.

D) People with schizotypal personality disorder tend to show brain abnormalities that are shown by people with schizophrenia.

101) The crucial component of cognitive therapy with clients diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder is:

A) helping the client increase social contacts and learn socially appropriate behaviors.

B) establishing a good relationship with the client and convincing them to attend social skills training.

C) teaching them to look for objective evidence for their thoughts in the environment and to disregard bizarre thoughts.

D) persuading the client to attend group therapy sessions, as individuals with this disorder tend to be paranoid.

102) Individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder are:

A) usually European American.

B) more often men than women.

C) somewhat more often from lower socioeconomic classes.

D) infrequent users of mental health services.

103) Which is the following statements about the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders is not true?

A) The alternative model incorporates dimensional, or continuum, perspectives to diagnosing disorders.

B) There are three steps in diagnosing a personality disorder under the alternative model.

C) This alternative model is based on clearly definable categories.

D) To warrant a personality disorder, a person must have at least moderate impairment.

104) The pathological personality traits used in the alternative model of diagnosis have significant overlap with

A) the Big 5 traits.

B) the 10 personality disorders covered in the DSM-5.

C) the psychoanalytic diagnostic manual.

D) the medical model of psychological diagnosis.

105) Which of the following statements is true about the treatment of borderline personality disorder.

A) Borderline personality disorder cannot be treated.

B) The first-line treatment for borderline personality disorder is medication.

C) The first-line treatment for borderline personality disorder is psychotherapy.

D) Medication has had very limited success in treating borderline personality disorder and is rarely recommended.

106) Adding a drug treatment to psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder does not appear to improve recovery rates, and is recommended primarily for

A) comorbid disorders.

B) enhancing the efficacy of dialectical behavioral therapy.

C) limiting the accompanying hallunciations.

D) helping clients to understand their experiences of splitting.

107) Explain the difference between the DSM-5's definition of personality disorder and the criteria used for diagnosing personality disorders from the approach taken by the alternative model for personality disorders.

108) Explain the five personality dimensions specified in the DSM-5 on which both normal and abnormal variation in personality can be described.

109) Summarize the three steps in the diagnosis of a personality disorder under the DSM-5.

110) Briefly describe the treatments for borderline personality disorder.

111) Discuss the efficacy of medication in treatment of borderline personality disorder.

112) Distinguish grandiose from vulnerable narcissism.

113) What is the difference between avoidant personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder?

114) According to the text, why do cognitive behavioral techniques such as challenging perceptions and thoughts often succeed in treating schizotypal personality disorder?

115) What is the difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

116) Briefly distinguish histrionic from borderline personality disorder.

117) Which of the following statements is true about borderline personality disorder?

A) Impaired functioning in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex has been linked with the emotional lability and dysregulation found in people with borderline personality disorder.

B) Neuroimaging studies have shown that the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in people with borderline personality disorder are unusually large.

C) Neuroimaging studies have shown that the splitting characteristic of people with borderline personality disorder has no basis in biology.

D) The dysregulation and emotional lability characteristic of borderline personality disorder occurs in people who lack an amygdala.

118) There are days when Vincent thinks his therapist is the very greatest person in the world who can do no wrong. Sometimes, however, he thinks and feels that the therapist is completely unable to understand or help him. On these days, Vincent will often rage at his therapist and devalue her. These extreme differences is called

A) psychosis.

B) schizophrenia.

C) splitting.

D) regression.

119) Identify the biological influence on borderline personality disorder.

120) How does the DSM-5 alternative model conceptualize personality disorders?

121) Describe the pathological personality traits associated with narcissistic personality disorder.

122) What are the characteristics of a person diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder? How do cognitive therapists interpret this disorder?

123) Describe the pathological personality traits associated with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

124) Briefly describe the key features and treatments for schizotypal personality disorder.