Ch9 Social Class Do Money And Power Matter In Exam Questions

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1) As defined in the chapter, social class refers to

A) the social skills and sophistication of individuals in society.
B) groups of people who generally vote for the same candidates.
C) categories of people who share an economic position in society.
D) global beliefs about economic inequalities and life chances.

2) As defined in the chapter, social stratification refers to

A) social differences based on past relationships.
B) structured forms of inequality that affect people's life chances.
C) socially important differences in identity and abilities.
D) social networks that are ranked by size.

3) Social class relations are related to sports and sports participation because

A) all sports depend on the participation of middle-class people.
B) athletes tend to come from impoverished backgrounds in wealthy countries.
C) literacy is required to for participation in complex games.
D) organized sports and access to them depend on material resources.

4) Throughout the chapter, the term "class relations" is used to refer to

A) interdependencies between people from different backgrounds.
B) processes in societies that create or undermine equal opportunities.
C) social interaction between people from different backgrounds.
D) the ways that social class is incorporated into our everyday lives.

5) Many people in North America believe that sports are

A) organized so that hard work isn't as important as social connections.
B) activities in which luck is more important than skill.
C) played mostly by people in working-class and lower income families.
D) models of social equality and meritocracy.

6) When people who control money and economic power use their financial clout to organize and sponsor sports, they give preference to sport forms that

A) exclude participation among people who lack resources.
B) provide engaging distractions for middle- and working-class people.
C) reflect and maintain their values and interests.
D) promote the idea that success depends on fate more than skill.

7) In the example of how age relations operate in sports, it was explained that the organization of youth sports programs generally reflects

A) adults' ideas about what children should be doing and learning.
B) the needs of children who seek exciting physical challenges.
C) the needs of elite sports programs in the nation.
D) managerial approaches used by CEOs in major corporations.

8) The class ideology underlying dominant sport forms in North America involves the belief that

A) economic success is proof of ability, intelligence, and character.
B) money is important but it cannot buy happiness.
C) being a professional is always better than being an amateur.
D) it's better to be born rich than to work hard for success.

9) Class ideology in the United States is organized around

A) money and happiness.
B) the American Dream and a belief in meritocracy.
C) the importance of fate, luck, and historical factors.
D) a belief that nice people are never successful.

10) When sports in society are tied to an ideology emphasizing that success is based on the ability to compete against and defeat opponents, sports tend to

A) work against the interests of wealthy and powerful people.
B) promote worker productivity and satisfaction.
C) reproduce the power and influence of elite groups in society.
D) provide unique opportunities for people from low-income groups.

11) In the Sports Business Journal's rankings of the most influential people in [U.S.] sports business, the people most represented in the top 20 of the 2018 list were

A) high profile retired athletes who had invested in sports.
B) CEOs of media and media marketing companies.
C) coaches who had become team owners or league commissioners.
D) wealthy hedge fund advisors with corporate clients.

12) According to political theorist Antonio Gramsci, members of the ruling class in contemporary societies maintain their power to the extent that they

A) have the ability to undermine their political opponents.
B) control the police force and how deviance is defined in society.
C) can convince people that society is organized as best as it can be.
D) social classes don't exist in society.

13) According to political theorist Antonio Gramsci, the people who sponsor activities that provide popular pleasure and entertainment in society often do so to

A) deliver messages about what should be important in people's lives.
B) help people who consume media sports gain control over their lives.
C) deliver subliminal messages that determine what people think.
D) directly undermine governments that do not have capitalist economies.

14) The author points out that sports and other forms of exciting entertainment are culturally important because they can be used to

A) establish ideological outposts in the minds of people.
B) train soldiers for combat in hand-to-hand warfare.
C) discover how people think about world events.
D) help parents provide moral lessons to their children.

15) Research on sports participation and social class tends to show that

A) low-income people play sports more than they watch them.
B) low-income people cannot afford to play or watch any sports.
C) higher-income people have high rates of attendance at most sports events.
D) participation in sports is highest among those who work in part-time physical jobs.

16) The lifestyles of middle-income and working-class people are most likely to include those sports that have traditionally been

A) free, open, and sponsored with public funds.
B) physical, aggressive and sometimes violent.
C) family-oriented and played indoors.
D) highly competitive and played outdoors.

17) When gender relations and class relations intersect in people's lives, which category of women is likely to have the highest sports participation rate?

A) Women from low-income households.
B) Women from upper-income households.
C) Women who work outside the home.
D) Women with active children over 8 years old.

18) Being married with children is most likely to interfere with sports participation among

A) women in upper-income families.
B) women who have older wealthy friends.
C) women who have husbands working at home.
D) women in lower-income families.

19) When tax money is used to build sports stadiums and arenas for professional teams, one of the main results is that

A) public money is transferred to wealthy individuals and corporations.
B) revenue streams at the stadium help to build public schools and parks.
C) women and minorities receive most of the high paying job opportunities.
D) ticket prices are controlled by politicians who want to keep them affordable.

20) At the same time that public money in cities and states has been used to fund the construction of sport venues

A) the price of tickets has declined except for those in luxury boxes.
B) fewer people can afford to buy tickets to see local teams.
C) the taxes generated by those facilities has increased dramatically.
D) social unity is created by sports in those cities and states.

21) Laberge and Albert studied French Canadian boys and found that middle-class boys linked sport participation to masculinity because they saw sports as activities in which they can

A) learn to be leaders.
B) gain social acceptance in male groups.
C) show that they were physically superior to female peers.
D) display tough, hypermasculine behaviors without being punished.

22) According to the study by Laberge and Albert, male athletes from poor and working-class households often used sports participation as a means of obtaining

A) acceptance by and support from their parents.
B) job skills that could be used if they did not attend college.
C) respect and a foundation for their identities.
D) the material possessions that other young people had.

23) Quotes from the men interviewed by sociologist Loic Wacquant suggest that participation in professional boxing is best understood in terms of

A) the personalities of those who choose to box.
B) the social context in which people make choices about their lives.
C) the large salaries made by nearly all professional boxers.
D) broken families and absent fathers.

24) In his research on boxers, French sociologist Loic Wacquant notes that being a professional boxer in the U.S. is a life choice that

A) leads many men into gang cultures.
B) is made early in life, usually before a boy is 10 years old.
C) is influenced by the oppressive realities of race and social class.
D) based on a rejection of the value of education.

25) When there are budget shortfalls, the U.S. high school sports programs most likely to be cut are in communities where there are

A) many private sports programs for young people.
B) problems with public mass transportation.
C) large corporations willing to fund community-based sports.
D) large proportions of low-income families.

26) When school sports depend on corporate sponsors, the main problem is that

A) corporate executives want free tickets to all games.
B) corporations tend to sponsor only sports that promote their interests.
C) corporations demand that athletes also maintain above average grades.
D) corporate stockholders often make decisions that undermine public education.

27) U.S. data on household income and wealth for 2017 show that

A) household wealth does not influence family decisions about spending money.
B) median annual household income is less than $50,000 for all ethnic groups.
C) the wealth of white households is nearly the same as the wealth held by black households.
D) Black and Latinx households possess about 10% of the wealth possessed by white households.

28) Data show that ticket prices at men's professional sports in North America have

A) increased much faster than the rate of inflation.
B) stayed about the same when inflation is taken into account.
C) declined dramatically as teams have tried to attract middle-class spectators.
D) been rigidly controlled by the city governments that have funded stadiums.

29) Efforts to organize fans to resist the increasing cost of tickets to sports events have generally failed because

A) fans lack the experience and ability needed to create organizations.
B) fans want to make sure that stadium employees are well paid.
C) wealthy status-conscious spectators don't object to high ticket prices.
D) season ticket holders often own shares of stock in the teams they watch.

30) According to the table that presented data on the U.S. Fan Cost Index for 1991-2019, the largest increase in expenses to see a game in the major men's sports occurred in

A) the National Hockey League.
B) Major League Baseball.
C) the National Football League.
D) the National Basketball League.

31) Data on global income and living conditions show that

A) about 40 percent of people worldwide lack resources to play organized sports.
B) most people who escape poverty in developing nations join sports clubs.
C) most elite athletes today are from the poorest nations in the world.
D) the poorest children in the world have the most leisure time to play sports.

32) After looking at data on the nations and athletes that win medals at the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the author concludes that these events

A) provide a level playing for opportunities to win medals.
B) are a celebration of wealth and economic inequality.
C) are contests between wealthy socialist and poor capitalist nations.
D) provide people from poor nations a fair chance to succeed.

33) Opportunities to play professional sports are best described as

A) lucrative and open to many people.
B) excellent ways for many ethnic minorities to avoid discrimination.
C) more open to women than to men during the past two decades.
D) short term and limited to relatively few people.

34) Calculating the odds or chances that an athlete from a U.S. high school will play on a college or professional team is difficult because

A) there are so many injuries suffered by high school athletes.
B) wealthy parents often pay coaches to select their children on teams.
C) college and pro teams recruit athletes from countries other than the U.S.
D) high school coaches determine who will be recruited to play at those levels.

35) Among people born in the U.S., the odds of playing professional sports are

A) increasing every year due to the expansion of pro sports teams.
B) better than the odds of becoming a doctor or lawyer.
C) better for ethnic minorities than for Euro-Americans.
D) extremely limited for women from all ethnic backgrounds.

36) Many football players in the U.S. say that "NFL" stands for

A) "Not For Long."
B) "No Financial Limits."
C) "No Fun League."
D) "No F---ing Losers."

37) The average annual salary of minor league baseball players in the United States amounts to

A) about $500 per game during their short season.
B) enough money to live well for one year.
C) less than minimum wage for total hours on the job.
D) the same amount as the average teacher makes annually.

38) As of 2019, for every contract dollar made by NBA players during their season, players in the WNBA made

A) about 30-cents.
B) 10-cents.
C) less than 2-cents.
D) 50-cents.

39) Which of the following is true about women's job careers in sports?

A) The salaries of men and women playing pro soccer in the U.S. are equal.
B) Career opportunities for women have declined after the year 2000.
C) Women hold most of the head coach jobs on women's teams in college sports.
D) Job turnover is high among women who work in sports organizations.

40) Women who work in sport organizations often face the burden of

A) doing jobs for which they have few skills.
B) working for women supervisors who are threatened by other women.
C) being promoted into executive positions before they are ready.
D) dealing with organizational cultures they have not had a role in shaping.

41) Women are less likely to get certain jobs in sports and sports organizations because being qualified for the jobs is

A) often defined as being able to do them as men have done them.
B) dependent on having a deep knowledge of sports.
C) related to accomplishments and awards received as an athlete.
D) dependent on evaluations made by male athletes.

42) The author argues that full gender equity for jobs in sport organizations depends on

A) women developing alliances with powerful men in sports.
B) men in those organizations changing their ideas about gender, sports, and leadership.
C) women being mentored by other women already working in those organizations.
D) the development of new affirmative action programs.

43) Data suggest that the number of opportunities for African Americans to make significant incomes in professional sports are

A) lower in team sports than they are in individual sports.
B) greater than they are in traditional professions such as medicine and law.
C) scarce relative to the size of the African American population as a whole.
D) more plentiful for women than they are for men.

44) When sports were first racially desegregated, the existence of "entry barriers" in professional and elite amateur sports in the U.S. created a situation in which

A) white athletes were always the best players on integrated teams.
B) black athletes sat on the bench more than they played.
C) black athletes had better performance records than white athletes.
D) black athletes received higher salaries than white athletes.

45) As entry barriers for black athletes declined in professional team sports in the United States, retention barriers took their place. Retention barriers benefited

A) black players with good potential.
B) only the best white players.
C) black players with seniority in the league.
D) white players with marginal skills.

46) Data on the salaries of black players compared to the salaries of white players in the major men's team sports shows that in recent years

A) the salaries of white players are less than salaries for black players.
B) there is no evidence of race-based salary discrimination as a chronic issue.
C) The salaries of black players are consistently lower than white players' salaries.
D) salaries for all players depend more on the bargaining skills of agents than on race.

47) Information on the number of blacks in coaching and management positions in North American professional team sports shows that

A) at least 30% of these positions are held by blacks.
B) blacks hold the majority of coaching positions in baseball only.
C) blacks are underrepresented in all power positions in all sports.
D) the majority of all assistant coaches in most sports are black.

48) There have not been significant increases in the proportions of blacks working at top management levels in sports because

A) blacks with management skills avoid jobs in sports.
B) hiring processes for top jobs in sports favor people who are similar to team owners.
C) white male team owners are threatened by qualified blacks.
D) team owners fear that fans will object if blacks are hired for top jobs.

49) The ethnic minorities most likely to be hired for top management positions are those who

A) give priority to their ethnic identity over their occupational identity.
B) can teach white managers to value racial and ethnic diversity.
C) have orientations similar to other people in top management.
D) are willing to threaten organizations with lawsuits.

50) In terms of overall employment patterns in sport organizations

A) Latinos are more likely to coach in the NFL than Major League Baseball.
B) the majority of professional track and field coaches are Native Americans.
C) Asian Americans have more jobs in sports than other ethnic minorities.
D) white men hold most of the good jobs and nearly all of the top jobs.

51) After surveying the research on this topic, the author concludes that being a varsity athlete in high school or college is most likely to give people an occupational advantage when

A) their parents helped them focus on becoming elite athletes.
B) they know how to use social media so other people recognize them as athletes.
C) playing sports enabled them to expand their experiences apart from sports.
D) they chose occupations that had nothing to do with competitive sports.

52) After reading the section on occupational careers among former athletes, it could be hypothesized that occupational success and upward mobility would be highest among former elite athletes in

A) golf.
B) track and field.
C) boxing.
D) rodeo.

53) The two major challenges faced by retiring athletes are reconstructing their identities, and

A) finding jobs that do not require physical work.
B) recovering from the psychological trauma caused by retirement.
C) finding ways to stay active in sports.
D) renegotiating relationships with family and friends.

54) Research indicates that problems are most likely when retirement from a sport

A) is forced on an athlete because of injury.
B) comes in connection with changes in an athlete's life.
C) is related to a general loss of skills that comes with age.
D) forces a person to develop interests outside of sports.

55) The author suggests that athletes who participate in high-performance sports today may face greater retirement transition challenges than athletes in the past faced because they have

A) intense, full-time training has cut them off from nonsport experiences and relationships.
B) their athlete identities depend on constant media coverage of on- and off-field activities.
C) their families and friends are unwilling to provide them with the support they need.
D) higher rates of disability due to injuries sustained in sports.

56) In the discussion of retirement from competitive sports, the author notes that there is a growing belief that sports organizations should

A) never force an athlete to retire before he or she is mentally ready to retire.
B) assist athletes during their transition into other parts of their lives.
C) set up special teams to enable "senior" athletes to continue competing.
D) hire all former athletes back in some coaching or administrative capacity.

57) Data on athletic scholarships in NCAA schools indicate that

A) more athletic scholarships are available in men's sports than in women's sports.
B) nearly all athletes in all NCAA divisions receive some form of athletic aid.
C) athletic scholarships guarantee that athletes will graduate in 6 years.
D) more students receive full athletic scholarships than is popularly believed.

58) Data from NCAA schools indicate that

A) most scholarships are awarded to students from low-income families.
B) the sport offering the best scholarship odds to HS seniors is football.
C) less than 10% of scholarships are divided between two or more athletes.
D) revenues generated by black athletes often pay for scholarships for others.

59) After reading the chapter on social class and sports, it is clear that in recent years

A) women and ethnic minorities have taken over most sports organizations.
B) affirmative action has changed who obtains top management jobs in sports.
C) white men have retained power and control in sport organizations.
D) government rules have restricted the upward mobility that occurs in sports.