Ch8 Race And Ethnicity Are They Test Questions & Answers

Student name:__________

1) Sports are described in this chapter as "sites" where

A) people from all backgrounds are treated as equals.
B) skin color is erased as a relevant characteristic in social relationships.
C) meanings associated with skin color are grounded in fear and racism.
D) ideas about skin color and ethnicity are formed, reaffirmed, and activated.

2) Race is used in the chapter to refer to a population of people who are believed to be

A) distinct from others in terms of heritage and customs.
B) naturally or biologically distinct from other populations.
C) socially distinctive in terms of dress and cultural habits.
D) victims of systematic discrimination and mistreatment.

3) Ethnic population is used in the chapter to refer to a category of people regarded as socially distinct because they

A) live in similar neighborhoods and communities.
B) have physical traits are matched with their cultures.
C) share a history, a way of life, and an identity.
D) have experienced long term discrimination and mistreatment.

4) A minority as used in the chapter refers to a socially identified population that

A) comes from another country after experiencing bigotry there.
B) shares a sense of unity and suffers disadvantages due to discrimination.
C) shares a physical trait that other people define as different and threatening.
D) interacts with each other and segregates themselves from others.

5) Using the definitions in the chapter, Native People in the U.S. would be

A) an ethnic group that is not a minority group.
B) a racial group that is not a minority group.
C) a racial group that is not an ethnic group.
D) an ethnic group that also is a minority group.

6) The idea of race was first developed by

A) European explorers who encountered diverse people around the globe.
B) Egyptians when they needed slave labor to build the pyramids.
C) Puritans in American colonies as they interacted with "Indians."
D) South Africans as they met explorers sailing around the Cape of Good Hope.

7) Racial ideology is a web of ideas and beliefs that is used to

A) eliminate the use of destructive racial stereotypes in social interaction.
B) classify and evaluate people in terms of biologically-based attributes.
C) explain how climate has affected the nature of human populations.
D) inform the research of scientists who study genetics in humans.

8) When European peoples were exploring and colonizing the globe, they developed racial classification systems and ideologies allowing them to conclude that

A) white-skinned people deserved to exert their power around the world.
B) dark-skinned people had histories similar to histories of white Europeans.
C) dark-skinned people were physically disadvantaged related to light-skinned people.
D) people who lived in cold climates were stronger than people from warm climates.

9) The racial ideology that became widely accepted in the United States during the 19 ^th and 20 ^th centuries supported white Americans as they

A) accurately identify the heritage of various mixed-race people.
B) tried to keep the black race biologically pure.
C) encouraged mixed-race marriages to strengthen the U.S. population.
D) justified slavery and the geographical expansion of U.S. political boundaries.

10) Racial ideology became an important source of support for Jim Crow Laws. These laws

A) made it illegal to hire black workers.
B) forced blacks to stay in southern states.
C) enforced racial segregation in public settings.
D) defined all people from southern Europe as "colored."

11) Dominant racial ideology in the U.S. during most of the 20 ^th century was based on the belief that whiteness was a pure and innately special racial category. This belief

A) enabled all ethnic groups from Europe to qualify for immediate citizenship.
B) has created widespread acceptance of racial segregation and inequality.
C) has provided strong support for affirmative action policies in education.
D) created support for desegregating sports in public schools.

12) Recent research in biology and genetics has led to the conclusion that

A) the concept of race has no biological validity.
B) people in different races have many deep biological differences.
C) popular racial classification systems are valid biological tools.
D) races have always existed and will continue to exist forever.

13) An accurate view of race today is that it is

A) a useful concept for classifying people based on intellectual potential.
B) a valid biological concept to use in Africa but not North America.
C) an idea being preserved by ethnic minorities in search of identity.
D) a biological myth based on socially constructed ideas about human variation.

14) The classification systems that are popularly used to divide all human beings into specific and distinct racial categories are based on

A) social meanings that are given to certain biological traits.
B) objectively identifiable genetic differences between groups of people.
C) unchanging statistical differences between people in particular gene pools.
D) long-term patterns of intermarriage within groups of people.

15) The classification systems usually used to distinguish races are based on

A) the idea that there are only three main races.
B) the same ideas and criteria in every major culture around the world.
C) continuous rather than discrete traits.
D) genetic traits that influence patterns of culture around the world.

16) When people use continuous traits as a basis for identifying races,

A) they always conclude that there are three major races.
B) there is no limit on the number of races that can be identified.
C) they assume that there are racial differences in athletic potential.
D) they base their racial classifications on scientific evidence.

17) Racial ideology in the United States is based on the one-drop rule. The original purpose of this rule was to

A) accurately identify the heritage of various mixed-race people.
B) keep the black race biologically pure.
C) encourage mixed-race marriages.
D) maintain power and property in the hands of white men.

18) Tiger Woods, the popular and successful professional golfer, has identified himself as

A) African American.
B) North American.
C) Cablinasian.
D) Black-Asian.

19) A major problem with racial ideology today is that it

A) is been used to justify government programs such as affirmative action.
B) supports the existence of racism and the use of racial stereotypes.
C) leads to the conclusion that all people have the same genetic potential.
D) leads people to conclude that there is no such thing as racial purity.

20) Racism is defined as attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people in one racial category are

A) unique compared to people in other racial categories.
B) likely to dislike people in other racial categories.
C) likely to exert power over people in other racial categories.
D) inherently superior to people in one or more other categories.

21) When Joe Louis won the heavyweight boxing championship in 1935, many white sports journalists used the racial ideology of that era to attribute his victory to

A) the white manager and trainer, who guided Louis' development as a boxer.
B) the nationalist support Louis received from the American people.
C) Louis's physical instincts and animal-like characteristics as a black man.
D) a strong work ethic grounded in the values of his parents.

22) When dominant racial ideology has been used to explain the success of athletes with white skin, there has usually been an emphasis on the importance of

A) cultural factors.
B) genetic factors.
C) personality factors.
D) natural physical abilities.

23) When "whiteness" is used as the taken-for-granted standard against which everything else is viewed, the success of black athletes is

A) explained in terms of cultural factors by whites.
B) seen by whites as a "problem" in need of explanation.
C) seldom covered in the mainstream media.
D) defined by whites as a result of luck.

24) In the box, " Jumping Genes" in Black Bodies, it is noted that much of the research devoted to identifying performance differences by skin color is based on the idea that

A) physical abilities vary from one culture and climate region to the next.
B) skin color is more important for whites than people of color.
C) genes operate independently of the physical and social environment.
D) jumping is a complex physical activity influenced by genetic factors.

25) The statement that "white men can't jump" is not defined as a racial slur by most whites, because

A) whites don't play sports in which any jumping ability is an advantage.
B) jumping ability does not determine success, power, or wealth in society.
C) blacks who say this are usually joking around with black friends.
D) it is not seen as applicable to white female athletes from Europe.

26) The author hypothesizes that dominant racial ideology influences athletic performance among black men in many societies because it encourages those men to

A) feel a sense of destiny to become great athletes in certain sports.
B) have extremely high levels of self-confidence in their social relationships.
C) avoid power and performance sports.
D) ignore opportunities to play sports in private schools.

27) The most effective way for people to defuse the influence of racial ideology is to

A) use humor and sarcasm when referring to race or dealing with racial issues.
B) ignore race and skin color in social relationships and situations.
C) learn each other's history and heritage and work together to achieve goals.
D) compete against each other in sports and other activities.

28) Research suggests that racial ideology would most interfere with the establishment of academic identities among

A) white females who do not play sports.
B) black females who do not play sports.
C) black male athletes.
D) white male athletes.

29) In the discussion of how racial ideology influences choices to play sports, it is noted that ideology influences

A) blacks but not whites.
B) white men but not white women.
C) both blacks and whites.
D) whites but not blacks.

30) Black male athletes have become valuable entertainment commodities in sports that emphasize power partly because

A) many whites are fascinated by the movements of black male bodies.
B) black men have been segregated in schools that emphasize sports.
C) whites have simply refused to compete with blacks in most power sports.
D) black men have special techniques for dealing with anxiety in sports.

31) Black female athletes sometimes learn to tone down their confidence and toughness so they

A) won't be distracted from developing sport skills.
B) won't be seen by whites as "angry black women."
C) can deceive their opponents in sports.
D) make their mothers proud of them as women.

32) Racial ideology in the U.S. influences sports participation decisions among

A) white people and people of color.
B) people of color but not white people.
C) males of all races but not females.
D) Latin Americans but not Euro-Americans.

33) Some black women alter their presentation of self in social situations where white people are in the majority because they do not want

A) their intelligence and confidence to be perceived as arrogance.
B) black male friends to think that they are too pushy.
C) black female friends to see them as being "too black."
D) white females friends to feel embarrassed about racism in society.

34) Data on sport participation patterns indicate that African Americans

A) comprise nearly eighty percent of all professional athletes in the U.S.
B) remain underrepresented in most pro and amateur sports.
C) have not experienced racial segregation in sports since the Civil War.
D) have always received better media press coverage than white athletes.

35) Teams such as the Indianapolis Clowns and the Harlem Globetrotters were able to make a living in the mid-20 ^th century by playing sports in ways that

A) demonstrated the intellectual and physical skills of black athletes.
B) entertained white spectators by reaffirming their racial stereotypes.
C) appealed to black and Latino audiences who had internalized racial stereotypes.
D) made fun of white sports such as Major League Baseball and pro basketball.

36) Racial ideology influences many white people to the point that black female athletes engage in a presentation of self that

A) highlights their confidence and intelligence.
B) portrays an exotic, fashion-model look.
C) deemphasizes their athletic skills and physical stature.
D) tones down their toughness and make them appear non-threatening.

37) When Caroline Wozniacki mimicked a caricature of Serena Williams during an international tennis tournament, she

A) reaffirmed beliefs about the hypersexuality of black females.
B) was intentionally using racism to psych out Serena Williams before their match.
C) pretended to be the legendary South African woman, Saartjie Baartman.
D) offended most of the white spectators attending the tournament.

38) Data show that sport participation rates in the U.S. are highest in

A) low-income black communities.
B) racially mixed communities.
C) middle- and upper-middle-income white communities.
D) low-income communities regardless of their racial makeup.

39) Because most sports organizations are white-dominated, white-identified, and white-centered, the success of ethnic minorities requires

A) previous experience as athletes.
B) acting in ways that whites define as normal.
C) a presentation of self that is hyper-confident.
D) the courage to just be themselves.

40) Sports participation among Native Americans is limited due to poverty, poor health, a lack of equipment and facilities, and the fear that playing mainstream sports will

A) lead to debilitating injuries that will interfere with occupational success.
B) violate the ancient religious traditions of their ancestors.
C) lead to conflict with other minority athletes on their teams.
D) cut them off from their cultural roots and identities.

41) In the box, Identity Theft? Using Native American Names and Images in Sports, it is noted that team

A) names like Savages inspire pride among most Native Americans.
B) names like Chiefs inspire white students to respect Native Americans.
C) mascots like Chief Wahoo is a form of bigotry.
D) mascots like Seminole, the Florida State horse, accurately portray Native American history.

42) The NCAA allowed Florida State University to keep their mascot, Chief Osceola, and his horse Seminole because the university

A) funds political action to eliminate poverty among Native Americans.
B) bans the sale of any items containing the image of their chief.
C) has permission from tribal representatives to use their name and image.
D) donates profits from "Osceola products" to schools for Seminole children.

43) When Native Americans and other ethnic minorities have strong ethnic identities, one of the strategies they use when they play mainstream American sports is to

A) return to their native homelands at least six times a year.
B) find teammates to whom they can teach their heritage.
C) demand that teammates take ethnic history courses.
D) redefine sport participation to fit their cultural beliefs.

44) The sports participation patterns of Latinos and Latinas in North America are

A) diverse due to the many different histories and backgrounds of Latinos.
B) the same as they are in Mexico.
C) the same as they are in Spain and Cuba.
D) shaped by ancient Mayan cultural traditions.

45) When Doug Foley studied intergroup relations in a Texas town, he noted that the Mexicano coach of the local high school football team resigned in frustration when

A) his Mexicano team members demanded special treatment.
B) he could not meet the expectations of boosters and also fight bigotry.
C) he was not able to recruit the best black athletes in the student body.
D) the school board said he was hired because of affirmative action.

46) Research shows that the Latinas who are most apt to play sports in the U.S. are

A) recent and first-generation immigrants.
B) members of second- and third-generation families.
C) those who are bilingual and must speak Spanish at home.
D) those who have rejected Christian religious beliefs.

47) Research indicates that second- and third-generation Latinas in the U.S.

A) face fewer barriers to playing sports than do first-generation Latinas.
B) generally avoid sports because they are too "American."
C) often are disowned by parents if they play sports.
D) use sports to reject their Latin heritage and identities.

48) Research on Major League Baseball indicates that Latino players

A) have poor performance records in the major leagues.
B) have declined in numbers in recent years.
C) demand higher signing bonuses than other players.
D) comprise about 27% of all players on major league teams.

49) Major League Baseball teams have signed many Central and Latin Americans to contracts because these players

A) are more disciplined that players raised in North America.
B) have fewer adjustment problems than most U.S. players.
C) constitute a large pool of relatively cheap and skilled labor.
D) are not afraid to fail and return to the native countries.

50) In the United States, the sports participation patterns of undocumented workers from Latin America are

A) the same as their co-workers who are born in the U.S.
B) usually tied to their jobs and sponsorship support from their bosses.
C) shaped by the need to learn English and interact with U.S. citizens.
D) largely unknown because reliable data are difficult to obtain.

51) The author points out that sports participation among Asian Pacific Americans

A) varies with the genetic characteristics of the Asian group in question.
B) differs depending on the histories of the groups with Asian ancestry.
C) occurs only in sports where physical size is not an issue.
D) is low because Asian Americans lack the desire to play contact sports.

52) Christina Chin's research on sports in the lives of Japanese Americans showed that Japanese parents formed and supported a youth basketball league for their children in the hope that it would

A) encourage the children to return to Japan after they completed their education.
B) help their children more fully embrace the dominant culture in the United States.
C) provide opportunities for Japanese children to form relationships with each other.
D) show their children the advantages of ethnically segregated activities.

53) Research by Italian sociologist Mauro Valeri indicates that racism in Italian soccer

A) has increased in multiple expressions in recent years.
B) tends to decrease with higher rates of immigration to Italy.
C) is a problem among spectators but not among players.
D) is not expressed in stadiums for fear of police actions.

54) The author notes that in the future, the challenges related to racial and ethnic relations in sports will

A) fade because sports create positive forms of social integration.
B) decrease because conservative governments will ban most immigration.
C) increase due to more migration of athletes and other workers worldwide.
D) increase as more athletes come from working-class backgrounds.

55) After reviewing issues related to the dynamics of racial and ethnic relations in sports the author concludes that

A) today's challenges are the same ones that were faced 30 years ago.
B) racial and ethnic relations in sports are worse today than in the past.
C) challenges associated with racial and ethnic relations will always exist.
D) when rules on the playing field are fair, there are no problems off the field.

56) Racial segregation and exclusion are most likely to be eliminated in sports when

A) team success depends on friendships among team members.
B) the entire teams benefit from the success of individual team members.
C) team owners are forced to make financial sacrifices.
D) former players take control of sports organizations.

57) Efforts to challenge discrimination in sports have been motivated strongly by

A) financial profits for those who control sports.
B) federal legislation that mandates fair treatment.
C) the liberal attitudes of sport team owners.
D) political pressure coming from the black community.

58) The elimination of racial exclusion tends to be slowest in sports that involve

A) extensive off-the-field social contact.
B) high salaries for athletes at the professional level.
C) teamwork combined with complex strategies.
D) heavy media attention and widespread national publicity.

59) Racial and ethnic exclusion occurs today at the community level, where it is

A) tied to ethnic traditions that discourage sport participation.
B) perpetuated by the racism of people who work in public sports programs.
C) hidden behind participation fees and lack of access to transportation.
D) based on a lack of knowledge about how to organize sports.

60) When racial and ethnic exclusion is eliminated from sports, we can expect that

A) new and different challenges will emerge related to managing diversity.
B) coaches and managers will no longer have to deal with diversity issues.
C) players will automatically become friends regardless of backgrounds.
D) racial and ethnic stereotyping be defined as deviant by most people.

61) The most difficult diversity issue faced in sports today is

A) selling season tickets to immigrants.
B) integrating positions of power in sport organizations.
C) coaching European athletes who have never dealt with cultural diversity.
D) determining the citizenship of athletes who play sports in multiple countries.

62) The prospects for positive changes in racial and ethnic relations depend on

A) ignoring all racial and ethnic differences and treating everyone as equal.
B) returning to past ways of handling racial and ethnic problems on teams.
C) dealing directly with racial and ethnic issues and related challenges.
D) eliminating the importance of racial and ethnic history and heritage.

63) The author recommends that sports programs should involve athletic directors, coaches, trainers, and athletes in

A) biofeedback training focused on thought control.
B) behavior modification exercises focused on being kind to others.
C) teamwork training focused on cooperation in groups.
D) diversity training that critically examines diversity issues in sports and society.