Ch7 Gender And Sports Is Equity Possible? Verified Test Bank

Student name:__________

1) The author points out that achieving full gender equity in sports requires

A) regulations that restrict participation among boys and men.
B) a commitment among male athletes to respect women as human beings.
C) progressive changes in orthodox gender ideology.
D) the elimination male administrators in women's programs.

2) Dominant gender ideology in many societies today is organized around three ideas and beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of the ideas or beliefs?

A) Men are more naturally suited to possess power and be leaders than women are.
B) Women are destined by fate to be inferior to men in family structures.
C) Human beings are either male or female in terms of sex.
D) Forms of sexuality other than heterosexuality are considered abnormal or deviant.

3) The gender ideology used in U.S. culture assumes a binary or two-sex classification system. When such a system is used, people

A) distinguish between homosexual and heterosexual.
B) see bodies as either female or male.
C) assume that males and females are physical equals.
D) are confused about the meaning of gay and lesbian.

4) The diagram of the two-category classification model indicates that

A) men have more latitude in what they can do without being labeled as deviant.
B) normative boundaries for gender are determined by nature and biology.
C) gays and lesbians are considered out of normative bounds.
D) normative boundaries for femininity are seldom questioned or pushed.

5) One of the problems with a two-category classification model is that it

A) is based on the assumption that men do not police their gender boundaries.
B) is used mostly by younger people with few life experiences.
C) fails to clarify that there are hormonal differences between males and females.
D) leaves no normative space for those who don't fit into either category.

6) The diagram of the two-category classification model indicates that

A) gender nonconformists have more power than heterosexuals.
B) heterosexual men have the best chance of gaining power in society.
C) women gain power only if they don't push gender boundaries.
D) power is equally available to people regardless of gender or sexuality.

7) Homophobia will continue to exist in some form in a society as long as

A) the two-sex classification system is widely accepted.
B) people are concerned about their physical appearance.
C) overpopulation remains a problem in the world.
D) sports are controlled by men.

8) During times when there are struggles between gender benders and gender defenders, most people

A) struggle to make sense of their sexuality.
B) abandon hope of coming to terms with their sexuality.
C) find it difficult to give up the gender ideology they use to make sense of the world.
D) seek relationships in which sexuality is irrelevant to identity.

9) The dominant gender ideology associated with mainstream sports tends to

A) celebrate traditional ideas about masculinity.
B) understate the natural physical strength of men.
C) promote the notion that women are intellectually superior to men.
D) prevent men from wanting to dominate other men.

10) When sports are male-dominated it means that

A) men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories.
B) men have insecurities that make them very controlling.
C) people assume that it involves men and is about men.
D) ability and qualifications are associated with manhood and men.

11) When sport worlds are male-identified it means that

A) men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories.
B) men have insecurities that make them very controlling.
C) it involves men and is about men.
D) ability and qualifications are associated with manhood and men.

12) When sport worlds are male-centered it means that

A) men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories.
B) men have insecurities that make them very controlling.
C) the actions of men are used as standards for defining what is right.
D) the characteristics of men are used as standards for qualifications.

13) A woman coach is hired in an all-male athletic department. The search committee concluded that she was qualified because she coached like a man. This shows that the athletic department is

A) male-dominated.
B) male-identified.
C) male-oriented.
D) male-centered.

14) A network TV sports announcer refers to "The World Cup" and "The Women's World Cup." This vocabulary suggests that the announcer views sport in terms that are

A) male-dominated.
B) male-identified.
C) male-oriented.
D) male-centered.

15) When women in the United States began to overcome barriers to sports participation during the first half of the 20 ^th, they

A) rejected advice to "act like ladies" in sports like tennis and golf.
B) changed cultural norms that identified them as invaders.
C) preferred to play on racially integrated teams.
D) often chose to participation in "grace and beauty sports."

16) The myths surrounding women's sports participation during the first half of the 20 ^th century

A) were inconsistent with orthodox gender ideology in the United States.
B) forced women to play team sports more than individual sports.
C) were widely accepted because they were seen to protect women's bodies.
D) challenged the belief that women were frail and vulnerable.

17) To avoid appease men and discourage men from seeing them as invaders of male spaces in sports, female athletes during the 20 ^th century

A) rejected common stereotypes of femininity.
B) raised money and built women-only sports facilities.
C) usually had a male relative as their personal coach.
D) chose to call themselves "ladies" when they played sports.

18) Most female athletes today manage gender issues by

A) using a "reformed apologetic" to appear both tough and feminine.
B) wearing the same clothing that male athletes wear.
C) sharing sports equipment with men.
D) erasing the boundaries between masculinity and femininity.

19) When negotiating access to the spaces in which alternative sports occur, girls and women are frustrated when

A) they must repeatedly prove that they have a right to claim access to those spaces.
B) the males in those spaces ignore them when they participate.
C) other females also want access to the spaces.
D) they are treated as "one of the guys" in those spaces.

20) Girls and women sometimes receive mixed messages when they play sports. This was seen during the 2019 Women's World Cup soccer tournament when

A) referees refused to give penalize the U.S. national team for being offsides.
B) the U.S. national team defeated Thailand by a lopsided score.
C) the national team from Brazil was disqualified fir doping violations.
D) U.S. team captain, Megan Rapinoe, was ejected from the tournament for fighting.

21) The history of "sex testing" females in the Olympics and other international sports shows that

A) the Barr body test is the only reliable way to verify the sex of female athletes.
B) human bodies don't fit neatly into two distinct sex categories.
C) female athletes prefer physician inspections over lab tests to verify their sex.
D) IOC policy condemns the process as unfair to women in the global south.

22) The Caster Semenya case has demonstrated that

A) widespread ideas about femininity are linked with ideas about race.
B) being identified as a real woman is more biological than social.
C) appearance is irrelevant when it comes to identifying a person's sex.
D) estrogens are naturally present in female bodies but not male bodies.

23) If the body of a female athlete naturally produces testosterone, she can complete as a woman

A) if she has been raised as a female and self-identifies as a female.
B) if she does not compete in a sport in which strength is important.
C) if her testosterone level is below the normal range for males.
D) if she can prove that she ovulates monthly.

24) Which of the following is NOT one of those problems associated with the IOC "female fairness" policy? The policy

A) has requirements that are unfair to women who lack resources.
B) is administered by male officials from the United Nations.
C) ignores hormones as a source of unfairness in men's sports.
D) assumes that testosterone is the only factor that identifies sex.

25) According to the sex verification eligibility criteria used by the IOC and most international sport federations, all intersex athletes

A) must have their ovaries removed before they can compete as women.
B) are banned from both women's and men's competitions.
C) are considered to be suspicious by those who control women's sports.
D) must compete in a new "gender neutral" category of competition as of 2024.

26) According to the July 2019 decision of the Swiss Federal Tribunal ("supreme court"), Caster Semenya, the middle-distance runner from South Africa was

A) ineligible to participate in her events at the 2020 Olympic Games.
B) eligible to participate in her events if she did not represent South Africa.
C) banned from all international sports for men or women.
D) required to return all the medals she had won in international competitions.

27) Sports are culturally important in many societies because they

A) give priority to the interests of women over men.
B) emphasize character development over the pursuit of excellence.
C) celebrate hegemonic masculinity.
D) challenge the idea that men have to be physically strong to be manly.

28) Former Stanford athlete and author Mariah Burton Nelson has hypothesized that as women gain more power in society, men

A) tend to drop out of sports.
B) seek out gender-mixed sports so they can compete against women.
C) avoid watching noncontact sports such as baseball.
D) are attracted to heavy contact sports such as football.

29) Sports participation can empower girls and women as individuals, but

A) sport as an institution remains gendered and reaffirms heterosexual male power.
B) being empowered does not change their lives.
C) they lose that sense of empowerment when they promote feminist goals.
D) their empowerment leads directly to the disempowerment of boys and men.

30) The most dramatic change in the world of sport over the past two generations has been the increase in the number of

A) lawsuits filed by men who oppose gender equity.
B) women who have become coaches in men's sports programs.
C) mothers who now coach their daughters in sports programs.
D) girls and women who play sports around the world.

31) Which of the following is NOT a reason for increased sport participation rates among girls and women?

A) New publicly funded child care programs.
B) New opportunities for sport participation.
C) The global women's rights movement.
D) The health and fitness movement.

32) The U.S. federal government law, Title IX, prohibits gender discrimination in

A) all U.S. schools.
B) public elementary and high schools, but not colleges and universities.
C) any educational institution that receives federal money.
D) all youth sports sponsored by schools or community programs.

33) Before Title IX became law in 1972

A) most girls and women did not want to play sports.
B) males received 99% of public school resources devoted to sports.
C) more than 10% of all women in college played varsity sports.
D) most teams for boys and men were seriously underfunded.

34) Opposition to Title IX has led to dozens of lawsuits filed against the law. Over the past 40 years, court decisions in these cases have

A) changed the law so that gender equity will never be achieved.
B) forced schools to pay millions of dollars in fines because of gender inequities.
C) mandated that schools must drop 20% of all sports for males.
D) always upheld the legality of the law and its enforcement guidelines.

35) According to Title IX law in the U.S., a school may comply with the law by meeting one of three legal tests. Which of the following is NOT one of those tests?

A) The history of progress test.
B) The good intentions test.
C) The proportional participation test.
D) The accommodation of interest test.

36) Overall, the health and fitness movement has made many people aware of the tension between public health among women and the companies that

A) sell fitness equipment to universities and commercial gyms.
B) refuse to develop social responsibility programs.
C) use unreal body images to market products to girls and women.
D) focus on the health and fitness of boys and men.

37) When discussing the media coverage of women in sports, the author notes that seeing women athletes on television

A) shows girls that they should avoid team sports unless you are very good.
B) leads men to be less supportive of sport opportunities for women.
C) turns many girls off to sports because they don't like how the athletes look.
D) provides positive alternatives to sexually objectified images of women.

38) Research on new media suggests that

A) girls and women are creating their sports coverage on their terms.
B) female athletes have resisted using handheld media devices.
C) male athletes are creating media coverage that undermines female sports.
D) corporations now pay female athletes to create their media coverage.

39) Most people around the world agree that girls and women should have opportunities to play sports, but they often disagree on

A) how women should train for sports participation.
B) what sports they should play and the resources they should receive.
C) the ways that girls should be socialized into sports.
D) the kinds of equipment girls and women should use while playing.

40) Which of the following is NOT among the key gender inequities that remain in U.S. sports and worldwide?

A) Lack of safety regulations.
B) Access to positions of power.
C) Support for athletes.
D) Participation inequities.

41) Which of the following characterizes the state of gender equity in U.S. high schools and colleges?

A) High schools have achieved equity but colleges have not.
B) Colleges have achieved equity but high schools have not.
C) Neither high schools nor colleges have achieved equity.
D) Both high schools and colleges have achieved equity.

42) Despite the influence of Title IX, it has been difficult to achieve gender equity in schools where

A) football is the cultural centerpiece of school and community life.
B) men outnumber women by more than 2-to-1.
C) football teams have been dropped to save money.
D) varsity soccer and basketball teams generate massive revenues.

43) There have been few investigations of gender inequities in U.S. high schools and colleges primarily because

A) there have been few complaints are filed with the U.S. Office for Civil Rights.
B) most schools count cheerleaders as athletes for equity purposes.
C) the percentage of female students in schools has fallen dramatically.
D) the U.S. Office for Civil Rights lacks the resources needed to investigate complaints.

44) The most glaring gender inequality concerning sport participation occurs at the

A) youth level.
B) elite amateur level.
C) professional level.
D) big-time college level.

45) Data show that sport participation opportunities for girls and women are

A) now equal to opportunities for men in most nations around the world.
B) the same as they are for men, but women still receive fewer resources.
C) generally scarce at the professional level.
D) highest in countries that have fundamentalist religious beliefs.

46) The primary reason that there have historically been fewer female athletes than male athletes at the summer Olympic Game is because

A) there have been fewer women's events in the summer games.
B) television spectators refuse to watch women's events.
C) women's basketball teams have fewer athletes than the men's teams.
D) there are no team sport events for women.

47) Information on gender equity and the Summer Olympic Games shows that

A) fewer Olympic events are available to women than to men.
B) women have more events than men but fewer participants in those events.
C) the proportion of women athletes in the games has declined since 1896.
D) beginning in 1984 half the athletes in the summer games have been women.

48) Data on participation and gender indicate that in comparison with the Olympic Games, the Paralympic games

A) highlight women's events more than men's events.
B) have far fewer female athletes than male athletes.
C) exclude women from events involving strength.
D) have equal numbers of male and female athletes.

49) Research on alternative and action sports shows that

A) they have been heavily influenced by Title IX law.
B) they are organized around the values and experiences of males.
C) women competitors receive more media coverage than male competitors.
D) girls and women are most successful when they avoid risky tricks.

50) In the discussion of gender issues in informal and alternative sports, it is noted that

A) ESPN's X Games have been praised for their commitment to gender equity.
B) gender discrimination has gradually disappeared in these activities.
C) boys and men generally control who participates in these settings.
D) Title IX prohibits gender discrimination in these sports.

51) The author notes that in response to the masculinized cultures in most alternative sports, some women have

A) competed directly against males in competitive alternative sports.
B) become coaches for male athletes when they go on tour.
C) created their version of the X Games with the help of ESPN.
D) created or revised sports to fit their experiences and goals.

52) Female athletes continue to receive, on average, less support than male athletes receive in connection with their sport participation. Inequalities in support are highest in

A) community programs.
B) high school programs.
C) big-time college programs.
D) low budget college programs.

53) Data collected over the past 50 years on college sports in the U.S. indicates that women

A) hold the majority of sports information jobs in athletic departments.
B) hold more coaching jobs in men's programs than in women's programs.
C) coach proportionately fewer women's sports teams today than in 1972.
D) receive the majority of administrative jobs in women's sports programs.

54) The International Olympic committee is probably the most powerful sport organization in the world. In terms of gender representation which of the following statements about the IOC is NOT correct as of 2019?

A) The IOC had no women members for the first 85 years of its existence.
B) One-half of its decision-making board members are women.
C) The IOC has never had a woman as its president.
D) The IOC requires that half of all accredited Olympic coaches must be women.

55) Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why women are underrepresented in coaching and administrative positions in sports?

A) The evaluative criteria used by search committees are biased in favor of men.
B) Women are not considered for half of all those positions.
C) Women don't have the business experience needed to succeed in sports programs.
D) Compared with men, women lack well developed professional networks.

56) In male-dominated and male-identified sport cultures, women are hired only when they

A) can show that they can do things as men have done them.
B) have a spouse who is committed to providing needed support.
C) think like men but have traits associated with traditional femininity.
D) can impress members of the hiring committee with their feminine charms.

57) When women are hired in coaching and administrative positions in sport organizations, they tend to have low levels of job satisfaction due to

A) pressures from spouses who want to help them do their jobs.
B) too much publicity given to sexual harassment cases.
C) organizational cultures that provide little support for them.
D) their lack of experience in and knowledge about sports.

58) Which of the following is NOT among the barriers that can restrict progress toward gender equity in sports?

A) Budgets for women's athletics are often vulnerable to cuts.
B) Some people resist government legislation calling for gender equity.
C) Women, by nature, are less physically active than men are.
D) There are too few women in coaching and power positions in sports.

59) In comparison with sports programs for girls and women, programs for boys and men are more likely to survive budget cuts because

A) females are less likely than males to fight for the survival of their programs.
B) coaches of teams for girls and women lack self-confidence.
C) males handle budgets more responsibly than females do.
D) they've had more years to develop legitimacy, support, fans, and sponsorships.

60) As sports programs become increasingly privatized,

A) market forces distract boys and men away from sports.
B) girls and women lose participation opportunities.
C) the number and proportion of female participants increase.
D) corporations withdraw their sponsorships for women's sports.

61) An emphasis on "cosmetic fitness" and thinness among women can reduce sports participation because it leads women to

A) eat fewer carbohydrates to maintain energy.
B) wear clothes that are bulky and restrict movement.
C) play only sports that involve strength and speed.
D) associate sports participation with losing weight.

62) Persistent gender inequities in rates of sports participation are due primarily to

A) a lack of sports that reflect the lived experiences of girls and women.
B) a general lack of interest among girls and women.
C) sexual harassment by boys and men.
D) male coaches who are unable to understand female athletes.

63) The images associated with dominant sports in most societies today tend to promote manhood based on

A) avoiding all relationships with women.
B) cohesion and intimacy.
C) brotherhood and teamwork.
D) power and control.

64) In the section on Gender Equity and Sexuality, the author provides examples suggesting that

A) homophobia remains a key part of the institutional fabric of mainstream sports.
B) major sports organizations have failed to support LGBTI rights.
C) sports organizations today often disapprove of homophobic statements and actions.
D) women athletes have stopped coming out for fear of reprisals.

65) In her book on lesbians and homophobia in sports, author Pat Griffin notes that myths about lesbians have many consequences in sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those consequences?

A) A sense of loneliness among many lesbians in sports.
B) Lesbians hiding their identities so they're not harassed or cut from sports.
C) A widespread belief that lesbians can't play sports as well as heterosexuals.
D) The existence of a "don't ask, don't tell" atmosphere in women's sports.

66) People maintain silence about gay men in sports primarily because

A) there are so few gay men who play sports.
B) gay men don't want to live publicly as gay.
C) men have much to lose if gender boundaries are blurred.
D) most men who play sports are latent homosexuals.

67) Research by Eric Anderson and his colleagues indicates that

A) gay men no longer face challenges when they come out on their teams.
B) there is a more inclusive form of masculinity emerging among young men.
C) male athletes in power and performance sports are no longer models of manhood.
D) athletes are no longer care about maintaining orthodox gender ideology.

68) Gay men and lesbians in sports may be ignored, marginalized, or harassed because

A) they have strange ideas about how sports should be played.
B) they force their teammates to discuss issues of sexuality.
C) they do not get along with heterosexual coaches.
D) they challenge assumptions that underlie dominant ideas about gender.

69) Transgender athletes have pushed gender boundaries to the point that

A) trans athletes can play in men's sports but not women's sports.
B) sex-segregation will soon disappear in sports.
C) men's professional sports have banned all gender nonconforming athletes.
D) the IOC and the NCAA have created policies to allow their participation.

70) When gender activists talk about the "queering of sport," they are referring to

A) revising the two-sex system and making sports gender-inclusive.
B) outing gay and lesbian athletes to force public discussions of sexuality.
C) embarrassing homophobic coaches and administrators in public.
D) creating new sports organized around the lived experiences of LGBTIs.

71) After Ann Travers and her colleagues studied lesbian softball leagues in North America, they concluded that

A) re-negotiating sexed boundaries is a deeply complicated process.
B) lesbians reject all distinctions between males and females.
C) trans athletes will always be accepted in lesbian teams and leagues.
D) lesbians define sex more in terms of physical appearance than hormones.

72) The author concludes that the most effective strategy for achieving gender equity in sports today is

A) more government legislation that mandates social inclusion in sports.
B) creating new sports that are controlled exclusively by females.
C) grassroots actions that identify inequities and support needed changes.
D) eliminating sex segregation so that all sports are open to everyone.

73) Among the equity producing actions identified in the chapter is

A) working "behind the scenes" and avoiding confrontation.
B) supporting men in power positions so they will treat women fairly.
C) informing the media of policies or practices that decrease opportunities for women.
D) keeping equity data secret so athletic departments are not embarrassed.

74) Boys and men have a stake in gender equity because progress toward gender equity will

A) create new jobs for them in sports programs for women.
B) increase their salaries for management jobs in all sports at all levels of competition.
C) force them to be more assertive so they can regain power in sports.
D) create social and cultural space for inclusive forms of masculinity.

75) Research indicates that girls and women often feel certain things when they develop physical strength through sport participation. Which of the following is NOT one of the things?

A) They feel more physically competent.
B) They feel more in control of their physical safety.
C) They feel that others will perceive them as attractive and sexy.
D) They feel that they are less physically vulnerable.

76) Research shows that playing sports has the potential to create feelings of personal empowerment. When this occurs, those feelings

A) don't automatically lead women to become activists for gender equity.
B) prevent most younger women from becoming feminists.
C) tend to disappear as soon as sports participation stops.
D) lead them to reject sports organized around the values of men.

77) The celebrity feminism that is so often portrayed in the media clearly emphasizes

A) the everyday struggles of women in society as a whole.
B) the need to support men who are leaders in society.
C) individualism and consumption.
D) the importance of community development and political action.

78) The author notes that achieving full gender equity depends on developing alternative definitions of masculinity and femininity combined with

A) changing the way many sports are organized and played.
B) altering sports so men and women can compete against each other.
C) increasing the number of women coaches in youth sports programs.
D) passing new laws that go beyond Title IX.