Chapter.11 Sports and the Economy Complete Test Bank

Student name:__________

1) The emergence and growth of commercial sports depends on whether they

A) attract the attention and support of national political leaders.
B) generate revenues from multiple sources.
C) present fans with exciting forms of violence.
D) use marketing to undermine competing forms of entertainment in society.

2) Commercial sports are most likely to grow and prosper in societies with

A) market economies, large urban centers, and available capital.
B) high rates of unemployment combined with access to transportation.
C) traditional definitions of masculinity and femininity.
D) low rates of consumption and little awareness of status differences.

3) Commercial sports are most well established in cultures where lifestyles involve

A) a focus on cooperation and conservation.
B) low rates of car ownership and high rates of mass transit use.
C) high rates of consumption and an emphasis on status symbols.
D) an emphasis on equality and diversity.

4) Golf has become a major commercial sport in certain countries because those who are interested in golf

A) tend to watch more television than other people in society.
B) have more free time than other people in society.
C) are more influenced by advertising messages than others in society.
D) have more economic resources and influence than others in society.

5) Football has become "America's game" because it

A) fits with rural traditions and values in the heartland of the nation.
B) meets the interests of people from all social backgrounds in society.
C) celebrates the values and experiences of powerful people in society.
D) emphasizes democratic values and the importance of teamwork.

6) Class relations in societies are connected with commercial sports because

A) low-income people use sports to resist traditional class ideology.
B) people with money promote and sponsor sports that fit their interests.
C) commercial sports usually recruit athletes from low-income backgrounds.
D) people are attracted to sports played by people with power and wealth.

7) Spectator interest in sports is created in connection with four cultural conditions. Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions discussed in the chapter?

A) A widespread ideology that connects success and hard work.
B) A system of youth sports in which children learn to value sport skills.
C) A large collection of low-income workers with free time on their hands.
D) A quest for excitement in social worlds characterized by order and control.

8) Television had a positive impact on the growth of commercial sports because it

A) distracts people's attention from physical activity in their own lives.
B) forces sports and sports teams to compete with each other for revenues.
C) builds strong rivalries between players on different teams in sports leagues.
D) serves as an effective tool for recruiting new spectators and fans.

9) The globalization of commercial sports is due in part to the fact that

A) sports organizations want to expand their markets.
B) athletes as a group like to travel to new places.
C) airlines are major corporate sponsors of pro sports worldwide.
D) immigration regulations have been loosened up in many countries today.

10) The sport with the teams that have the highest global recognition and value is

A) North American football.
B) soccer.
C) basketball.
D) rugby.

11) The sports teams with the highest number of social media followers are located in

A) Spain.
B) the United States.
C) Brazil.
D) China.

12) Transnational corporations sponsor sports today because they want to

A) sell products to athletes, teams, and leagues.
B) encourage people to spend more time watching television.
C) associate pleasure and enjoyment with their products and companies.
D) improve the health and well-being of people around the world.

13) Michael Jordan has long been a key figure in spreading around the world an ideology emphasizing that

A) sports are valuable tools for advertisers who must sell products.
B) basketball belongs back in urban neighborhoods under local control.
C) a way of life based on hard work is more important than one based on consumption.
D) becoming a brand name is an empty achievement for athletes.

14) Corporate executives realize that if they can establish ideological outposts in the minds of people, they can use those outposts to

A) inspire people to become involved in social issues.
B) foster an ethic of caring and sharing among people.
C) deliver messages about the importance of citizenship.
D) defuse popular opposition to corporate policies and products.

15) The growth of corporate branding in sports in recent years indicates that

A) the social awareness of corporate leaders increases as profits increase.
B) nearly everything associated with sports is for sale.
C) people have become bored with consumption and desire strenuous activities.
D) corporations are losing their power and will do anything to regain it.

16) When corporations brand athletes they like to do it when the athletes are

A) young so they can mold the athlete's career to fit corporate interests.
B) mature enough to know what they want out of life.
C) newly married and less likely to party and have multiple sex partners.
D) from dysfunctional families and in need of a father figure.

17) The Super Bowl is a unique event for corporate branding because it

A) attracts equal numbers of male and female television viewers.
B) allows sponsors into the locker rooms after the game.
C) is consumed live rather than recorded for later viewing.
D) is widely viewed on computers where people can directly access ads through links.

18) Because there are few objections to the branding of sports, the author suggests that

A) the media will soon ask corporations to pay for coverage of their sports.
B) sports will eventually control corporations.
C) corporate branding has been normalized in the minds of younger people.
D) there will soon be congressional legislation that bans all sport sponsorships.

19) Spectator interest in sports is related to a combination of the level of risk or rewards associated with an event, anticipated displays of excellence or heroics, and

A) the uncertainty of an event's outcome.
B) the price of tickets to the event.
C) the seriousness of the injuries that may occur during the event.
D) the clarity of the rules and regulations in the event.

20) In the discussion of commercial sports it is noted that commercialization has

A) affected coaches much more than it has affected athletes.
B) produced dramatic changes in the basic structure and goals of most sports.
C) changed the orientations of players, coaches, and others in sports.
D) eliminated much of the excitement associated with sports.

21) When rules are developed or changed in connection with commercialization, the new rules are likely to

A) increase action and scoring.
B) slow down the action and make it more understandable.
C) encourage lopsided scores that raise the emotions of spectators.
D) eliminate breaks in the action so that spectators must watch continuously.

22) The orientations of athletes and other people in sports are affected by the fact that a mass audience

A) is entertained mostly by the beauty of movement in a sport.
B) wants to see athletes who have mastered technical skills.
C) tends to be young and highly educated.
D) lacks technical knowledge about the sports they watch.

23) In commercial sports there is a tendency for aesthetic values to be replaced by

A) democratic values.
B) spectator values.
C) economic values.
D) heroic values.

24) Which of the following is most likely to be emphasized in commercial sports?

A) The style and excitement of movement by athletes.
B) The technical physical abilities of athletes.
C) The willingness of athletes to explore limits without surpassing them.
D) The willingness of athletes to do anything to entertain spectators.

25) As heroic orientations become more central in commercialized sports, there is a danger that

A) athletes will form unions.
B) sports will turn into circus spectacles.
C) fans will be no longer attend events.
D) salaries for athletes will be cut in half.

26) In the box, Extreme Heroic Action, it is noted that professional wrestling is

A) popular only in the U.S. where people are addicted to violence in media.
B) less commercialized than the NFL and other professional sports.
C) the only true form of competition in sports today.
D) organized around the mastery of dramatic expression.

27) The storylines presented in major professional wrestling (WWE) emphasize that

A) working men are either victimized or privileged by greedy bosses.
B) women are hard workers dedicated to their mates and families.
C) success is based on working together in supportive relationships.
D) being physically talented is better than being a dramatic performer.

28) In the box, Extreme Heroic Action, sociologist Brendan Maguire uses structural theory to hypothesize that professional wrestling is popular in social worlds characterized by

A) strong community ties.
B) anxiety and social disenchantment.
C) weak forms of social control.
D) traditional gender relations.

29) In the box, Extreme Heroic Action, it is noted that someone using cultural theories would hypothesize that professional wrestling is popular because it

A) glorifies the use of drugs.
B) casts women in roles that highlight their moral integrity.
C) reaffirms the ideologies that people use to make sense of their lives.
D) addresses the angst associated with community breakdown.

30) When sports become commercialized, there are changes in the organizations that control them. These changes involve shifts in

A) who makes decisions and how decisions reflect the interests of athletes.
B) the leadership techniques used by those in management positions.
C) organizational accounting procedures and personnel policies.
D) the ways that referees are hired, fired, and assigned to events.

31) As commercialization increases, the decision-making in sport organizations

A) moves further away from the control of athletes.
B) focuses on issues of the public good.
C) is regulated by the state to preserve the integrity of sports.
D) becomes increasingly concerned with the safety of athletes.

32) In response to management decisions based exclusively on commercial interests, athletes

A) have joined with fans to create a global union to represent shared interests.
B) have formed an international players association to support their rights.
C) in developing nations have refused to sign contracts that ignore their rights.
D) now refuse to sign contracts that do not protect salaries when they are injured.

33) Soccer fans in Europe and Latin America have created fan organizations in response to professional club teams that

A) raised concession prices to levels that fans could not afford.
B) treated male working-class fans better than families from wealthier backgrounds.
C) ignored local traditions so that long-time fans felt disconnected from teams.
D) hired security personnel who mistreated fans entering and exiting stadiums.

34) Fan organizations in the United States have not been supported like they have been in Europe and Latin America because sports fans in the U.S.

A) they are not actively concerned about social and labor issues in sports.
B) do not identify strongly with teams and athletes.
C) have work schedules that prevent them from joining the organizations.
D) use fantasy sports to express their dissatisfaction with team management.

35) Professional sport teams in North America are privately owned. Most people who own the hundreds of minor league teams in North America

A) show annual profits that make team ownership a wise investment.
B) regularly lose money on their teams.
C) invest in sports because public subsidies enable them to make large profits.
D) use local business endorsements to pay players and all their operating costs.

36) The owners of major sport teams and the sponsors of major sport events do not think alike on all issues but they generally

A) love sports more than their own businesses.
B) agree on the need to protect their investments and maximize profits.
C) come from similar backgrounds and attended similar types of colleges.
D) adhere to progressive and liberal political and economic ideologies.

37) Team owners in the major sport leagues in the U.S. have formed cartels that

A) establishm close alliances with players' unions.
B) foster healthy competition between the owners.
C) prevent the formation of monopolies in their sport.
D) coordinate the actions of owners.

38) When professional sport leagues, such as the NFL and Major League Baseball, r become monopsonies it means that they are

A) governed by anti-trust laws that enable them to avoid taxes.
B) controlled by team owners and the players association in their sport.
C) team owners become owners of stadiums built with public money.
D) the only buyer of elite athlete labor in their sport.

39) The franchise fees paid by the owners of new teams in the major men's professional sports leagues in North America have

A) not changed since the early 1980s, except in hockey.
B) recently declined to their lowest amounts in history.
C) increased dramatically over the past three decades.
D) been abolished to increase the number of new teams.

40) League policies that specify the conditions under which new teams may enter North American professional men's sport leagues are designed primarily to

A) limit competition for players and income.
B) give fan organizations opportunities to own professional teams.
C) give special benefits to new owners in Canadian cities.
D) preserve a free market approach in the leagues.

41) The relationships between team owners in the major professional men's team sports in North America are most accurately described as forms of

A) free enterprise competition.
B) legal monopolies.
C) civic charities.
D) illegal trusts.

42) Most of the people who have bought and sold teams in the NBA, NFL, NHL, and Major League Baseball over the past 50 years have

A) used their profits to support former players who have disabling injuries.
B) used their popularity to begin political careers.
C) lost money after paying back taxes to the cities in which their teams played.
D) made large profits on the sales.

43) Owners of major professional men's teams in the U.S. often receive public assistance in the form of

A) health insurance for players and other employees.
B) free labor at all the food and drink concessions in their venues.
C) payments to buy unsold tickets to regular season games.
D) tax exemptions and subsidies to build stadiums and arenas.

44) Which of the following is NOT one of the widely used arguments made to justify public financial support for professional sport teams?

A) Professional teams create positive psychic and social benefits in a city.
B) A stadium and a pro team create jobs for citizens in a city.
C) Team owners regularly share profits with city governments.
D) Professional teams attract other businesses to the city.

45) A review of relevant research shows that the arguments used to justify subsidies for pro sport teams are

A) supported by studies done by all economists, conservative or liberal.
B) contradicted by studies done by independent economists.
C) contradicted only by studies done by liberal economists.
D) supported by studies done by independent economists.

46) During the 1990s, the city of Cleveland provided the owners of the city's NBA, NFL, and Major League Baseball teams with a billion dollars for three new stadiums city and tax exemptions of $50 million per year for fifty years. According to independent studies, this investment by the city

A) fostered downtown rejuvenation as stadium proponents predicted.
B) created more jobs for local workers than public programs would have created.
C) forced low income residents to find housing in other areas of the city.
D) improved city schools and raised teacher salaries.

47) After reviewing the arguments and counter arguments for spending public money to subsidize stadiums and pro sport team owners, the author concludes that

A) the subsidies are justified because professional teams attract other investments.
B) building sports venues is an inefficient strategy for creating jobs.
C) the good feelings created by the teams were worth more than the subsidies.
D) keeping teams in a city is worth it because it inspires people to be physically active.

48) Professional sports team owners often demand subsidies for new stadiums and arenas because they want to

A) maintain the motivation of players on their teams.
B) avoid the logistical problems of relocating to another city.
C) make game tickets affordable for all city residents.
D) gain access to new revenue streams that come with updated venues.

49) When $500 million of public money was used to help build U.S. Bank stadium for the owner of the Minnesota Vikings

A) the team owner enjoyed a $600 million net increase in the team's value.
B) the people of Minnesota received a permanent 25% discount on season tickets.
C) U.S. bank reduced interests payments on the $500 million debt taken on by taxpayers.
D) city property taxes and sales taxes declined in Minneapolis.

50) The author notes that the new sport stadiums built for professional teams resemble

A) medieval cathedrals in Europe.
B) the homes of wealthy season ticket owners.
C) shopping malls with a playing field in the middle.
D) factories designed to produce winning teams.

51) As sports betting has been approved by more U.S. states,

A) professional sports leagues have allowed players to bet on games.
B) sports fans have quit playing fantasy sports and focused on placing game bets.
C) it is expected that few people will watch televised games.
D) the NBA and NHL have made profitable deals with gambling organizations.

52) The non-profit organizations that control amateur sports in the United States share a primary interest in two things. They are

A) control over athletes and the money from sponsors and events.
B) creating youth sports and coaching education programs.
C) providing venues and funding for sport-for-all programs.
D) obtaining federal government grants and local government support.

53) The power of organizations that control amateur sports in the U.S. is primarily related to

A) the number of their athletes who have successful careers outside of sports.
B) their relationships with political leaders and governmental agencies.
C) the money they generate through sport events and sponsorships.
D) the organizational abilities of their administrators.

54) When corporate sponsorships are the sole basis of support for amateur athletes and sport organizations, amateur sports are ultimately dependent on

A) the income earning potential of amateur athletes.
B) relationships between athletes and corporate executives.
C) a commitment to social responsibility among corporate sponsors.
D) the financial health of market economies and corporations.

55) The legal status of most athletes in professional team sports in North America was for many years governed by the reserve system. The reserve system was designed to

A) give players control over their careers.
B) guarantee that player salaries based on their performance.
C) give team owners full control over players and their careers.
D) prevent players from forming a union.

56) When changes in the legal status of professional athletes allowed them to become "free agents," it meant that they could

A) sign a contract with the team that offers them the best deal.
B) unite with other athletes to force owners to increase salaries.
C) switch teams every season depending on who they wanted to play for.
D) hire an agent to represent them and negotiate their contracts.

57) Despite the success of players' organizations in professional team sports, it is difficult to convince players to participate in a strike. This is because athletes

A) come from very conservative family backgrounds.
B) see themselves more as artists than as workers.
C) have short playing careers that are dependent on owners.
D) identify more strongly with team owners than with other athletes.

58) A lockout in a professional sport is different than a strike. A lockout

A) is about fairness whereas a strike is about money.
B) is more easily settled than a strike.
C) does not eliminate pay for employees.
D) is initiated by owners whereas a strike is initiated by employees.

59) Team owners in the major men's sports are supporters of free-market capitalism who

A) use public subsidies and anti-competitive policies to increase their wealth.
B) vote for left-wing democrats in state and national elections.
C) support socialized medicine when it comes to treating athletic injuries.
D) refuse to invest their money in businesses that are not connected with sports.

60) The legal status of professional athletes in individual sports depends on the rules of professional organizations in their sports and

A) special rights guaranteed by local government agencies.
B) contractual agreements made with sponsors, agents, and managers.
C) the age, race, and gender of the athlete.
D) the ethical principles of people in the sport being played.

61) The contracts of most professional athletes in the major men's team sports are governed by a Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA). This agreement is made between

A) team owners and players.
B) team owners and a labor committee in the U.S. Congress.
C) a neutral collection of labor lawyers.
D) players, team owners, and media companies.

62) Which one of the following is NOT one of the major issues negotiated in the Collective Bargaining Agreements that are negotiated in professional team sports in North America?

A) Average ticket prices for regular season and playoff games.
B) Minimum salary levels for all players in a league.
C) The extent to which team owners can share revenues with other team owners.
D) The percentage of team revenues that must be dedicated to player salaries.

63) The recent, large annual increases in the salaries of athletes in the major men's professional sport leagues are primarily due to

A) increased gate receipts in major league baseball.
B) changes in the legal status of players and increased revenues in sports.
C) a switch from family ownership of teams to corporate ownership of teams.
D) the development and growth of the Internet.

64) The large annual increases in the salaries of major league baseball players after the 1976 season were due in large part to

A) increases in the popularity of baseball outside North America.
B) rules changes that allowed some players to become free agents.
C) a switch from family ownership of teams to corporate ownership of teams.
D) the development of cable and satellite communications technologies.

65) Data in the chapter show that professional athletes playing in North American minor league sports have average salaries that are

A) less than $7000 per month.
B) half the average salaries of players in the top professional leagues.
C) greater than the average salaries of workers in North America.
D) determined by the governments in the U.S. and Canada.

66) Professional athletes in individual sports generally make less money than people think because they

A) are paid only a predetermined percentage of all gate receipts.
B) must pay for all officials and promotional expenses for events.
C) often pay their own expenses for travel and training.
D) are not allowed to have agents when they negotiate endorsement contracts.

67) The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) in the U.S. sponsors over 40 national youth sports tournaments each year. Their success as a tournament sponsor is due primarily to their long-term cooperative deal with

A) the Walt Disney Company.
B) the International Olympic Committee.
C) United Airlines and Best Western Hotels.
D) Professional Sports Hall of Fame.

68) The U.S. Golf Association and the U.S. Tennis Association sponsor tournaments for amateurs. The only other major sports governing bodies that require amateur status for eligibility are the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and the

A) ESPN X Games.
B) National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
C) International Olympic Committee (IOC).
D) World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

69) The NCAA has changed its definition of amateur a number of times primarily to

A) meet changing government regulations.
B) avoid defining college athletes as employees.
C) make sure that college athletes are cared for properly.
D) raise the salaries of coaches in small colleges.