Chapter 6: How Does Gender Impact the People You Spend Your Time With? The Gender of Friendship and Dating

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The people with whom you are related through biological or symbolic ties are known as ______.

A. clan

B. kin

C. fictive kin

D. tribe

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Love, Inside and Outside the Family

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Author C. S. Lewis said that friendship was unique and perhaps better than other types of relationships because it is characterized by which two criteria?

A. voluntary and love

B. choice and obligation

C. obligation and love

D. choice and voluntary

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Love, Inside and Outside the Family

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Which concept did Georg Simmel associate with the unique trait of friendship being purely for the sake of enjoyment?

A. sociability

B. social norms

C. socialization

D. sociobiology

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Friendship

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which of the following scenarios exemplifies Way’s research findings on boys’ friendships?

A. After going through puberty, John developed stronger emotional attachments to his friends.

B. At the age of 6, Juan struggled to maintain close friendships.

C. As he neared the end of high school, William became more distanced from his male friends.

D. Peter and Ned’s dissolving friendship is uncharacteristic of hegemonic masculinity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: My Friend Jane Versus My Friend Joe: Who’s Better at Being Friends?

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. In Anglo-European history, ______ were considered unable to commit to forming close friendship bonds, while ______ friendships were characterized as fiercely loyal.

A. kin; kith

B. kith; kin

C. males; female

D. females; male

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Friendship in Historical Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The ______ describes the work that working women are expected to undertake in the home.

A. obligatory tasks

B. care tasks

C. second shift

D. first shift

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child-Rearing, Social Networks, and Friends

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Jerry and Cameron became friends through weekly games of racquetball after work. They do not share much about their personal lives. This demonstrates which type of interaction?

A. face-to-face

B. passive

C. side-by-side

D. active

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Face-to-Face and Side-by-Side

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Which theoretical perspective would argue that girls’ close relationships with their mothers facilitate easy friendship connections with other women?

A. psychoanalytic theory

B. queer theory

C. evolutionary sociobiology

D. status characteristics theory

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Face-to-Face and Side-by-Side

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. The dominant definition of manhood, known as ______, leads men to form friendships that are more competitive and rational.

A. emphasized patriarchy

B. hegemonic masculinity

C. patrilineal descent

D. compulsory masculinity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Face-to-Face and Side-by-Side

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Barriers to creating cross-class and cross-race friendships may be attributed to which of the following?

A. heterosociality

B. intimacy boundaries

C. strong ego networks

D. residential segregation

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Friendship and Social Structure

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which social group confronts the most friendship constraints?

A. men in the corporate workplace

B. housewives

C. women in the corporate workplace

D. parents of school-age children

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child-Rearing, Social Networks, and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Women’s social networks are made up of more ______, while men’s networks are comprised of more ______.

A. kin; friends

B. friends; kin

C. colleagues; kin

D. kin; colleagues

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child-Rearing, Social Networks, and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which theoretical perspective understands gender as a social structure from which individuals form a gender identity?

A. social network theory

B. gender schema theory

C. evolutionary sociobiology

D. status characteristics theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Similarities in Friendship: Are Women and Men Really All That Different?

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Walker argued that ______ needs to be taken into account when examining gender differences in friendship.

A. race

B. ethnicity

C. religion

D. social class

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Intersectionality of Friendship and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Walker’s research demonstrated that working-class people tend to have fewer friends but more intimate friendships of longer duration. This resulted in which of the following for these respondents?

A. more insecurity about others’ opinions of them

B. more stability than middle-class counterparts

C. more family instability

D. more job security

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Intersectionality of Friendship and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which theoretical perspective asserts that friendship behavior is a product of people being held accountable to the closeness of their relationships based on gender expectations?

A. doing gender theory

B. queer theory

C. evolutionary sociobiology

D. status characteristics theory

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Intersectionality of Friendship and Gender

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. In 2004, the percentage of adults reporting that they have no close friends was ______.

A. 25

B. 36

C. 53

D. 64

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Friendship in Global Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Symbolic family members are known as ______.

A. nuclear family

B. fictive kin

C. social family

D. adoptive kin

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Choosing Your Friends

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Compadrazgo is a common trait in many Latino and Latin American communities. When friends become compadres, they are considered ______.

A. fictive kin

B. blood brothers

C. forever friends

D. geographic friends

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Choosing Your Friends

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. ______ provide important financial and emotional support to LGBTQ communities.

A. Blood brothers

B. Families of choice

C. Kin networks

D. Coworkers

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Families of Choice

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. An intense attraction in which the love object is idealized and has an erotic context projected to be long-lasting is known as ______.

A. salutary love

B. androgynous love

C. sexual love

D. romantic love

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Rules of Attraction

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Traditionally, when a man went to a woman’s house and spent time with her and her family, this process was known as ______.

A. mating

B. calling

C. going steady

D. hooking up

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Courtship to Dating: A Brief History

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which of the following is true of romantic love?

A. It exists across cultures globally.

B. Historically, it was a necessary component for marriage.

C. It centers the courting relationship in the home.

D. It idealizes the object of love.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Rules of Attraction

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. When dating became more about the volume--rather than the quality--of relationships, this phenomenon was known as the ______.

A. courting-calling-dating complex

B. rating-dating-mating complex

C. going-steady-hooking-up complex

D. friends-with-benefits complex

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Courtship to Dating: A Brief History

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Even though many couples started to “go steady” in the period after World War II, which group of people was still socially expected to wait until marriage to have sex?

A. African Americans

B. men

C. women

D. working-class

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Courtship to Dating: A Brief History

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. A sexual encounter with an acquaintance that is not expected to last more than a night is called ______.

A. dating

B. calling

C. going steady

D. hooking up

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hookups and Friends With Benefits

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. The process by which norms and ideals surrounding women’s sexuality are becoming increasingly similar to norms and ideals of men’s sexuality is known as ______.

A. gender consistency

B. sexual replication

C. sexual convergence

D. gender parity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hookups and Friends With Benefits

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. According to a Michigan State University study, what fraction of friends with benefits relationships went on to become actual romantic relationships?

A. 1/10

B. 1/5

C. 1/4

D. 1/2

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hookups and Friends With Benefits

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Societies in which the collective needs of groups (e.g., families) are generally seen as less important, such as in the United States, can be described as which of the following?

A. individualistic

B. heteronormative

C. homosocial

D. industrial

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Romantic Love in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. ______ relationships are formed after a ritual exchange of blood.

A. Hemophatic

B. Blood brother

C. Kindred

A. Compadrazgo

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Gender of Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. The people with whom you are related either by actual blood or through symbolic ties are known as fictive kin.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Love, Inside and Outside the Family

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Common definitions of friendship emphasize a voluntary, informal, and personal relationship.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Friendship

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Historically, women were seen as less competent at forming and sustaining friendships.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: My Friend Jane Versus My Friend Joe: Who’s Better at Being Friends?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Into the 19th century, “manly love” was an important part of the definition of masculinity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Friendship in Historical Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Men’s friendships can be described as face-to-face, while women’s friendships are side-by-side.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Face-to-Face and Side-by-Side

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Social class and racial or ethnic identity are two examples of social structural factors that can influence friendship.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Friendship and Social Structure

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Evidence has shown that when women are focused on their career, they are more likely to form intimate friendships.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Intersectionality of Friendship and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Less than half of the men in Karin Walker’s study of friendships admitted to sharing intimacies with their friends.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Intersectionality of Friendship and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Anglo-European societies have a “voluntary” nature to friendships not seen in other cultures.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Choosing Your Friends

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. “Calling,” the early form of dating, put power into the hands of men regarding relationships.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Courtship to Dating: A Brief History

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. “Going steady” is seen as a sexual encounter with someone usually lasting one night.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Courtship to Dating: A Brief History

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Conjugality is a term used to describe the personal relationship between husband and wife.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Romantic Love in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The rating-dating-mating complex describes the contemporary American model of courtship.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hookups and Friends With Benefits

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Prior to the 21st century, the strength of men’s friendships was rooted in homoeroticism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: My Friend Jane Versus My Friend Joe: Who’s Better at Being Friends?

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Evidence has shown that the majority of “friends with benefits” relationships become long-lasting, romantic relationships.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hookups and Friends With Benefits

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. What predictions would advocates of social network theory make about the behavior of men and women who belong to similar classes (have similar jobs, etc.)? How would this play out in their friendships and relationships?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Intersectionality of Friendship and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Discuss the key differences between friendships in individualistic societies versus collective societies. Then identify any similarities you would expect to observe among friendships in these two different social contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Romantic Love in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Compare and contrast marriage in individualistic and collectivistic societies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Romantic Love in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Dating relationships have undergone several significant transformations (e.g., “calling,” “rating-dating-mating complex,” “going steady,” and “hookups”). Define each type of dating relationship, and explain how gender figures differently into each of them.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Courtship to Dating: A Brief History

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss some of the challenges that trans people encounter in casual dating and committed relationships. When a person transitions genders while in a relationship, how does it affect them? How does it affect their partner? How do these experiences differ for trans men and trans women?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Love Without Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium