Arnett, Human Development: A Cultural Approach, First edition

Chapter 6: Early childhood

Section 1: Physical development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. From ages 3 to 6, the typical child grows about ____ centimetres per year and adds ____ kilograms.

A. 8; 2.7

B. 7; 2.0

C. 9; 3.2

D. 6; 1.5

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

2. When Andrew turns 3 years old, one can expect him to weigh ____kilograms.

A. 13.1

B. 14.5

C. 12.7

D. 11.7

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: Growth from ages 3 to 6

3. When Andrew turns 3 years old, one can expect him to be ____ centimetres tall.

A. 85

B. 90

C. 96

D. 100

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

4. When Charlotte turns 5 years old, one can expect her to weigh ____kilograms.

A. 17

B. 16

C. 18

D. 19

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

5. Mehrak lives in Australia and weighs 108 centimetres. She is in good health and her paediatrician says she is developing at a normal pace. It is safe to say that Mehrak is around ____.

A. 3 years old

B. 4 years old

C. 5 years old

D. 6 years old

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

6. During childhood, boys are slightly ____ than girls.

A. shorter and lighter

B. taller and heavier

C. fatter and smaller

D. more sympathetic and sensitive

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

7. ____ in developing countries causes a considerably lower average for height and weight during early childhood.

A. Higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases

B. Lower parental care and the lack of folic acid

C. Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases

D. Higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

8. Why are the average heights and weights of children in early childhood in developing countries considerably lower than developed countries?

A. Poor nutrition and diseases

B. Poor school lunches and poorly trained teachers

C. Children in developing countries are obese

D. Genetically the heights of these children are at maximum

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

9. Compared to the average 4-year-old in Sweden, how tall is the average 6-year-old in Bangladesh?

A. Four times taller

B. Three times taller

C. Twice as tall

D. The same height

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

10. Wealthier parents have children who weigh more and are taller because ____.

A. they can pay maids to feed their children

B. they have access to more nutritional foods

C. they allow their children to eat at fast-food restaurants

D. wealthier parents are generally genetically much taller

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

11. How many teeth does the average 3-year-old have?

A. 12

B. 20

C. 32

D. 40

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

12. Layla is 3 years old. How many teeth would you expect her to have?

A. 10

B. 15

C. 20

D. 25

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

13. Children begin to lose their ‘baby teeth’ around age ____.

A. 2

B. 4

C. 6

D. 8

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

14. Vladimir is 3 years old and preparing for his first dental visit. Beyond a routine cleaning, Vladimir may also be given ____.

A. Novocain for his incoming molars

B. a fluoride rinse and sealants

C. water that is fortified with calcium

D. teeth-whitening gum

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

15. What percentage of 4-year-olds in New Zealand had experienced cavities or dental decay?

A. 5%

B. 7%

C. 10%

D. 15%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

16. Your neighbour’s daughter seems to eat candy quite a bit between meals. Her parents are worried about this and ask you. What would you tell her parents?

A. She is very likely to get cavities.

B. Sugar and starches are good for growing children.

C. Candy helps soothe her and is linked to positive emotional development.

D. Most children today eat like this and it is not likely to be a problem.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

17. By age 3, the brain is about ____ of its adult weight, and by age 6 it is ____.

A. 50%; 70%

B. 60%; 80%

C. 70%; 90%

D. 80%; 100%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

18. _____ lobe grows faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during early childhood.

A. The frontal

B. The parietal

C. The occipital

D. The temporal

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

19. Your brother is very impressed with his 4-year-old daughter’s development, particularly in emotional regulation. He asks your opinion about his observations and you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to ____.

A. superior genetics

B. growth in her frontal lobe

C. superior parenting

D. the new preschool that she is now attending

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

20. Increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to ____.

A. cerebral spinal fluid

B. the increase in blood volume

C. the number of neurons

D. dendritic connections and myelination

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

21. The ____ is a bundle of nerve fibres connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

A. corpus callosum

B. reticular formation

C. hippocampus

D. amygdala

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

22. Which of the following is a structure at the base of the brain that is involved in balance and motor movement?

A. Cerebellum

B. Reticular formation

C. Hippocampus

D. Corpus callosum

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

23. Yvette was diagnosed with Lyme disease and is having difficulty with balance, walking a straight line and simple motor movements. Which of the following areas of her brain would you suspect is being affected by the disease and causing the above-mentioned symptoms?

A. The cerebellum

B. The reticular formation

C. The hippocampus

D. The corpus callosum

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

24. Four-year-old Heinz is getting much better at jumping, running, climbing and throwing a ball. It is clear that his ___ is developing.

A. hippocampus

B. reticular formation

C. temporal lobe

D. cerebellum

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

25. What is the brain system that is involved in attention?

A. Cerebellum

B. Hippocampus

C. Reticular formation

D. Corpus callosum

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

26. Your neighbour has a 5-year-old son. He has been taking him to story time at the library, but his son is having a very difficult time sitting still even for 10 minutes. What would you tell him about his son’s brain development? He should be able to sit through the entire story time once what brain structure develops more fully?

A. Reticular formation

B. Hippocampus

C. Corpus callosum

D. Cerebellum

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

27. Which of the following is a part of the brain that is involved in attention and is responsible for an increased attention span during early childhood?

A. Orbital cortex

B. Reticular formation

C. Limbic system

D. Cerebellum

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

28. On average, a 4- or 5-year-old child has an attention span of ____.

A. 1–2 minutes

B. 5–10 minutes

C. 10–15 minutes

D. 15–30 minutes

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

29. ____ is involved in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

A. The hippocampus

B. The reticular formation

C. The temporal lobe

D. The cerebellum

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

30. _____ is the inability to remember anything prior to age 2.

A. Infantile amnesia

B. Childhood disease

C. Toddler amnesia

D. Baby amnesia

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

31. You and your roommate are discussing your early childhoods. She is getting very frustrated because she cannot remember anything that happened to her before about age 2. She remembers stories that her parents told her about when she was younger, but she does not actually remember those memories herself. What would you tell her? The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is common and is referred to as ____.

A. brain damage

B. false memories

C. childhood forgetfulness

D. infantile amnesia

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

32. As the rate of physical growth ____ in early childhood, food consumption ____.

A. increases; grows as well

B. remains the same; is constant

C. slows down; diminishes as well

D. increases; slows down

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

33. Your 5-year-old daughter has really not eaten very much during the past couple of days. You are a bit worried, but after thinking about your developmental course, you remember that 5-year-old children ____.

A. rarely eat until their 6th birthday

B. sometimes do not really eat very much; she will probably be eating quite a bit tomorrow

C. experience serious changes in their taste buds during this time and might avoid eating

D. are likely sneaking in snacks between meals; you will need to watch her carefully

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

34. Your 5-year-old son has not been eating a balanced diet lately even though you provide well-balanced meals for him. To get him to eat his vegetables, you tell him that if he eats all of his vegetables you will let him have his dessert. Although many parents in Australian culture bribe their children in this manner, what is the likely result?

A. Children learn to eat a balanced diet.

B. Children come to associate vegetables with dessert and begin eating quite a bit more vegetables.

C. Bribing children to eat their vegetables actually contributes to childhood obesity.

D. Children refuse to eat vegetables unless they get sweet treats before eating vegetables.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

35. ____ is the most common nutritional deficiency for children in developed countries.

A. Fluoride

B. Folic acid

C. Calcium

D. Iron

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

36. What proportion of 3-year-old children in New Zealand receive less than the recommended amount of calcium?

A. 1/3

B. 1/4

C. 2/3

D. 1/2

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

37. Which of the following elements is responsible for the growth of strong bones and teeth?

A. Calcium

B. Zinc

C. Fluoride

D. Potassium

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

38. As a result of children drinking more soft drinks, they are drinking ____.

A. less milk, which is contributing to calcium deficiencies

B. more fruit juice, which is very healthy

C. kinder beer, which contributes to alcoholism later in life

D. less fruit juice, which leads to vitamin deficiencies

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

39. What is the percentage of malnutrition in children in developing countries?

A. 80%

B. 60%

C. 40%

D. 20%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

40. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that ____ of children in developing countries lack sufficient food or essential nutrients.

A. 40%

B. 60%

C. 80%

D. 100%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

41. Which of the following are the most common types of malnutrition for children in developing nations?

A. Lack of protein and lack of iron

B. Lack of calcium and lack of iron

C. Lack of potassium and lack of zinc

D. Lack of folic acid and lack of fat

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

42. Iron deficiency is also known as ____.

A. kwashiorkor

B. anaemia

C. osteoporosis

D. marasmus

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

43. What deficiency is experienced by the majority of children under age 5 in developing countries and leads to fatigue, irritability and difficulty sustaining attention?

A. Iron

B. Calcium

C. Phosphorus

D. Beta-carotene

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

44. Fatigue, irritability and difficulty sustaining attention are all symptoms of ____.

A. kwashiorkor

B. anaemia

C. osteoporosis

D. marasmus

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

45. Four-year-old Kitimbu has been tired, irritable and inattentive for the last few months. Because his diet lacks _____, he is likely suffering from ______.

A. calcium; kwashiorkor

B. iron; anaemia

C. calcium; osteoporosis

D. iron; marasmus

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

46. Pneumonia, malaria and measles are common causes of death for children in ____.

A. developing nations

B. developed nations

C. collective cultures

D. individualistic cultures

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: motor development

47. Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths. Why? Because lack of sufficient food ____.

A. slows the development of myelination

B. increases the likelihood of failure to thrive

C. reduces the effectiveness of the immune system

D. increases competition for calories and children lose out

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: motor development

48. The mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced in developing nations as a result of which of the following factors?

A. Increased parental education and increased level of income

B. Increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations

C. Increased parental income and increased level of education

D. Increased food production and increased childhood vaccinations

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

49. A friend is worried about his son, who is very active and is constantly injuring himself. What would you tell him to help him worry less? This behaviour is very typical because his son’s ____.

A. motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous

B. motor development is not yet very advanced and he is going to be involved in many accidents

C. visual processing is lagging behind his motor development and he simply cannot see very well

D. attention skills are not yet fully developed and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father’s warnings to be careful

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: motor development

50. In the United States, each year ____ of children under age 10 become injured badly enough to need medical attention.

A. 1/4

B. 1/2

C. 1/3

D. 2/3

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

51. In developed countries, what is the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood?

A. Falling down stairs

B. Parental abuse

C. Electric shock

D. Car accidents

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

52. Gunther is 5 years old and is in a hospital emergency room. Based upon statistics, which of the following is the most likely cause?

A. A playground accident

B. A fall

C. A car accident

D. A bicycle accident

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: motor development

53. Rates of early childhood injury and death due to accidents are ____.

A. lower in developing countries than in developed countries

B. higher in developing countries than in developed countries

C. higher in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures

D. lower in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

54. In developing countries, what is the most common cause of death in early childhood?

A. Parental abuse

B. Car accidents

C. Illness and disease

D. Accidental burning

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

55. Which of the following best describes gross motor development in early childhood?

A. Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood.

B. Gross motor development in early childhood regresses to an earlier state.

C. Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable.

D. Gross motor development in early childhood is dependent upon fine motor development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: motor development

56. Kicking a soccer ball is an example of ____.

A. gross motor skills

B. fine motor skills

C. ambidextrous motor skills

D. elementary motor skills

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: motor development

57. Using a pencil to draw a smiley face on a sheet of paper is an example of a ____.

A. gross motor skill

B. fine motor skill

C. ambidextrous motor skill

D. elementary motor skill

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: motor development

58. Your older brother’s university roommate is an artist. He was very much hoping that his 5-year-old daughter would grow up to be artistic as well. At this point, she can draw some shapes pretty well, like circles and triangles, but that is about it. He is a bit worried. What would you tell him?

A. She is not likely to ever be very skilled in drawing.

B. She probably will be a gifted athlete.

C. She is developing in a very typical manner for fine motor skills.

D. She is lagging far behind other children her age in drawing.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: motor development

59. Gross motor skills are to ____ as fine motor skills are to ____.

A. throwing; writing

B. writing; throwing

C. running; jumping

D. jumping; running

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: motor development

60. ____ is the preference for using either the right or left hand in gross or fine motor activities.

A. Dominancy

B. Digital choice

C. Handedness

D. Ambidextrous

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

61. When is the preference for using a particular hand first developed?

A. During early childhood

B. In infancy

C. Prenatally

D. During middle childhood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

62. Similar to the percentage of right-handed adults, what percentage of foetuses uses their right hand when sucking their thumb?

A. 30%

B. 50%

C. 70%

D. 90%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

63. In regards to handedness, adopted children show a greater resemblance to ____.

A. their biological parents

B. their adoptive parents

C. their biological siblings

D. their adoptive siblings

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

64. Identical twins have a _____ genetic similarity and are more likely than ordinary siblings to ____.

A. 50%; differ in handedness

B. 100%; differ in handedness

C. 50%; be similar in handedness

D. 100%; be similar in handedness

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: motor development

65. The preference for using a particular hand probably occurs as a function of ____.

A. genetics

B. training

C. observational learning

D. the foetus leaning on a particular side that frees up one hand or the other for movement

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Physical development: motor development

66. In many cultures, left-handedness is ____.

A. only appropriate for males

B. acceptable for childhood but not adulthood

C. regarded with acceptance and equality

D. regarded with fear and contempt

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: motor development

Short

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

68. Describe two changes in the brain that explain why Jamil, a 6-year-old, can listen attentively during library story hour and participate in the craft activity that follows it, but his 3-year-old sister, Anna, is more interested in walking around and exploring various sections of the library.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

69. Describe a nutritional problem that is more likely to be experienced in a developing country than a developed country. Include the consequences and explain what, if anything, can be done to avoid this problem.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

70. Sabine is a 6-year-old girl from Great Britain. She has two siblings: Shiloh, her 3-year-old sister, and Shamus, her 5-year-old brother. Describe one fine motor skill and one gross motor skill that Sabine is better at than her younger sister. Describe one skill that her brother is better at than his older sister. Explain.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: motor development

71. Being right-handed is more common in Western countries such as Australia, the United States and Canada. Is this also the case in other parts of the world? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Physical development: motor development

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

72. What are two explanations for the inability to remember anything before age 2?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

73. If you were a 3-year-old living in a developing country, such as Africa, what would be the most likely cause of death as a toddler? Is this different from the leading cause of death for toddlers in Australia and the United States? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Physical development: growth from ages 3 to 6

Section 2: Cognitive development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. According to Piaget, it is not until _____ that we truly become representational thinkers.

A. early infancy

B. early toddlerhood

C. early childhood

D. early teens

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

2. What marks the beginning of representational thought? When children begin to ____.

A. remember where they left play objects

B. recognise their family members

C. internalise the images of their sensorimotor activities

D. externalise their true wishes and desires

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

3. The preoperational stage of cognitive development occurs between the ages of ____.

A. birth and 2

B. 2 and 7

C. 7 and 11

D. 11 and adulthood

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

4. According to Piaget, children from the ages of 2 to 7 are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

A. sensorimotor

B. preoperational

C. concrete operations

D. formal operations

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

5. What stage emphasises that children are yet unable to perform mental operations?

A. Sensorimotor

B. Preoperational

C. Concrete operational

D. Formal operational

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

6. What term did Piaget use to describe cognitive procedures that followed certain logical rules?

A. Operations

B. Constructions

C. Scaffolds

D. Stages

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

7. _____ is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.

A. Animism

B. Egocentrism

C. Reversibility

D. Conservation

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

8. You are visiting your sister, who has 4-year-old twins. They ask if they can have some milk and you are pouring it for them. One glass you choose is tall and thin and the other is short and wide. After you pour the milk, your niece is very unhappy because you gave ‘more’ milk to your nephew. You actually gave each of them the same amount, but your niece and nephew lack the mental ability to ____.

A. conserve

B. operate

C. centre

D. tertiary operate

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

9. Which of the following statements best captures why a child may fail the conservation task?

A. ‘They can reverse the action mentally and can see that the amount of water is the same.’

B. ‘They fail to understand that the amount of water remains the same even though the appearance of the water changes.’

C. ‘They tend to pick the photo that matches their own perspective, not the dolls.’

D. ‘They frequently attribute human thoughts and feelings to stuffed animals and dolls, often thoughts and feelings they have themselves.’

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

10. What is the term that is used to describe young children’s thinking in which they often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects?

A. Conservation

B. Egocentrism

C. Centration

D. Animism

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

11. Which of the following best describes a child, in Piagetian terms, who is centred?

A. ‘They lack the ability to distinguish between their own perspective and another person’s perspective.’

B. ‘They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.’

C. ‘They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.’

D. ‘They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.’

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

12. What is the term that is used to describe young children’s thinking in which they are mentally able to change an object’s characteristics back to its original form?

A. Conservation

B. Animism

C. Centration

D. Reversibility

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

13. _____ is the inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective.

A. Reversibility

B. Intuitive thought

C. Egocentrism

D. Conservation

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

14. What is the term that is used to describe when individuals are unable to distinguish between their own perspective and another person’s perspective?

A. Conservation

B. Egocentrism

C. Centration

D. Reversibility

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: Theories of cognitive development

15. What is the task that Piaget and Inhelder devised to demonstrate egocentrism during the preoperational stage?

A. Three mountains task

B. ‘It is about me’ task

C. Self-centred task

D. Ego-stability task

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

16. The child who is experiencing egocentrism and completing the three mountains task will describe ____ perspective.

A. their own

B. the doll’s

C. the researcher’s

D. their mother’s

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

17. You just came back from a class in which the topic was egocentrism in the preoperational stage. You have a 4-year-old and thought that you would see if what you learned was accurate. You are sitting directly across from her and ask her to look at the front and back cover of her favourite book. After she did this, you asked her to describe ‘the part of the book I am looking at.’ What does she tell you?

A. How many pages there are in the book

B. What you see

C. What she sees

D. What the story is about

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

18. The child who lacks egocentrism when completing the three mountains task will describe ____ perspective.

A. their own

B. the doll’s

C. the researcher’s

D. their mother’s

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

19. Animism is ____.

A. the ability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective

B. attributing human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces

C. focusing on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects

D. difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one ‘class’ or group

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

20.What is the term that describes the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces?

A. Humanitarianism

B. Egocentrism

C. Animism

D. Socialism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

21. You are visiting your sister and she has a 4-year-old daughter. You have not been around young children very much, except for your niece, and you are fascinated with her. You notice that while she plays, she acts like her dolls are real. What type of thinking is your niece demonstrating?

A. Humanitarianism

B. Egocentrism

C. Animism

D. Socialism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

22. Emma is having a tea party with her stuffed animals and dolls, and pretends that they love the tea and cookies she prepared. Emma’s belief that her stuffed animals and dolls are alive and hold human qualities is an example of ____.

A. conservation

B. egocentrism

C. classification

D. animism

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

23. Having received a new bike for his birthday, Grant tells his mother that the bike needs to come inside the house at night because it might get lonely in the garage by itself. Grant’s rationale for why his bike needs to come inside the house is best explained by Piaget’s concept of ____.

A. egocentrism

B. centration

C. animism

D. reversibility

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

24. ____ is when preoperational children fail to understand that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one ‘class’ or group.

A. Egocentrism

B. Conservation

C. Reversibility

D. Classification

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

25. Preoperational children lack the ability to comprehend that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one group. Piaget referred to this as a lack of a capacity for ____.

A. transference

B. sorting

C. configuring

D. classification

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

26. Which of the following best describes a child who lacks classification?

A. ‘They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.’

B. ‘They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.’

C. ‘They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.’

D. ‘They have no difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.’

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

27. What is one of the criticisms that other cognitive theorists and researchers have regarding Piaget’s theory of cognitive development during the preoperational stage?

A. Piaget underestimated children’s capabilities.

B. Piaget overestimated children’s capabilities.

C. Piaget did not really like children.

D. Piaget was biased since his theory was mostly based on observation of his own children.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

28. What is one of the criticisms that other cognitive theorists and researchers have regarding Piaget’s theory of cognitive development during the preoperational stage? They believe that development is actually much more ____.

A. vacillating and not predictable

B. stable and rarely changed

C. stage-like and less continuous

D. continuous and much less stage-like

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

29. Researchers have found that 2- to 7-year-old children are actually less egocentric than Piaget thought. What is an example of a toddler understanding the perspective of someone else?

A. When a toddler breaks the favourite toy of an older sibling to annoy him or her

B. When a toddler dreams that he or she is someone else

C. When a toddler speaks in long sentences to babies

D. When a toddler eats his or her meal as quickly as possible

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

30. ____ is the ability to understand the thinking process in oneself and others.

A. Theory of mind

B. Unconscious cognition

C. Subliminal thought

D. Hypothesis of thinking

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

31. It is not until age ____ that most children in developed countries can solve a false belief task easily.

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

32. Who was the theorist who viewed cognitive development as an inherently social and cultural process?

A. Piaget

B. Vygotsky

C. Freud

D. Skinner

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

33. Which of the following theorists proposed that children learn not through their individual interactions with the environment but through the social process of guided by participation?

A. Jean Piaget

B. Carl Rogers

C. Sigmund Freud

D. Lev Vygotsky

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

34. According to Lev Vygotsky, cognitive development occurs when ____.

A. the proper amount of neurons have connected

B. their brains are biologically ready

C. they interact with an older sibling in the course of daily activities

D. they interact with the environment

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

35. Many ____ cultures value silence, especially in children, and view children who talk frequently as immature and low in intelligence.

A. European

B. American

C. Eastern European

D. Asian

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

36. What is a factor in cultural learning in developed countries that is different from cultural learning in traditional cultures? Compared to developing countries, children in developed countries ____.

A. are constantly with at least one family member all day

B. are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day

C. are disciplined harshly for small infractions

D. are rarely consoled when injured or hurt

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

37. According to the text, what is the age when formal school instruction begins in many cultures?

A. 5 years

B. 6 years

C. 9 years

D. 11 years

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

38. The average 6-year-old has a vocabulary that consists of more than ____.

A. 1,000 words

B. 1,500 words

C. 2,000 words

D. 2,500 words

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

39. Approximately how large is the average 6-year-old’s vocabulary?

A. 500 words

B. 1,000 words

C. 2,500 words

D. 5,000 words

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

40. From age 3 to age 6, the vocabulary of the average child ____.

A. grows by 50%

B. grows by 75%

C. doubles

D. more than doubles

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

41. Which of the following best describes the concept of a sensitive period for language learning?

A. A time period in which the learning of language must occur or it never will

B. A time period in which the rules of language are best learned

C. A time period in which children must be exposed to spoken language in order to learn it

D. A time period in which the capacity for learning new words is especially pronounced

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

42. Children learning English and other Western languages fast map which parts of speech earliest?

A. Nouns

B. Verbs

C. Modifiers

D. Adjectives

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

43. ____ is a language’s distinctive system of rules.

A. Pragmatics

B. Morphemes

C. Grammar

D. Prosody

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

44. By 4 years of age, it is estimated that children use correct grammar in what percentage of their statements?

A. 30%

B. 50%

C. 70%

D. 90%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

45. What term describes the social rules for using language in interaction with others?

A. Language rules

B. Pragmatics

C. Social construction

D. Grammatical usefulness

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

46. Phrases like ‘please’, ‘thank you’, and ‘bye-bye’ are examples of ____.

A. the pragmatic quality of language

B. the morphemic quality of language

C. the grammatical quality of language

D. how prosody varies within language

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

47. When do children learn when it is culturally appropriate to speak and when it is best to keep their thoughts to themselves?

A. Toddlerhood

B. Early childhood

C. Middle childhood

D. Children never learn this in Western cultures

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

Short

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

49. Give one example of a child in the preoperational stage showing that they are more capable than Piaget thought they were.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

50. A child was walking down the street with his mother and called the black top ‘tarmacs’. Presumably, he added the ‘s’ because it was a long road. What does this reveal about how children learn language?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: language development

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

51. Sam buys a hollow, plastic rock where he plans to hide his spare key. He puts it near several other rocks by the door and calls to his two children, a 3-year-old and a 6 ½-year-old. He said he was gardening and found something under the rock and asks them to guess. One says a worm and the other says some ants. Then, he lifts it up and shows them that it’s hollow and actually contained the house key. Then he asks where a robber, who has not been shown what is under the plastic rock, would look for the key to the house. How do you think each child would answer? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: theories of cognitive development

Section 3: Emotional and social development

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. During early childhood, emotional self-regulation is considered ____.

A. very unlikely to be accomplished

B. one of the major developmental tasks

C. not possible until the child completely understands the concept of ‘self’

D. not likely due to the immature development of the frontal lobe areas

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

2. ____ is when children focus attention on managing their emotions.

A. Effortful control

B. Emotions management

C. External regulation

D. Extraterrestrial force

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

3. What are the strategies that indicate that children are focusing their attention on managing their emotions?

A. Emotional control

B. Attention control

C. Effortful control

D. Social control

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

4. Children who have problems of undercontrol of their emotions are at risk for ____.

A. ulcers and other physical problems

B. aggression and conflict in early childhood and beyond

C. not realising their academic potential

D. not likely to have serious relationships as adults

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

5. What is an example of ‘internalising problems’ that results from overcontrol of emotions in early childhood?

A. Ulcers and other physical problems

B. Anxiety and depression

C. Hostile and verbal aggression

D. Bipolar disorder

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

6. Your brother has a daughter in early childhood who has an excessive degree of self-regulation. He is not quite sure if he should be happy, since she very rarely has any difficulties, or if he should be concerned. What would you tell him?

A. He should be concerned, because overcontrol is associated with depression and anxiety when she gets older.

B. He has nothing to be concerned about. Overcontrol is associated with extraordinary academic success.

C. He should not be concerned; she will lighten up on her own soon.

D. He should be glad; a friend of yours has a child who has absolutely no self-regulation and that child is very hard to control.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

7. As a child becomes better at perspective-taking and develops a greater ability to understand the emotions and feelings of others, he or she will have a greater capacity to experience ____.

A. primary emotions

B. empathy

C. modelling

D. effortful control

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

8. Shweder found that by about age 5, children already grasp the moral standards of their culture. However, what happens to their cultural views as they reach adolescence and adulthood?

A. Those views only change once the individual marries.

B. Those views change radically when they become adolescents.

C. Those views change considerably as they reach formal operations and can think abstractly.

D. Those views change very little.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

9. By the end of early childhood, Indian children have learned not just that menstruating women do not cook food or sleep with their husbands, they also ____.

A. come to believe that their mothers are lazy

B. believe that their fathers are forbidding their mothers from doing these things

C. learn that it would be morally wrong for their mothers to do those things

D. learn that it just makes sense for their mothers not to do those things

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

10. According to modelling theory, after observing multiple occasions of others’ behaviours being rewarded or punished, children conclude ____.

A. what their culture’s principles of moral conduct are

B. what behaviour is considered appropriate and what behaviour is considered inappropriate

C. what members of a particular culture should not be doing

D. what they need to do to be successful members of their societies

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

11. What term describes that individuals understand themselves as being either male or female?

A. Gender development

B. Gender constancy

C. Gender identity

D. Gender role

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

12. What term describes the understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change?

A. Gender development

B. Gender constancy

C. Gender roles

D. Gender identity

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

13. As soon as Grant started to play patty cake with his classmate Emma, he was teased and ridiculed by the boys in the class. Grant quickly learned that patty cake is a form of play that is reserved for girls and not boys. Grant’s process of learning the roles of ‘maleness’ and ‘femaleness’ is ____.

A. a biological construct

B. gender socialisation

C. a sex schema

D. sexual-social identity

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

14. ____ is (are) a gender-based cognitive structure for organising and processing information.

A. Gender schemas

B. Gender awareness

C. Gender self

D. Gender knowledge

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

15. Schemas and _____ are used interchangeably in psychology.

A. roles

B. scheme

C. gender

D. identity

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

16. When boys insist on doing things that are ‘boy’s things’ and avoid doing things that ‘girls do’, what is happening?

A. Gender socialisation

B. Gender constancy

C. Gender roles

D. Self-socialisation

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

17. In developed countries, what percentage of 3-5-year-old children are enrolled in group child care or preschool?

A. 25%

B. 50%

C. 75%

D. 100%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

18. Clarke-Steward and Allhusen (2002) found that some children had higher verbal skills and stronger performance on measures of memory and listening comprehension. These were children who ____.

A. attended preschool

B. were born to very intelligent parents

C. started school later than other children

D. ate a diet that consisted of at least 40% protein

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

19. Children from what group especially benefited cognitively from preschool?

A. Families who had parents who were professionals

B. Affluent families

C. Midwestern families

D. Low-income families

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

20. What group of children is more likely to be more independent and socially confident?

A. Children who are from families who had parents who were professionals

B. Children from affluent families

C. Children who attend preschool

D. Children from low-income families

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

21. What group of children was less compliant, less respectful towards adults and more aggressive?

A. Children who are from families who had parents who were professionals

B. Children from affluent families

C. Children who attended preschool

D. Children from low-income families

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

22. What group of children is more likely to be disruptive in class when they are in grade 6?

A. Children who are from families who had parents who were professionals

B. Children from affluent families

C. Children who attended preschool

D. Children from low-income families

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

23. Preschool teachers ____.

A. are not required to have education or credentials specific to early childhood

B. have to complete a rigorous training that includes yearly continuing education credits

C. must have a minimum of 1 year of supervised teaching before gaining certification to teach early childhood

D. are required to have at least a bachelor’s degree

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

24. What do early childhood educators and scholars believe with regard to class size for preschools? There should be no more than how many students in a classroom?

A. 20

B. 25

C. 30

D. 35

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

25. What do early childhood educators and scholars believe with regard to teaching students in early childhood preschool programs?

A. There should be formal instruction.

B. Students learn best through rote learning.

C. Instruction should be given through active engagement with materials.

D. Students should memorise large lists of materials to be recalled at a later time.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

26. Which of the following are cited by the author as factors that contribute to the quality of preschool?

A. Education and training of teachers, class size and child–teacher ratio, age-appropriate materials and activities and teacher–child interactions

B. Child temperament, the parenting style of the children’s home environment, physical facilities and emotional reactivity of caregivers

C. Parenting style of the caregivers, quality of educational material, temperament and reactivity of the children and class size and teacher–child ratio

D. Age-appropriate materials and activities, parenting styles of caregivers, temperament and reactivity of the children and teacher–child interactions

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

27. Most early childhood scholars support which of the following educational practices as an appropriate means to educate preschool children?

A. The Montessori approach

B. The Piagetian approach to Learning

C. Developmentally appropriate educational practice

D. Whole-language learning

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

28. The broad consensus among early childhood scholars is that preschool teaching should be based on ____.

A. developmentally appropriate educational practice

B. the Socratic method

C. an instructional method that is as formal as the children understand

D. Piaget’s model of readiness, as strictly as possible

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

29. Suppose that you are preparing for a job interview as a preschool teacher. Which of the following statements, when used in the interview, is more likely to land you the job?

A. Preschool learning is about the child exploring and discovering their world through hands-on activities and fun tasks.

B. Preschool learning should occur through structured academic activities such as worksheets and large group projects.

C. Preschool learning is about assessing the child’s IQ and then developing a curriculum that is rigorous and challenging.

D. Preschool learning should occur through prosocial activities and videos that are geared toward children and regulated by the federal government.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

30. What is the primary goal of having children attend preschool in the United States and China?

A. To gain independence from the family

B. To master social skills

C. To learn basic academic skills

D. To learn to get along with other children

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

31. Which of the following is one of the two countries that emphasises that academic skills be learned during preschool?

A. United States

B. Japan

C. Great Britain

D. Germany

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

32. _________ is one of the two main countries that emphasises academic skills during preschool.

A. China

B. Japan

C. Germany

D. Great Britain

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

33. What is the primary goal of having children attend preschool in Japan, Australia and most of Europe?

A. To learn social skills

B. To gain independence from the family

C. To learn basic academic skills

D. To learn how to read

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

34. Which of the following countries emphasises that social skills be learned during preschool?

A. United States

B. China

C. Sudan

D. Japan

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

35. In regards to preschool education, the United States prioritises ____, whereas Australia prioritises ____.

A. cooperative play; parallel play

B. parallel play; cooperative play

C. social skills; academic skills

D. academic skills; social skills

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

36. What percentage of Japanese parents and preschool teachers indicated that the primary purpose of preschool education was ‘to give children a good start academically’?

A. 2%

B. 22%

C. 62%

D. 92%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

37. What is the main focus of teaching in Japanese preschools?

A. To teach letters and numbers

B. To teach individuality

C. To teach study skills for later success in primary education

D. To teach cooperation and sharing with group play

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

38. Assume that you just accepted a job as a preschool teacher in Japan. Which of the following statements is a close representation of the type of preschool environment that you will experience?

A. The physical building looks run down, teachers appear tired and frustrated and it is clear that the students do not learn much.

B. There is a high emphasis on academic success, parents encourage their children to learn letters and numbers quickly and many teachers work long hours.

C. There is a lot of group play, the children wear the same uniforms and they each have the same equipment.

D. The physical building looks very new and in good shape, there’s a high emphasis on social skills training and the students are very competitive academically.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

39. What is defined as the practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about these practices?

A. Child–parent practices

B. Parenting learning strategies

C. Parenting styles

D. Discipline strategies

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

40. Demandingness is also known as ____, and responsiveness is also known as ____.

A. control; warmth

B. warmth; control

C. limitations; empathy

D. empathy; limitations

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

41. What is defined as the degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behaviour and require their children to comply with them?

A. Parental demandingness

B. Parental strictness

C. Parenting styles

D. Discipline strategies

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

42. What is defined as the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth and concern for them?

A. Parental demandingness

B. Parental strictness

C. Parenting styles

D. Parental responsiveness

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

43. Whose research on middle-class White American families, along with the research of other scholars inspired by this individual’s ideas, was involved in examining how individuals parented their children?

A. Jean Piaget

B. Albert Ellis

C. Diana Baumrind

D. John Applegate

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

44. Which of the following parenting styles is characteristic of high demandingness and high responsiveness?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

45. Authoritative parenting style is characteristic of ____.

A. high demandingness and high responsiveness

B. high demandingness and low responsiveness

C. low demandingness and low responsiveness

D. low demandingness and high responsiveness

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

46. What is a distinctive feature of authoritative parents?

A. They are quite passive in their responding.

B. They do not care whatsoever their children do.

C. They respond with anger to questions from their children.

D. They explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

47. If you were an authoritative parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner?

A. ‘It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.’

B. ‘Great, let’s go for it!’

C. ‘Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!’

D. ‘Whatever, I don’t care.’

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: Parenting

48. What type of parent is loving and warm toward their children and responds to what their children need and desire?

A. authoritative

B. authoritarian

C. permissive

D. disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

49. Coach Paige has clear guidelines and rules for his players. He wants them to try their hardest to give 100% all the time. But, Coach Paige also cares for his players and tends to understand each player’s individual needs. Which of the following best describes Coach Paige’s coaching style?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: Parenting

50. What parenting style is high in demandingness, but low in responsiveness?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

51. Authoritarian parenting style is characteristic of ____.

A. high demandingness and high responsiveness

B. high demandingness and low responsiveness

C. low demandingness and low responsiveness

D. low demandingness and high responsiveness

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

52. What type of parent expects their commands to be followed without dispute or dissent?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

53. A drill sergeant who expects his or her subordinates to follow commands without questioning their authority is more similar to which of the following parenting styles?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

54. If you were an authoritarian parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner?

A. ‘It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.’

B. ‘Great, let’s go for it!’

C. ‘Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!’

D. ‘Whatever, I don’t care.’

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

55. What parenting style is low in demandingness, but high in responsiveness?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

56. Permissive parenting style is characteristic of ____.

A. high demandingness and high responsiveness

B. high demandingness and low responsiveness

C. low demandingness and low responsiveness

D. low demandingness and high responsiveness

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

57. What type of parent rarely engages in disciplining his or her children and simply believes that all children need is ‘unconditional’ love?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

58. If you were a permissive parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner?

A. ‘It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.’

B. ‘Great, let’s go for it!’

C. ‘Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!’

D. ‘Whatever, I don’t care.’

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

59. What parenting style is low in demandingness and responsiveness?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

60. Disengaged parenting style is characteristic of ____.

A. high demandingness and high responsiveness

B. high demandingness and low responsiveness

C. low demandingness and low responsiveness

D. low demandingness and high responsiveness

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

61. What type of parent requires little of their children, rarely bothers to correct their behaviour and shows very little love or concern for them?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

62. If you were a disengaged parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner?

A. ‘It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.’

B. ‘Great, let’s go for it!’

C. ‘Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!’

D. ‘Whatever, I don’t care.’

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

63. What parenting style is associated with the most favourable outcomes for children?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

64. Pousadeth is confident and self-assured. He has high creativity and is well liked by his peers. Beyond being the captain of the soccer team, he is also a star member of the glee club. From what is known about parenting style, which of the following is most likely what Pousadeth is the product of?

A. Authoritative parenting

B. Authoritarian parenting

C. Permissive parenting

D. Disengaged parenting

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

65. What parenting style is associated with children who tend to be less self-assured, less creative and less socially adept than other children?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

66. Boys with authoritarian parents are more likely to show ____, whereas girls more often show ____.

A. aggressiveness and unruliness; anxiousness and unhappiness

B. unhappiness and anxiousness; aggressiveness and unruliness

C. personality disorders and low grades; ADHD and high grades

D. ADHD and high grades; personality disorders and low grades

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

67. What parenting style is associated with boys who are more often aggressive and unruly and girls who are more often anxious and unhappy?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

68. Nakyla is a young girl who is often anxious and unhappy. At times she has very low self-esteem and is very fearful of new social situations. Which of the following parenting styles is Nakyla most likely a product of?

A. Authoritative parenting

B. Authoritarian parenting

C. Permissive parenting

D. Disengaged parenting

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

69.What parenting style is associated with children who lack self-control and, as a result, have difficulty getting along with peers and teachers?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

70. Jimmy is immature, lacks self-control and has trouble getting along with other children his age and his teacher. What is likely the dominant parenting style in his home?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

71. What parenting style is associated with children who tend to be impulsive and tend to have higher rates of behaviour problems?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Disengaged

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

72. The relationship between parents and children tends to be complex, and parenting style alone is not the end-all and be-all of answers. It is known that parents have a significant effect on their children, but children also have an effect on their parents; this relationship between parent and child is also known as ____.

A. reciprocal or bidirectional relationship

B. one-way or unilateral relationship

C. hypothetical or theoretical relationship

D. exponential or quadrupling relationship

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

73. According to the text, an authoritative parent of a very aggressive child with a difficult temperament, who ignores explanations of rules, may _____.

1. try harder to come up with better explanations
2. try to be more responsive to the child
3. become more authoritarian
4. negotiate with the child more often

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

74. In what types of cultures do parents expect that their authority will be obeyed without question and without requiring an explanation?

A. Western cultures

B. Traditional cultures

C. Non-traditional cultures

D. Native cultures

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

75. What is the term that describes many Asian cultures’ belief that children are expected to respect, obey and revere their parents throughout life?

A. Amae

B. Filial piety

C. Parental honorarium

D. Familial superiority

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

76. Filial piety ____.

A. is common in Asian cultures where children are expected to respect, obey and revere their parents throughout life

B. is a mode of parenting in which parents show a hands-off approach that is characteristic of low demandingness and low responsiveness

C. is an emphasis of love, closeness and mutual obligation within the Latino family

D. is a cultural mandate that requires all parents to express high responsiveness and high demandingness to their children

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

77. At age 0–2, a child is considered a ____ child.

A. Lap

B. Knee

C. Hand

D. Yard

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

78. At age 3–4, a child is considered a ____ child.

A. Lap

B. Knee

C. Hand

D. Yard

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

79. At age 5–6, a child is considered a ____ child.

A. Lap

B. Knee

C. Hand

D. Yard

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

80. Which of the following is not one of Mead’s classification of childhood social stages?

A. Lap

B. Knee

C. Hand

D. Yard

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

81. ______ children spend approximately 20% of the time they are outside their immediate home area doing errands or playing.

A. Lap

B. Knee

C. Hand

D. Yard

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

82. Most cultures share a view that children cannot reason very well until about age ___.

A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D. 7

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

83. For most cultures, it is not until ____ that discipline is used for children who do not follow expectations or do what is required of them.

A. early infancy

B. late infancy

C. toddlerhood

D. early childhood

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

84. In many cultures, when is the first time that children are disciplined?

A. Infancy

B. Early childhood

C. Middle childhood

D. Adolescence

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

85. In terms of praise as a parenting strategy, how frequently is it employed by parents in non-Western cultures?

A. About the same as Western cultures

B. Much more than Western cultures

C. Rarely

D. Never

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

86. Which of the following is a practice that requires children to sit still in a designated place for a period of time in an effort to reduce undesired behaviours?

A. Corporal punishment

B. Time out

C. Reinforcement

D. Amae

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

87. When is requiring a young child to sit still in a designated place for a brief period a good discipline strategy?

A. Any time a child misbehaves, it is effective for any child.

B. It is only effective for children who have behavioural problems.

C. It is primarily effective for children with intellectual disabilities.

D. It is mainly for girls only.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

88. You have a young child in your classroom with behavioural problems. You have tried many different strategies, unsuccessfully, to reduce the number of his inappropriate behaviours. Only one of those strategies seems to work. What strategy is it?

A. Time out

B. Physical punishment

C. Token economy

D. Shaping

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

89. What cultures mothers express disappointment and withdraw their love temporarily? The child feels shame, which is a powerful inducement not to disobey again.

A. American

B. European

C. Japanese

D. Korean

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

90. _____ is a parental practice in which shame and the withdrawal of love are used to control the behaviours of children.

A. Psychological control

B. Corporal punishment

C. Authoritative parenting style

D. An insecure attachment

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

91. Among American researchers, parenting that uses shame and withdrawal of love has been described by the term ____.

A. emotional abuse

B. emotional manipulation

C. psychological control

D. social damage

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

92. American parents who use shame and withdrawal of love in early childhood have been associated with which of the following outcomes for their children?

A. Anxiety, aggression and problems with peer relations

B. Strong ego development

C. Moral development, social maturity and psychological control

D. Academic success, athletic superiority and fairness

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

93. Physical punishment is also known as ____.

A. neutralising punishment

B. negative punishment

C. capital punishment

D. corporal punishment

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

94. How frequent is physical punishment of young children in most parts of the world?

A. Rarely used

B. Very common

C. Very rare since it is banned in most countries

D. Accepted, but not used frequently

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

95. Most countries still allow parents to spank their young children; but there are 53 countries or states that ____.

A. encourage extreme forms of verbal punishment

B. have outlawed beatings and other harsh forms of physical punishment

C. regulate punishment techniques in ‘state-sponsored’ courses on parenting

D. provide examples of appropriate punishment techniques for children in widely dispersed pamphlets

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

96. Your classmate has a son who just turned 4, whom she disciplines with physical punishment quite a lot. It appears to her that she is not being very effective in her discipline style and asks you your opinion regarding physical punishment. Citing research, you tell her that longitudinal research has discovered that physical punishment is associated with ____.

A. Bullying and delinquency in the teens and spousal abuse in adulthood

B. Strong will and character in adulthood

C. Development of self-control and educational attainment in adulthood

D. Severe psychological problems including psychosis

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

97. There are interesting cultural differences in the use of physical punishment during early childhood. For African American children, the more physical punishment they received during early childhood, the ____.

A. greater the likelihood that they would be aggressive and antisocial in adolescence

B. less likely they would be aggressive and antisocial in adolescence

C. the more likely they would be depressed and psychologically damaged as adults

D. the less likely that these children would graduate from high school

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

98. African Americans are more likely to use physical punishment as a means to correct their children; however, this is also accompanied with ____ so that the children understand that the intent is to teach them right from wrong.

A. a high degree of warmth

B. a high degree of shame

C. a low degree of acceptance

D. a low degree of empathy

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

99. There are substantial similarities worldwide in how cultures socialise young children and structure their social environments. What are the similarities?

A. Fathers take over the role of socialisation and mothers have no role at all.

B. There is a rapid and complete reduction in the roles that mothers play in their child’s social development.

C. There is an increase in the roles that mothers play in the socialisation of the child.

D. There is a gradual lessening of dependence on the mother and a move toward peers and older children.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

100. Traditionally, how long is the gap between the birth of one child and the birth of the next child worldwide?

A. 1–2 years

B. 2–4 years

C. 3–5 years

D. 4–6 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

101. Tamika and Daquon are the parents of a typical family and have three children. Based upon the reading, how many years probably separate each of their children?

A. 0–1

B. 1–3

C. 4–5

D. 2–4

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

102. Whiting and Edwards (1988) found what response was nearly universal regarding how older siblings responded to the birth of a younger sibling?

A. Great enthusiasm and joy

B. Jealousy

C. Fear

D. Expectations regarding being the younger sibling’s mentor

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

103. One study found that _____ of Australian mothers aged 40–54 had only one child.

A. 5.3%

B. 7.8%

C. 13.5%

D. 22.6%

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

104. Only children tend to be less successful than children with siblings when it comes to ______________.

A. academics

B. self-esteem

C. social maturity

D. social relations with peers

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

105. Beginning in the early 1980s, ____ made it illegal for families to have more than one child by initiating a ‘one child policy’.

A. China

B. Japan

C. Guatemala

D. South Africa

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

106. What are people with whom you develop a valued, mutual relationship?

A. Peers

B. Friends

C. Relatives

D. Siblings

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

107. ____ are persons who share some aspect of their status in common, such as age.

A. Admirers

B. Confidants

C. Siblings

D. Peers

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

108. Layla and Gregory are both 4 years old and playmates at the same day care centre. Which of the following best describes their relationship?

A. Admirers

B. Confidants

C. Neighbours

D. Peers

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

109. During early childhood, in what ways do children change in terms of play? Their play becomes ____.

A. more sex-segregated

B. more sex-diverse

C. less egalitarian

D. less gender defined

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

110. Numerous studies have determined that boys play in what ways in their play groups? They engage in ____.

A. rough and tumble, high activity and aggressive play

B. very introspective play with considerable role playing

C. quiet play with many individuals cooperatively playing

D. watching television and acting out the roles they are watching

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

111. Numerous studies have determined that girls play in what ways in their play groups? They engage in ____.

A. rough and tumble, high activity and aggressive play

B. quiet play, role playing, fantasy and cooperative play

C. watching television and engaging in aggressive acting

D. competitive play in which there is clear ‘winners’

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

112. How common is it for adults to play with children outside of the West?

A. Very common

B. Common

C. Occasional

D. Rare

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

113. What type of aggression is involved when a child wants something and uses aggressive behaviour or words to get it?

A. Instrumental aggression

B. Hostile aggression

C. Physical aggression

D. Verbal aggression

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

114. What type of aggression is involved when a child exhibits signs of anger and intends to inflict pain or harm on others?

A. Instrumental aggression

B. Hostile aggression

C. Physical aggression

D. Verbal aggression

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

115. ____ involves using aggressive behaviours to get an item that is wanted, whereas ____ is aggressive behaviour that is intended to inflict pain or harm to another person.

A. Relational aggression; physical aggression

B. Physical aggression; relational aggression

C. Instrumental aggression; hostile aggression

D. Hostile aggression; instrumental aggression

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

116. What expression of aggression involves hitting, kicking, pushing or striking someone with an object?

A. Instrumental aggression

B. Hostile aggression

C. Physical aggression

D. Verbal aggression

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

117. What expression of aggression involves yelling, calling others names or teasing?

A. Instrumental aggression

B. Hostile aggression

C. Physical aggression

D. Verbal aggression

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

118. Sophia and Yvette are playing with dolls when suddenly a third playmate, Cameron, grabs Sophia’s doll, throws it on the ground and stomps on it, while telling Yvette that Sophia’s dolls are smelly and dirty. Cameron is demonstrating ____.

A. hostile aggression

B. focused aggression

C. bilateral aggression

D. vicious aggression

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

119. Which of the following best describes relational aggression?

A. Using aggressive behaviours or words to get what is wanted

B. Aggressive behaviours that are intended to inflict pain or harm on another

C. Damaging another person’s reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip

D. Physically hitting, kicking, pushing or striking another person

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

120. What type of aggression involves damaging another person’s reputation among peers through exclusion and malicious gossip?

A. Instrumental aggression

B. Hostile aggression

C. Relational aggression

D. Verbal aggression

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

121. Boys are consistently more ____ aggressive than girls, in earlier childhood and throughout the lifespan.

A. socially

B. psychologically

C. physically

D. verbally

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

122. Your nephew has always had a difficult personality. He is now in early childhood and is very aggressive in most things that he does. Your sister is very concerned and asks you what your thoughts are. You tell her that ____.

A. she should be concerned; aggressive behaviour in early childhood is a predictor of aggression in adolescence and adulthood

B. she should not be concerned; most children in early childhood go through this phase and will eventually stop being aggressive

C. she should be concerned, but there is nothing that she can do

D. as it turns out, very aggressive children during early childhood perform at superior levels in school

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

123. Why is early childhood a crucial time for addressing physical aggression? When aggression is still high at the end of early childhood, ____.

A. it is associated with academic problems in elementary school

B. it is a time when the child gets large quickly and aggressive behaviour can be difficult to control

C. it is a strong predictor of later aggression in adolescence and adulthood

D. these children are at risk for abusive behaviour by others in their environment

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

124. Across cultures, aggression is frequently a component of children’s play in early and middle childhood, especially for boys. According to the textbook, this type of aggressive play helps to establish ____.

A. a range of what is considered acceptable play

B. a dominance hierarchy

C. play boundaries

D. aggression parameters

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

125. ____ is/are slightly more common in girls than boys, and ____ is/are slightly more common in boys than girls.

A. Verbal and relational aggression; physical aggression

B. Physical aggression; verbal and relational aggression

C. Temper tantrums and crying; effortful control

D. Effortful control; temper tantrums and crying

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

126. The average child 4-year-old in New Zealand watches ____ hours of television per day.

A. 1.2

B. 1.6

C. 2.1

D. 2.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

127. The average child 2-year-old in New Zealand watches ____ hours of television per day.

A. 1.2

B. 1.6

C. 2.1

D. 2.5

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

128. In the United States, over ____ of children aged 2–8 have a television set in their bedroom.

A. 15

B. 32

C. 40

D. 56

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

129. How much violence is in children’s programs?

A. One-quarter

B. One-third

C. One-half

D. Two-thirds

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

130. Children aged ______ are especially vulnerable to the effects of media violence because they are most likely to model their behaviour after the behaviour of others.

A. 1–3

B. 3–6

C. 4–7

D. 5–8

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

131. What has been the conclusion of five decades of research, including more than 300 studies, regarding children watching violence on TV? Watching TV violence ____.

A. helps to dissipate aggression levels in children

B. reduces overall aggression in young children

C. increases children’s aggression

D. strangely promotes children’s helping behaviour

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

132. Which of the following best describes the relationship between TV violence and aggression?

A. Research has shown that watching aggression on television is only correlated with aggressive behaviours.

B. The research is indecisive because there are too many confounding, conflicting and extraneous variables.

C. Researchers have shown that watching aggression on television causes aggressive behaviours.

D. There has been no research on watching aggression on television and how it relates to aggressive behaviours.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

133. What is the number of commercials—which consist mostly of advertisements for toys, cereal, candy and fast food—that the average child sees per year in the United States?

A. 400

B. 4,000

C. 40,000

D. 400,000

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

134. At what age do children understand the difference between an advertisement and an actual program?

A. 3 years

B. 5 years

C. 7 years

D. 9 years

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

135. Why is there a growing concern that children are watching television commercials advertising unhealthy foods?

A. Because of the international epidemic of obesity in children

B. Because it makes it very difficult for parents to get children to eat their vegetables at dinner time

C. Because these foods are generally much more expensive than healthy foods

D. Because they are not as interested in watching the Veggie Tales show

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

136. You have a 4-year-old daughter who is interested in watching television. What is your best option?

A. Watch educational programs with her.

B. Let her select the programs that she would like to watch. This will help her become more independent.

C. Allow her to invite her friends to watch television with her.

D. Do not allow her to watch television until she is at least 12 years old.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

137. Almost ______ of New Zealand mothers in one survey sang or played music with their 4-year-old children every day.

A. one-quarter

B. half

C. two-thirds

D. three-quarters

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: The child’s expanding social world

138. Children who watched Sesame Street as children were found to have _________ grades in English, math and science than children in the comparison group.

A. higher

B. lower

C. the same range of

D. 75% higher

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: The child’s expanding social world

139. At what age do children begin to pay more attention to popular music and start to recognise and prefer the latest ‘hit songs’ of the day?

A. 4 years old

B. 6 years old

C. 8 years old

D. 10 years old

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

140. It is not until early ____ that children first connect musical sounds with specific emotions.

A. infancy

B. toddlerhood

C. childhood

D. teenage years

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 6.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

Short

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

142. Describe one way that young children (between ages 3–6) learn their culture’s principles of moral conduct.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

143. At your cousin’s graduation party, you mention to your 4-year-old that Nick is going to university to become a nurse. She immediately tells you that ‘boys can’t be nurses’. Provide one explanation for her belief.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 6.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional regulation and gender socialisation

144. Describe two characteristics of children that put them at risk of being abused.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Emotional and social development: the child’s expanding social world

145. Seena tells you that her daughter is going to begin attending a preschool program; Seena’s daughter is about the same age as your sister’s daughter. Seena tells you that she is hoping that preschool will help her daughter with obedience. Based on what you have seen from your niece, this is probably not going to be the case. Why?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

146. If you were to ask a Japanese parent what they hoped their child would get out of the preschool experience, what might they say? Would you expect their response to be different from that of a Chinese parent? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Cognitive development: early childhood education

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

147. Compare and contrast the outcomes for children of authoritative parents versus those of authoritarian parents based on research with White, middle-class families. Provide a rationale for why parents’ behaviour influenced their children in these ways.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting

148. Arnett argued that ‘the parenting-style model is a cultural model, rooted in American majority culture, and does not apply well to most other cultures.’ Explain what he means, providing at least one example.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 6.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Emotional and social development: parenting