Ch6 Violence In Sports Does It Affect Test Bank + Answers

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1) As defined in the chapter, violence refers to

A) intentionally using physical force that is likely to cause harm to self or others.
B) any physical actions that are motivated by strong feelings of dislike for others.
C) actions that are both irrational and strategic.
D) any actions that are based on human instincts.

2) When violence occurs in connection with a widespread rejection of norms it often is described as anarchy; when it occurs in connection with blind obedience to norms and autocratic leaders, it is described as

A) revolution.
B) democracy.
C) fascism.
D) necessity.

3) As defined in the chapter, violence is

A) always illegal.
B) based on human instincts.
C) any action that causes property destruction or injuries to people.
D) primarily about control.

4) Studies show that in comparison with sports today, the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were

A) less likely to cause injuries.
B) more exciting.
C) more rule-governed.
D) more violent.

5) Social historians suggest that violence remains an issue in sports because

A) sports are designed to create tension and excitement.
B) coaches have little training in strategies of violence control.
C) the personalities of athletes have become more violent over time.
D) spectators are less civilized today than they were in the past.

6) The chapter is organized partly around a typology of violence developed by Mike Smith. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories in his typology?

A) Criminal violence.
B) Borderline violence.
C) Intentional violence.
D) Brutal body contact.

7) Some forms of violence are accepted widely by athletes and even used as a basis for gaining status among fellow athletes. These include

A) brutal body contact and quasi-criminal violence.
B) quasi-criminal violence and criminal violence.
C) borderline violence and brutal body contact.
D) criminal violence and borderline violence.

8) Athletes may be marginalized or formally punished if they engage in

A) brutal body contact or criminal violence.
B) quasi-criminal or criminal violence.
C) borderline violence or quasi-criminal violence.
D) violent overconformity or criminal violence.

9) Deviant overconformity is associated with some forms of violence in sports. The roots of this violence are grounded in

A) a desire for self-fulfillment and personal satisfaction.
B) a lack of commitment to team norms.
C) the desire to gain reaffirmation for one's identity as an athlete.
D) a deep and secure sense of self-worth as a human being.

10) A study by Nancy Theberge found that elite women ice hockey players have a difficult time controlling all forms of brutal body contact in their sport because

A) their coaches demand that they use violence as a game strategy.
B) they love the physicality of ice hockey.
C) they often develop a strong hatred for their opponents.
D) their teammates expect them to use forms of quasi-criminal violence.

11) Instead of saying that commercialization causes violence, the author states that it is more accurate to say that

A) money is the only cause of violence in sports.
B) human beings are instinctively violent.
C) violence is caused by the media.
D) commercialization enables more people to play violent sports.

12) Rates of violence are higher in men's sports than in women's sports because

A) violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports.
B) men love the physicality of sports whereas women do not.
C) male hormones cause men to be violent.
D) people will not pay to see women engage in violence.

13) Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that they will be

A) punished if they use any form of brutal body contact when they play.
B) rewarded if they can engage in criminal violence without guilt.
C) rejected by peers if they use borderline violence in sport.
D) evaluated favorably for their ability to combine violence and skills.

14) When playing power and performance sports boys and men learn that

A) using violence will hurt their status on teams and in sports generally.
B) being violent will help them avoid labels such as "wimp" and "fag."
C) all forms of violence lead to punishments in games.
D) being able to take violence is good but giving it is bad.

15) Using violence in sports comes to be defined as "normal" by many people when the ability to "do" violence is seen as

A) a means for males to prove their "manhood."
B) necessary if a person is to be a good leader.
C) a way to protect one's health and well-being.
D) an important part of being human.

16) Learning to use violence as a strategy in sports tends to be highest in

A) noncontact sports.
B) heavy contact sports.
C) sports that attract spectators from upper-income groups.
D) sports in which there is no protective equipment used by players.

17) The author argues that players in non-contact sports are

A) seldom rewarded for aggressive behaviors.
B) taught to use psychological as well as physical violence.
C) the most violent of all athletes when they have opportunities to be violent.
D) more likely than athletes in contact sports to use intimidation.

18) In the culture of heavy contact sports, there is a general norm emphasizing that

A) violence destroys careers.
B) fighting loses games but wins fans.
C) coaches cut violent players.
D) violence is part of the game.

19) The person who plays the role of "enforcer" on a contact sport team is expected to

A) assist referees in controlling the game.
B) intimidate and use violence against opponents.
C) provide legal advice to teammates.
D) aggravate the coach of the opposing team.

20) Information on violence in women's contact sports suggests that women are

A) genetically predisposed to be less violent than men are.
B) more likely than men to be violent in response to the commands of a coach.
C) less likely than men to use violence as proof of their sexual identity.
D) becoming less violent in sports as rewards for success become greater.

21) Research on pain and injury in sports suggests that

A) as violence increases in a sport, serious injuries among athletes decrease.
B) professional contact and collision sports are dangerous workplaces.
C) former athletes have fewer health problems than average people.
D) sports are safest when athletes overconform to the norms of the sport ethic.

22) Research indicates that concussions and repetitive subconcussive head hits can cause brain injuries that may lead to CTE—chronic traumatic encephalopathy. CTE is a neurodegenerative disease with symptoms similar to

A) diabetes.
B) a chronic form of COVID-19.
C) many autoimmune diseases.
D) early onset dementia.

23) Preventing or minimizing CTE through the use of helmets and other head protection equipment has not been successful because the helmets

A) are not always used in practices.
B) that stabilize the brain are too expensive.
C) are so heavy that they put pressure on the brain.
D) cannot stop the brain from moving inside the skull.

24) When former NFL players sued the NFL in 2012, the lawsuit was settled out of court. In the settlement, the NFL

A) admitted liability but refused to pay players with permanent head injuries.
B) admitted no liability and kept secret all its research on concussions.
C) agreed to pay over $10 billion in compensation to injured players.
D) joined with the NHL to create a fund to help injured players' families.

25) Sports organizations that sponsor youth, high school, college, or professional football face a major crisis because

A) coaches refuse to admit that there is an injury problem in their sport.
B) parents now demand that players be given more protective equipment.
C) athletes are refusing to play unless they are promised adequate health care.
D) insurance companies are refusing to cover damages due to head injuries.

26) The author notes that the legal liability related to brain injuries is most likely to affect the future of

A) global soccer leagues where players make low salaries.
B) heavy contact sports played by athletes under the legal age of consent.
C) sports played by people from low-income families.
D) women's heavy contact and collision sports.

27) It is difficult to reduce the injuries that occur in power and performance sports because

A) most serious injuries occur within the rules in these sports.
B) human beings are inherently violent.
C) most parents encourage their children to be aggressive in sports.
D) people who choose to play these sports have strong aggressive tendencies.

28) Reducing violence in the commercial forms of heavy contact sports is a challenge because

A) players are physically addicted to using violence.
B) strategies used by coaches are based on the use of violence by players.
C) spectators see violence as an indicator of player commitment and dedication.
D) it destroys the motivation of players and the culture of teams.

29) In the author's discussion of how some coaches use violence in their efforts to control, motivate, or teach players, it is noted that

A) college coaches are routinely fired for using psychological violence.
B) violence by coaches is tolerated whereas violence by teachers is not.
C) players no longer accept violence by coaches.
D) research shows that players are motivated by coaches who use violence.

30) It is difficult to say that playing violent sports causes people to be violent off the field because

A) violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent.
B) researchers cannot agree on a definition of violence.
C) athletes won't talk about their experiences on the field.
D) athletes generally look for trouble when they are off the field.

31) Sports participation may help people learn to control violent and aggressive actions in their lives. This has occurred in connection with some combat sports when the

A) people are committed to competitive success in their sport.
B) coaches teach athletes how to effectively use their bodies as weapons.
C) athletes in a sport come from mixed social class and racial backgrounds.
D) coaches promote norms emphasizing non-violence and respect for self and others.

32) Loic Wacquant's study of an inner-city boxing gym in Chicago indicated that the boxers

A) were eager to use their fighting skills to protect themselves on the streets.
B) learned to control violent actions outside the ring as they learned the craft of boxing.
C) joined the gym to learn violence in an organized setting.
D) were motivated by hate for fellow boxers who trained at other gyms.

33) Research on high school students has found that

A) males in heavy contact sports are involved in fewer fights than other athletes.
B) tennis players are involved in fewer fights than peers who don't play sports.
C) women soccer players initiate off-the-field fights more than male players do.
D) male students who have football players as friends fought less than other students.

34) In reviewing research on sexual assaults by male athletes the author emphasizes that

A) playing violent sports has no connection with sexual assault rates.
B) male athletes have higher sexual assault rates than any other group in society.
C) it is misleading to focus only on athletes when studying sexual assault.
D) male athletes are a dangerous group of people.

35) The author suggests that violence against women by male athletes is associated with four beliefs that often exist in sport cultures. Which of the following is NOT one of those beliefs?

A) Using violence is an effective strategy for establishing status as an athlete.
B) Athletes should not be held to the same standards as other men.
C) Most women expect athletes to be violent in their relationships.
D) Athletes use violence against women to cope with their failures on the field.

36) The goal of sociological research on violence among athletes is to

A) identify violent athletes and isolate them from those they may hurt.
B) understand violence in the context in which it occurs.
C) eliminate all brutal body contact in sports.
D) let athletes know what women think of them.

37) An investigation of sexual assaults by high school and club coaches in the state of Washington found that

A) nearly all offenses involved male heterosexual coaches victimizing girls.
B) more than half of all assaults were perpetrated by homosexual coaches.
C) every coach who was accused of assault was fired immediately.
D) nearly all reports of sexual misconduct were investigated by the police.

38) The author notes that the biggest sports story in 2016-2018 was that hundreds of female athletes over nearly 20 years had been sexually assaulted by

A) a highly respected sports medicine doctor.
B) assistant coaches in a top-ranked athletic department.
C) female coaches working at all levels in college sports.
D) a male executive working for the International Olympic Committee.

39) Investigative journalists and research scholars have done studies to show that

A) sexual violence against athletes is largely limited to the United States.
B) athletic administrators have been quick to report sexual violence in sports.
C) coaches who have sexually assaulted athletes often continue coaching.
D) the United States is a world leader in protecting athletes from sexual assault.

40) According to the author, watching sports on television often leads viewers to be

A) so hostile that it creates a context in which violence is common.
B) emotionally expressive, but not overtly violent.
C) targets of violence by people who dislike sports.
D) angry and violent only when they are watching with a crowd.

41) Beth Adubato's study of arrest records in Philadelphia during two NFL seasons indicated that police arrests for domestic violence are

A) lower during the hours of NFL games than for other times of the day.
B) strongly related to lopsided scores in NFL games.
C) higher on NFL game days than game days in other major men's sports.
D) bigger problem during NFL games in Philadephia than in any other NFL city.

42) Historical evidence shows that compared to spectators in the past, spectators today are

A) less violent and less likely to disrupt action on the field.
B) more violent in the stands but less violent around the stadium.
C) less violent in the stadium but more violent around it.
D) more violent and more likely to use weapons in their violence.

43) Most sociological research on sports spectator violence has been done by scholars in

A) North America.
B) South America.
C) Asia.
D) Europe.

44) Research suggests that violent confrontations between sport spectators are most likely when

A) female spectators outnumber male spectators.
B) people from different racial and ethnic groups attend the same events.
C) there are existing tensions and conflicts in a community or society.
D) venue managers install sophisticated surveillance equipment.

45) Sports spectators at North American stadiums and arenas are

A) loud and expressive but not generally violent.
B) more violent than their counterparts in Europe and Latin America.
C) likely to see sports events in political terms and use them as protest sites.
D) seldom policed when entering venues where professional teams play.

46) Soccer spectators outside of North America are more likely than North American sports spectators to use sport event as a site to

A) distract players from the visiting team.
B) throw objects at cheerleaders.
C) express political positions.
D) identify violent fans to stadium authorities.

47) When large-scale panics occur at sports venues, they

A) are fueled by emotional contagion.
B) focus on attacking the police.
C) seldom lead to injuries or deaths among spectators.
D) involve people from poor, rural backgrounds.

48) Celebratory riots have been among the most dangerous and destructive forms of sport spectator violence in North America. In the past, they occurred most often at

A) NFL playoff games.
B) college football games.
C) professional soccer matches in large cities.
D) World Series baseball games.

49) Spectator violence varies with many factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

A) The location of the event.
B) Alcohol consumption by the spectators.
C) The importance of the teams as a source of identity for the spectators.
D) The personality profiles of regular spectators at an event.

50) Research has shown that spectators are most likely to be violent when they interpret the actions of the players on the field to be

A) violent.
B) emotionally intense.
C) uncontrolled.
D) product-oriented.

51) Which of the following is NOT among the author's policy recommendations for controlling sport violence?

A) Respecting the needs and rights of the spectators.
B) Limiting on-the-field violence.
C) Establishing closer relationships between communities and teams.
D) Banning all block sales of tickets to large groups of people.

52) The primary goal of the suggestions for controlling spectator violence is to create

A) fear and anxiety among spectators.
B) new antiviolence norms among spectators.
C) a policing system that is covert and unseen by spectators.
D) events that limit emotional expression among spectators.

53) In the information on terrorism and sports, it is noted that

A) since 9/11/2001, security at sports events has decreased.
B) there has never been a case of terrorism at a major sport event.
C) sports can't be separated from aspects of social life that inspire terrorism.
D) terrorists are regularly arrested at sports events in the U.S.

54) According to the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism,

A) marathons have been the target of dozens of terrorist attacks in recent years.
B) security costs to protect major sport events are very low.
C) sport events can be attractive to terrorists because they receive media coverage.
D) all terrorist attacks are motivated by religious beliefs.

55) Due to general fears about terrorist attacks at sports events, people

A) are more willing to accept a militaristic approach to social control at events.
B) have become more knowledgeable about world events.
C) are more willing to pay high prices for seats close to exits.
D) have developed a wide range of strategies to protect themselves at events.

56) Compared to the inflation-adjusted cost of providing security at the Olympic Games before the year 2000, security costs for the 2002 and subsequent Games have

A) increased only when the Games been held in autocratic countries.
B) declined when the games were held in democratic countries.
C) been less than one percent of total costs for the Games.
D) increased dramatically as the fears of people have increased.