Ch8 Development Of Emotions In Childhood Complete Test Bank

Chapter 8:

Development of Emotions in Childhood

1. According to the _________________, emotional development takes place as children establish new goal states and new ways of evaluating emotional events, and as their relationships with others change over time.

a. natural kinds theory

b. differential emotions theory

c. differentiation theory

d. emotions as relational processes theory

Source: Page 201.

2. Bennett and colleagues (2005) used an arm restraint condition to elicit emotional expressions from 4 and 12 month old infants. Four month olds differed from 12 month olds because the 4 month olds expressed anger _______________.

a. mostly through struggling whereas the 12 month olds tended to yell when angry.

b. mostly through yelling whereas the 12 month olds tended to struggle when angry.

c. more often than the 12 month olds.

d. less often than the 12 month olds.

Source: Page 203.

3. The largest growth of fear expressions occurs between ______________ of age.

a. birth and 2 months

b. 4 and 12 months.

c. birth and 6 months.

d. 12 and 24 months.

Source: Page 204.

4. Between 12 and 24 months of age children respond to another’s distress by:

a. comforting that individual, bringing a parent, or offering an object.

b. offering comfort in ways that they themselves like to be comforted.

c. offering comfort in a manner that is tailored to the individual needs of others.

d. both a & b.

Source: Page 207.

5. Embarrassment and envy are examples of _________ emotions. These emotions begin to emerge in children who are ______ months age.

a. self-conscious; 24

b. prosocial; 12

c. self-conscious; 18

d. prosocial; 18

Source: Page 206.

6. There is a key developmental milestone that seems to enable the experience and expression of anger in children. To feel and express anger children must:

a. be able to imitate other people’s actions.

b. have means-end knowledge.

c. have the cognitive capacity to compare a potentially threatening event with similar events in memory.

d. have developed a theory-of-mind.

Source: Page 203.

7. The development of ________________________ allows for experiences of empathy and embarrassment.

a. means-end knowledge

b. memory capacity

c. consciousness and mentalizing abilities

d. patience and observational skills

Source: Page 208.

8. Based on the mirror-rouge paradigm, a child who detects a mark of rouge on their face would be predicted to:

a. show embarrassment.

b. show anger.

c. show guilt.

d. all of the above.

Source: Page 208.

9. Social referencing is:

a. when one makes an upwards comparison by contrasting themselves with a high-performing peer.

b. when one makes a downwards comparison by contrasting themselves with a low-performing peer.

c. the ability to cooperate and work in a group.

d. the ability to use the emotional displays of others to guide one’s own behavior.

Source: Page 211.

10. A recent study by Nelson and Russell (2011) tested 3-to-5-year-olds’ ability to recognize happiness, sadness, anger, and fearfulness in three conditions (face-only, voice-only, body posture-only). Results showed that children were most successful at recognizing emotions in the _________ condition.

a. multi-cue

b. face-only

c. voice-only

d. body posture-only and face-only

Source: Page 215

11. Curtis and Cicchetti (2013) collected event-related brain potential (ERP) signals while non-maltreated and maltreated children viewed different emotional expressions. Compared to non-maltreated children, maltreated children:

a. showed greater ERP amplitude to happy expressions.

b. showed greater ERP amplitude to angry expressions.

c. showed lower ERP amplitude to angry expressions.

d. both a & b.

Source: Page 216.

12. The negativity bias is:

a. a tendency to be more sensitive to unpleasant stimuli compared to pleasant stimuli.

b. common in adolescence and all but absent in early childhood and adulthood.

c. unlikely to occur unless children are exposed to negative affect and witness negative social interactions early in life.

d. all of the above.

Source: Pages 216.

13. One method of regulating emotions is cognitive change, which is when:

a. an undesired emotional reaction is punished and a desired emotional reaction is rewarded.

b. social modelling is used to teach children how to act given different emotional states.

c. an emotionally charged situation is reappraised.

d. one disengages from an emotionally upsetting event and effortfully shifts one’s cognitive attention elsewhere.

Source: Page 219.

14. Based on genetic studies, heritability estimates of over 40% have been produced for ___________________, respectively.

a. sociability and temperament.

b. sociability and impulsivity.

c. regulation control and effortful control.

d. attentional control and effortful control.

Source: Page 221.

15. The presence of the short allele (s/s) of the 5-HTT gene is associated with:

a. recover from distressing events at an accelerated rate.

b. increased emotional reactivity.

c. increased attentional vigilance toward positively valenced events.

d. both a & c.

Source: Page 226.

16. By four years of age, children carry out role assignments during pretend play. What is true of pretend play?

a. It is based on abstraction.

b. It involves enacting a series of behaviors which are coordinated with the play partner.

c. It demonstrates how complicated social behaviors can be.

d. all of the above.

Source: page 207

17. Theory of mind is the ability to understand oneself and others in terms of mental states (emotions, desires, and beliefs). Caputi and colleagues (2012) found that five-year-olds’ theory of mind predicted seven-year-olds’ ___________. This relationship was explained by ________________.

a. sibling relationships; improved self-regulation skills at six years of age

b. sibling relationships; improved prosocial skills at six years of age

c. peer relationships; improved prosocial skills at six years of age

d. peer relationships; improved self-regulation skills at six years of age

Source: page 209

18. The cognitive milestone labeled _____________ occurs before the expression of the _________.

a. Expectancy disconfirmation/attributional thinking; fear

b. Means-end knowledge/expectancy violation; happiness

c. Means-end knowledge/expectancy violation; sadness

d. Expectancy disconfirmation/attributional thinking; surprise

Source: page 210

19. The habituation paradigm is based on the finding that:

a. infants look at patterns that are new to them for longer periods of time than patterns that are familiar.

b. infants look at familiar patterns for longer periods of time than patterns that are familiar.

c. infants look at patterns that are new to them for shorter periods of time than patterns that are familiar.

d. both a and b

Source: page 210

20. Emotion face processing has been found to be dominant in the right hemisphere and orbitofrontal cortex regions of typically developing infants. Infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder show greater activation in the _______________ when viewing facial expressions.

a. primary visual cortex

b. left orbitofrontal cortex

c. somatosensory association cortex

d. gustatory cortex

Source: page 211