Ch8 Complete Test Bank Minerals The Inorganic Regulators

Nutrition for Health, Fitness & Sport, 12e (Williams)

Chapter 8 Minerals: The Inorganic Regulators

1) Which of the following statements about minerals is true?

A) Minerals can be classified as major, trace, or minerals that may possibly be essential

B) Minerals are organic nutrients

C) All elements are minerals

D) Minerals provide approximately 3 kcal per gram consumed

2) Which of the following statements concerning mineral deficiencies or excesses is false?

A) If dietary intake is insufficient, minerals can be synthesized from precursors in the liver.

B) Additional minerals may be needed for the synthesis of new tissues associated with physical training.

C) The body may absorb more of a mineral from food and excretes less when a deficiency occurs.

D) Excessive consumption of minerals may cause a number of health problems, even in relatively small doses.

3) All of the following are major minerals except ________.

A) iron

B) potassium

C) magnesium

D) calcium

4) Trace minerals ________.

A) are found in large quantities in most processed foods

B) have physiological roles that may have important implications for health or physical performance

C) are hard to obtain, and minor deficiencies are common

D) are abundant, and dietary excesses are common

5) Which of the following is classified as a trace mineral?

A) Selenium

B) Sodium

C) Sulfur

D) Chloride

6) Arsenic is classified as a ________.

A) mineral that may possibly be essential

B) major mineral

C) trace mineral

D) micromineral

7) Which of the following minerals is most important to bone health?

A) Phosphorus

B) Sodium

C) Zinc

D) Selenium

8) Which of the following minerals is most important for ion balance in cells?

A) Chloride

B) Copper

C) Iron

D) Iodine

9) Which of the following minerals is most important as part of antioxidant processes in the human body?

A) Selenium

B) Chromium

C) Calcium

D) Fluoride

10) A major mineral is defined as a mineral that the body needs in amounts greater than ________ daily.

A) 100 mg

B) 2 g

C) 4 g

D) 500 mg

11) According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, ________ is considered a "nutrient of public health concern."

A) calcium

B) fluoride

C) phosphorus

D) zinc

12) According to the RDA for calcium, a 40-year-old healthy female should consume ________ mg of calcium daily.

A) 1000

B) 800

C) 1200

D) 2500

13) To maximize calcium absorption from the GI tract, Tonya should consume ________.

A) adequate vitamin D

B) a high-fiber diet

C) a high-phosphorus diet

D) more spinach, which contains oxalic acid

14) All of the following factors decrease calcium absorption except ________.

A) normal HCl secretion as part of gastric juices

B) a deficiency of vitamin D

C) chronic diarrhea

D) following a high-fiber diet

15) Which of the following statements about phosphorus is false?

A) Phosphorus deficiency is common, leading to muscle cramping and cardiac arrhythmias.

B) Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the human body.

C) Dairy foods, seafood, nuts, and seeds are good sources of phosphorus.

D) About 85% of phosphorus is found as part of teeth and bones.

16) Magnesium ________.

A) plays an important role in energy metabolism, muscle activity, and heart health

B) is a mineral that, when deficient, can cause anemia

C) is found only in animal foods, making vegans at the greatest risk for a deficiency

D) is the third most abundant mineral in the human body

17) Which of the following factors increases the bioavailability of iron?

A) Consumption of vitamin C

B) Consumption of nonheme iron

C) Consumption of tannins (from tea)

D) Taking a medication that reduces acidity in the stomach

18) The major function of iron in the body is the formation of compounds essential to the transportation and utilization of oxygen. To further this purpose, ________.

A) approximately 70 percent of the body iron is in storage form

B) the iron that is stored in the tissues is stored principally as compounds called ferritins

C) the vast majority of iron in the body is used to form hemoglobin

D) the body loses 10–15 mg of iron each day

19) Heme iron ________.

A) is found predominately in animal foods

B) is less readily absorbed than nonheme iron

C) should be avoided in the diet to prevent iron overload

D) is a major mineral

20) Excessive iron in children may be associated with which one of the following dangers?

A) Iron is depleted from the liver which causes hemochromatosis

B) Oxidization of HDL cholesterol, a reaction believed to be one of the causes of atherosclerosis

C) High body iron stores have been definitely linked to increased risk of CHD

D) Deaths due to overdoses of iron, obtained by eating large amounts of candy-flavored vitamin tablets with iron

21) Research supports which of the following statements on iron supplementation?

A) If iron-deficiency anemia exists, iron therapy could help to increase physical performance.

B) With iron-deficient, nonanemic subjects, iron supplementation will improve VO2 max.

C) With normal hemoglobin levels, iron supplementation will improve VO2 max.

D) High iron stores will increase the risk of CHD.

22) Commons signs and symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia include all of the following except ________.

A) increased risk for bone fracture

B) fatigue and weakness

C) hair loss

D) abnormally shaped fingernails

23) Which of the following is not a major function of zinc?

A) Maintenance of fluid balance

B) Promotion of eye health

C) Promotion of immune system functions

D) Regulation of gene expression

24) The most important role of chromium in health is as part of ________, which helps to optimize the activity of insulin.

A) glucose tolerance factor

B) hemoglobin

C) red blood cells

D) superoxide dismutase

25) Chromium ________.

A) exists in several different oxidative states, with trivalent chromium being most important to health

B) is found predominately in dairy foods, including cheese and milk

C) is readily absorbed from the GI tract, with about about 70% of ingested chromium being absorbed

D) supplementation has been found to improve athletic performance in endurance athletes

26) Which of the following minerals plays the most important role in preventing dental caries or cavities?

A) Fluoride

B) Iodine

C) Manganese

D) Chromium

27) All of the following are considered risk factors for osteoporosis except ________.

A) being a premenopausal female

B) smoking cigarettes

C) not exercising

D) consuming inadequate amounts of calcium and/or vitamin D

28) Which of the following foods would be considered a poor source of iron?

A) Milk

B) Whole grain cereal

C) Chicken

D) Beef

29) Which of the following statements about trabecular bone is false?

A) Trabecular bone is compact

B) Trabecular bone has a spongy appearance

C) Trabecular bone is found in the vertebrae

D) Trabecular bone is more susceptible to calcium loss than other types of bone

30) Of the following individuals, who has the lowest requirement for iron?

A) Adolescent boys

B) Young adult females

C) Adult males

D) Female distance runners

31) Iron is important in the body because it is ________.

A) needed for blood clotting

B) an integral part of bones and teeth

C) a constituent of hemoglobin

D) a coenzyme for the use of fat in the muscle cell

32) Excessive intake of iron can lead to a condition called hemochromatosis, which leads to damage of the ________.

A) liver

B) kidneys

C) heart

D) brain

33) What disease is prevalent in the elderly and may be due to an inadequate calcium intake during childhood, adolescence, and/or young adulthood?

A) Osteoporosis

B) Rickets

C) Xerophthalmia

D) Pernicious anemia

34) The mineral ________ is involved in the activity of glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme important to protecting cells from oxidative damage.

A) selenium

B) magnesium

C) iodine

D) chromium

35) Maya has a family history of osteoporosis and is concerned about her own risk. Which two nutrients should Maya ensure she is consuming in adequate amounts to lower her risk for osteoporosis?

A) Vitamin D and calcium

B) Iron and vitamin K

C) Vitamin C and phosphorus

D) Folate and calcium

36) Fresh fruits and vegetables are generally ________.

A) high in potassium and low in sodium

B) high in iron and low in the B vitamins

C) high in vitamin A and low in vitamin C

D) high in iron and low in calcium

37) In order to optimize iron absorption, vegetarians should eat iron-rich plant foods with ________.

A) vitamin C

B) vitamin A

C) selenium

D) vitamin B12

38) According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, ________ is a "nutrient of public health concern."

A) iron

B) fluoride

C) phosphorus

D) zinc

39) In general, if an athlete is going to take a one-a-day vitamin-mineral supplement, it is recommended that the supplement contain no more than ________ percent of the RDA or AI for any mineral.

A) 50–100

B) 100–200

C) 200–300

D) 25–50

40) Laney is a 20-year old cross-country student-athlete. She has recently been experiencing symptoms consistent with iron-deficiency anemia. All of the following factors are likely contributing to the anemia except ________.

A) training at low altitudes

B) excessive menstruation

C) inadequate dietary intake of iron

D) iron losses through urine, feces, and/or sweat

41) The female athlete triad refers to ________.

A) a female athlete who has a dietary deficiency in iron, calcium, and zinc

B) a female athlete who has a combination of brittle bones, amenorrhea, and disordered eating patterns

C) a female who has high estrogen, high bone mineral density, and is an elite athlete

D) the three bone fracture sites that occur commonly in female athletes: wrist, vertebrae, and hip

42) To lower her risk for osteoporosis, Jaelyn has been encouraged to regularly participate in weight-bearing exercises. All of the following are considered weight-bearing exercise except ________.

A) swimming

B) tennis

C) hiking

D) dancing

43) When it comes to calcium balance, the priority of the body is ________.

A) to excrete about two-thirds of daily calcium intake through sweat

B) to absorb 100 percent of the calcium the diet provides

C) to maintain bone calcium levels, even at the expense of blood levels

D) to maintain blood calcium levels, even at the expense of bone

44) The three main sites of osteoporosis fractures are the ________.

A) spinal vertebrae, wrist, and hip

B) wrist, elbow, and ankle

C) ankle, hip, and collarbone (clavicle)

D) collarbone (clavicle), spinal vertebrae, and hip

45) A mineral is an element, but an element is not always a mineral.

46) Sodium, potassium, zinc, and iron are all minerals important for nerve impulses.

47) Most studies report that athletes are consuming adequate amounts of calcium on a daily basis.

48) A major mineral is one that is needed by the human body in amounts of 1000 mg or more daily.

49) Boron, nickel, and arsenic are all classified as minerals that may possibly be essential.

50) Bryce is a 32-year-old teacher who does high-intensity interval training four times a week. Based on the RDA for calcium, Bryce should consume at least 1000 mg calcium daily.

51) Soft drinks often have a relatively high phosphate content. As such, consuming large amounts of soft drinks can decrease calcium absorption and increase a person's risk for osteoporosis.

52) For athletes considering sodium phosphate salt supplementation, some research suggests that supplementation may enhance performance in endurance athletes. However, such phosphate salts are currently prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.

53) Over half of the magnesium in the human body is stored in skeletal muscle.

54) One symptom of magnesium deficiency is muscle cramping, which may occur because the low levels of magnesium are not able to block the stimulating effect of calcium on muscle contraction.

55) Sixty-year-old Lillian recently fell and broke her wrist. A subsequent bone scan indicated Lillian has low bone mineral density and is at high risk for fracture due to osteoporosis. To help to prevent further bone injury, you might recommend that Lillian consume a diet adequate in calcium and vitamin D, participate in weight-bearing exercise, avoid stress, and limit alcohol consumption.

56) The bioavailability of heme iron is greater than that of nonheme iron.

57) Brazil nuts are one of the best food sources of zinc.

58) Consuming large amounts of iron from supplements can lead to iron toxicity.  Iron accumulates in the liver and can lead to a condition called hemochromatosis, which causes cirrhosis and may lead to destruction of the liver.

59) Research suggests that endurance athletes should take copper supplements to enhance performance.

60) Nonheme iron is found only in plant foods.

61) Low serum ferritin levels generally reflect low iron stores in the cells.

62) Zinc is a component of enzymes that are involved in the major pathways of energy metabolism, protein synthesis, the growth process, and wound healing.

63) Boron has been found to enhance athletic performance and the use of boron supplements is recommended.

64) Vanadium has been found to enhance body composition and physical performance and vanadium supplementation is safe for all athletes.

65) Chromium supplementation should be recommended to athletes as a means to promote muscle growth or fat loss.