Test Bank Docx Vitamins Fat & Water Soluble Ch7

Nutrition for Health, Fitness & Sport, 12e (Williams)

Chapter 7 Vitamins: Fat-Soluble, Water-Soluble, and Vitamin-Like Compounds

1) According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following vitamins is considered a "nutrient of public health concern?"

A) Vitamin D

B) Vitamin B12

C) Vitamin B6

D) Vitamin K

2) Free radicals ________.

A) contain two electrons in the outer orbit

B) may be very reactive with body tissues

C) are not linked to DNA damage and the development of cancer

D) can be neutralized only by taking beta-carotene or vitamin E supplements

3) Which of the following statements is true of vitamins?

A) Vitamins are organic nutrients.

B) Vitamins are a source of energy, providing about 2 kcal per gram consumed.

C) Vitamins are considered nonessential nutrients.

D) Vitamins are only found in fresh fruits and vegetables.

4) Which of the following is considered a vitamin-like substance?

A) Carnitine

B) Niacin

C) Riboflavin

D) Biotin

5) During the ________ stage of a vitamin deficiency, the body's pool of the vitamin is decreased. This can often be identified through blood or tissue tests.

A) biochemical deficiency

B) preliminary

C) physiological deficiency

D) clinically manifest vitamin deficiency

6) During the ________ stage of a vitamin deficiency, a person is likely to experience nonspecific symptoms such as loss of appetite, weakness, or fatigue. 

A) physiological deficiency

B) preliminary

C) biochemical deficiency

D) clinically manifest vitamin deficiency

7) Which of the following statements regarding vitamin deficiency is false?

A) Bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that the body absorbs

B) Biochemical deficiency can often be identified by blood or tissue tests

C) Subclinical malnutrition always impairs physical performance

D) A clinically manifest vitamin deficiency adversely affects both health and performance

8) Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?

A) Vitamin E

B) Folate

C) Vitamin B12

D) Vitamin C

9) Niacin is classified as a fat-soluble vitamin.

10) Vitamin D ________.

A) is obtained by exposing the legs and back to about 5 minutes of winter sunshine once a week

B) is found naturally in green leafy vegetables and whole milk

C) can prevent osteomalacia

D) plays a central role in iron absorption

11) Which of the following is true of vitamin E?

A) The RDA for vitamin E is given in alpha-tocopherol equivalents.

B) Vitamin E is a water-soluble vitamin.

C) Green leafy vegetables are generally an excellent source of vitamin E.

D) Vitamin E cannot be stored in the body.

12) Which of the following statements about thiamin is false?

A) Thiamin is essential for the blood-clotting process.

B) Thiamin is important as part of a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism.

C) Thiamin was the first vitamin to be discovered.

D) Thiamin can be found in both plant and animal food sources.

13) Which of the following statements about niacin is true?

A) Niacin is found naturally in many foods and can also be formed in the body from tryptophan.

B) Niacin is considered a vitamin-like substance.

C) Niacin supplementation has been shown to optimize exercise performance.

D) Deficiencies of niacin are common in the United States, particularly in children.

14) Vitamin B6 is a collective term for three naturally occurring substances that are all metabolically and functionally related. Vitamin B6 ________.

A) deficiencies are more common in male athletes than female athletes

B) is involved in the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, and fat

C) deficiencies have been associated with an increase in an individual's exercise program

D) supplementation produces an ergogenic effect on metabolic functions during exercise: the capacity to do more work

15) Cobalamin, more commonly called vitamin B12, ________.

A) was one of the first parts of the B complex group to be discovered

B) is found abundantly in plant foods

C) is essential in the synthesis of DNA and in the development of red blood cells

D) when taken as a supplement, will increase metabolic functions, such as endurance performance

16) Which of the following is NOT considered one of the key functions of vitamin C in human health?

A) Coenzyme in energy metabolism

B) Antioxidant

C) Increases absorption of iron from the GI tract

D) Wound healing

17) Which vitamin is the only one that is assigned hormonal status in its active form?

A) Vitamin E

B) Vitamin K

C) Thiamin

D) Vitamin D

18) Which vitamin is an essential component of coenzyme A (CoA)?

A) Pantothenic acid

B) Biotin

C) Choline

D) Riboflavin

19) As part of PLP, the vitamin that is most important for protein metabolism is ________.

A) vitamin B6

B) vitamin B12

C) thiamin

D) pantothenic acid

20) Which of the following statements about riboflavin is false?

A) Riboflavin is only found naturally in animal food sources.

B) Riboflavin is a component of both FMN and FAD.

C) Riboflavin is important for energy metabolism.

D) In most athletes, riboflavin supplementation is not necessary and will not lead to any benefits in exercise performance.

21) Megadoses of ________ may be effective in the treatment of high serum lipid levels, particularly in those individuals who cannot tolerate statin medications.

A) niacin

B) vitamin A

C) folate

D) choline

22) Which of the following statements is true concerning vitamin supplements?

A) A megadose is generally defined as an amount ten times the RDA, although it is sometimes lower for certain vitamins.

B) Vitamin/mineral overdoses result in about 1,000 fatalities in the United States each year.

C) You should buy supplements containing 200 percent of the RDA for all vitamins and minerals.

D) National brands of supplements are more expensive, but have less impurities, thus, they are a more prudent choice.

23) Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?

A) Vitamins A, D, E, and K

B) Vitamins A, folate, niacin, and pantothenic acid

C) Vitamins C, E, and K

D) Riboflavin, niacin, and biotin

24) All of the following are considered good sources of vitamin C except ________.

A) chicken

B) strawberries

C) green leafy vegetables

D) citrus fruits

25) Vitamin A toxicity is MOST LIKELY to occur from ________.

A) consuming too many dark green and deep orange vegetables

B) eating liver more than once per week

C) consuming high-dosage vitamin A supplements

D) drinking too much vitamin A fortified milk

26) The vitamin most likely to be deficient in the diet of a vegan is ________.

A) vitamin B12

B) folate

C) vitamin K

D) niacin

27) Which of the following statements about vitamin B6 is false?

A) The term vitamin B6 refers to a family of compounds: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine

B) As a coenzyme, vitamin B6 acts in the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to one of the essential vitamins

C) Vitamin B6 is fat-soluble and, therefore, can be stored in the body

D) Foods containing vitamin B6 should be included in the diet daily

E) The richest food sources of vitamin B6 are meats, liver, vegetables, and whole grains

28) Pantothenic acid is ________.

A) a vitamin like compound

B) a long chain fatty acid obtained in the diet

C) a byproduct of intense exercise

D) an essential component of coenzyme A (CoA)

29) Anemia can occur as a result of a deficiency in vitamin B6, folate, and/or ________.

A) vitamin B12

B) riboflavin

C) thiamin

D) pantothenic acid

30) Xerophthalmia is associated with a deficiency of ________.

A) vitamin D

B) vitamin K

C) vitamin A

D) vitamin B12

31) Consuming inadequate amounts of ________ can lead to increased blood levels of homocysteine, a possible risk factor for heart disease.

A) folate

B) choline

C) vitamin D

D) vitamin E

32) If an athlete is on a well-balanced and nutrient-dense diet, which of the following is true?

A) Vitamin B12 supplements are needed to increase endurance

B) Niacin supplements should be ingested to help burn fat

C) Quercetin supplements will improve exercise performance

D) Adequate vitamin nutrition should be obtained through the diet

33) A key function of most B vitamins is as ________.

A) coenzymes in energy metabolism

B) hormones

C) antioxidants

D) a source of kcals

34) Excessive intake of ________ should be avoided during pregnancy as excess can be teratogenic, causing serious birth defects.

A) vitamin A

B) vitamin C

C) vitamin D

D) riboflavin

35) Which of the following vitamins are considered antioxidant vitamins?

A) Vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E

B) Folate, vitamin C, and vitamin B12

C) Vitamin E, vitamin K, and vitamin B12

D) Folate, riboflavin, and niacin

36) Which vitamin is most difficult to obtain from natural dietary sources, although it may be found in several fortified foods?

A) Thiamin

B) Niacin

C) Vitamin D

D) Vitamin E

37) Which of the following athletes is at the greatest risk for a deficiency of vitamin D? 

A) Athlete who lives at a higher latitude and who trains indoors

B) Athlete who lives at a lower latitude and trains outdoors

C) Athlete who trains outdoors during the summer months

D) Athlete who participates in an endurance sport

38) Many of the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as bruising and failure of wounds to heal, are related to the role of vitamin C in the synthesis of ________.

A) calcium and iron

B) thyroxin

C) collagen

D) adrenal hormones

39) What do superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase have in common?

A) They are associated with B vitamin coenzymes in metabolism of carbohydrate.

B) They are necessary for digestion of protein in the duodenum of the small intestine.

C) They function as natural, endogenous antioxidant enzymes in the tissues.

D) They are, respectively, synonyms for vitamin D, vitamin K, and vitamin C.

E) They are phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables along with essential vitamins.

40) Emily is concerned she is not getting enough vitamin E in her diet. To increase vitamin E intake, Emily could consume more ________.

A) almonds

B) dairy foods

C) citrus fruits

D) poultry

41) One argument against ingesting more vitamins than the amount recommended is ________.

A) too many vitamins can lead to over-storage of carbohydrate in adipose tissue

B) too much vitamin D can turn your nose orange

C) vitamins may build up in tissues and interfere with some vital physiological processes

D) too much folate can lead to xerophthalmia

42) Twenty-year-old Ailey recently started taking a beta-carotene supplement. Taking a beta-carotene supplement can lead to ________.

A) carotenemia

B) rickets

C) anemia

D) xerophthalmia

43) The B vitamins play major roles in ________.

A) facilitating energy production and making red blood cells

B) maintaining skin health and decreasing oxidative damage to skin cells

C) decreasing free radicals and increasing epinephrine from the brain

D) increasing fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue and serving as neurotransmitters

44) Mark has been experiencing some unusual symptoms over the past two months and his health care provider suspects a vitamin deficiency. The glossitis, cracks at the corner of the mouth, and dry/itchy skin that Mark has been experiencing are likely a result of a ________ deficiency.

A) riboflavin

B) folate

C) biotin

D) vitamin B12

45) Because vitamin A is fat soluble ________.

A) it is easily stored by the body and can be toxic when consumed in excessive amounts

B) it must go through beta-oxidation in order to be used for fuel

C) it must be ingested in high amounts when exercising to burn additional fat stores

D) it is poorly absorbed during digestion

46) A curious finding of research on the effects of antioxidants on health is ________.

A) antioxidant supplements are always more effective than diets high in antioxidants

B) antioxidant supplements always work, but not any better than diets high in antioxidants

C) sometimes antioxidant supplements reduce disease prevalence, and sometimes they increase disease prevalence

D) neither supplemental nor dietary antioxidants have ever been shown to improve health. This only works in theory, but not in real life.

47) According to the RDA for this vitamin, a healthy 30-year old female should consume at least 15 mcg daily of ________.

A) vitamin D

B) folate

C) vitamin B12

D) vitamin C

48) Vitamin C undergoes several conversions in the body and in its active form functions as a hormone.

49) While vitamin supplements will not necessarily enhance athletic performance, consuming large amounts of vitamins also poses no risk to health so is often advised for athletes.

50) Humans can store relatively large amounts of vitamin A in the body and, therefore, toxicity is a concern.

51) The most biologically active form of vitamin D is calcitriol. This form of vitamin D is made in the liver.

52) The biological activity of the gamma-tocopherol form of vitamin E is significantly greater than that of alpha-tocopherol.

53) Loss of night vision is one of the first symptoms of vitamin E deficiency.

54) Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is needed to prevent glossitis and to facilitate the formation of oxidative enzymes known as flavoproteins.

55) Pantothenic acid is involved in gluconeogenesis and has an important function at the center of energy pathways; thus, deficiencies could decrease the availability of acetyl CoA for the Krebs cycle.

56) Biotin serves as a coenzyme for several enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and the synthesis of glucose and fatty acids.

57) Victor has been restricting his diet in preparation for an upcoming wrestling match. Collectively, a deficiency of B vitamins could negatively impact athletic performance.

58) Most athletes can consumed adequate amounts of vitamin B6 from a well-balanced diet. As such, vitamin B6 supplementation is not routinely recommended for athletes.

59) Vitamins often work in conjunction with minerals; such is the case with vitamin E and selenium.

60) An "antioxidant" supplement will likely contain beta-carotene, vitamin C, and/or vitamin E.

61) During exercise, vitamin C plays a role in the synthesis of certain hormones and neurotransmitters, including epinephrine.

62) In order for vitamin D to function effectively in the body, the hormone form, which is produced by the liver and kidney, must be converted by sunlight to the active vitamin form. This vitamin form then works in conjunction with parathormone to help regulate calcium metabolism.

63) Sports dietitians often recommend that athletes consume a biotin supplement as blood levels of biotin are frequently low in those individuals participating in daily physical activity.

64) Niacin supplementation may be a useful means to help reduce serum cholesterol levels, but high doses may cause liver damage in some individuals so niacin supplements should not be taken indiscriminately.

65) In general, supplements with individual vitamins as well as multivitamin supplements have not been shown to enhance physical performance in a wide variety of events ranging from strength/power sports to prolonged aerobic endurance events.

66) Inadequate ________ has been associated with rickets in children.

A) vitamin D

B) vitamin A

C) folate

D) biotin

67) Which vitamin is essential for the blood clotting process?

A) Vitamin K

B) Vitamin D

C) Vitamin A

D) Vitamin C

68) Frank is a 52-year-old teacher who has been working long hours over the past six months. He finds himself so busy that he rarely eats during the day and only eats about 1,000 kcal daily. Recently, Frank has been experiencing weakness, fatigue, and poor appetite. His healthcare provider believes these symptoms may be a result of a deficiency of one or more vitamins. This stage of a vitamin deficiency is called the biochemical stage.

69) Zoe recently found out she is pregnant. Which vitamin is particularly important during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects?

A) Folate

B) Vitamin K

C) Vitamin D

D) Riboflavin