Exam Questions Chapter 6 Rawson Protein The Tissue Builder

Nutrition for Health, Fitness & Sport, 12e (Williams)

Chapter 6 Protein: The Tissue Builder

1) All of the following are true physiological functions exhibited by protein EXCEPT ________.

A) it forms the structural basis of muscle tissue

B) it is the major component of most enzymes in the muscle

C) it is the major energy source during exercise

D) All of the choices are correct.

2) Compared to carbohydrates and fats, proteins are unique in that they also contain ________.

A) nitrogen

B) hydrogen

C) oxygen

D) carbon

3) Which of the following statements about animal proteins is true?

A) Many animal proteins are considered complete proteins

B) Animal sources of protein promote muscle synthesis better than plant sources of protein

C) Sources of animal protein are naturally low in fat

D) Animal proteins should be combined in complementary meals to ensure a mix of amino acids is consumed

4) Which of the following amino acids is considered an essential amino acid?

A) Valine

B) Alanine

C) Serine

D) Tyrosine

5) The ________ amino acid is the essential amino acid found in the lowest concentration in a source of protein.

A) limiting

B) incomplete

C) nondispensible

D) conditionally essential

6) Shayna is worried about her protein intake and is trying to include more protein in her diet now that she is training for an upcoming Crossfit competition. Which of the following foods contains the most protein?

A) 1 cup Greek yogurt

B) 1 egg

C) 1 slice whole wheat bread

D) 1/4 cup roasted peanuts

7) There are ________ amino acids that are uniquely combined to make up proteins important for human health and wellness.

A) 20

B) 10

C) 50

D) 100

8) Because the human body cannot store excess nitrogen, ________.

A) deamination removes it from the amino acid, leaving a substrate known as acetyl CoA

B) ammonia is formed from the excess nitrogen and the liver converts it into urea, which is eventually eliminated by the kidneys

C) the possible energy content of excess amino acids is wasted

D) All of the choices are correct.

9) When considering the functions of protein in human nutrition, which of the following is true?

A) The branched-chain amino acids constitute a significant amount of muscle tissue

B) The potential energy contained in protein can not be used in the human body

C) Protein is a major energy source for humans at rest

D) Tissue building takes precedence over energy production during periods of semistarvation

10) Research suggests that protein may be a significant source of energy during ________.

A) strenuous weight training and accounts for up to 15 percent of the total energy cost

B) brief sessions of high-intensity exercise

C) the latter stage of prolonged endurance exercise, when protein could contribute up to 15 percent of the total energy cost

D) times when the body stores of glycogen and glucose are adequate

11) Which of the following statements concerning protein metabolism and exercise is NOT true?

A) Weight training promotes synthesis of the contractile muscle proteins.

B) The effect of training in producing a positive protein balance during the recovery period depends on an adequate supply of protein and kcal.

C) Aerobic exercise stimulates synthesis of oxidative and mitochondria enzymes.

D) After exercise, protein balance is at the very most maintained, but is usually negative.

12) Amino acids go through a process called deamination whereby the nitrogen-containing group on the amino acid is removed and ammonia accumulates. In the liver, toxic ammonia is converted into ________, which can then be eliminated in the urine.

A) urea

B) ketone bodies

C) glucose

D) acetyl CoA

13) Wyatt is a healthy 22-year-old male who consumes approximately 2,600 kcal daily. Based on the AMDR for protein, Wyatt should consume at least ________ grams of protein daily. 

A) 65

B) 44

C) 25

D) 78

14) The recommended protein intake for a healthy 25-year-old female who engages in moderate-intensity exercise a few days a week is ________ grams of protein per kilogram body weight.

A) 0.8

B) 1.0

C) 1.2

D) 1.4

15) Scientific research has shown that individual amino acid supplements may ________.

A) induce the formation of certain chemicals in the brain needed for nerve impulse transmission

B) lead to nutritional imbalances, as an overload of one amino acid may inhibit the absorption of others into the body

C) induce the secretion of hormones

D) All of the choices are correct.

16) Which of the following is true when discussing the possible ergogenic effect of specific amino acids?

A) Arginine, lysine, and ornithine have been shown to enhance muscular development and strength

B) Tryptophan appears to be ergogenic in short-term exercise tasks

C) Although some early research indicated BCAA supplementation improved performance in marathon running performance of "slower" runners, most subsequent research it is not an effective ergogenic aid

D) Most scientific research supports the fact that glutamine supplementation enhances immune function during intense, prolonged training

17) A ________ amino acid is one that can be converted into glucose.

A) glucogenic

B) ketogenic

C) nonessential

D) glycogenic

18) Research involving creatine supplementation has shown it to have a positive ergogenic effect on all but which of the following?

A) Gains in either total body mass or lean body mass

B) Energy metabolism when treadmill running at 50–90 percent of VO2 max

C) Anaerobic endurance tests such as running performance in 300 meters

D) Tasks characterized by repetitive high-intensity exercise bouts with brief recovery periods

19) The consumption of individual amino acids ________.

A) may lead to an increase in appetite

B) may interfere with the absorption of other essential amino acids

C) may lead to a cardiopulmonary disorder known as eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

D) is recommended as safe by the FDA

20) A review of research supports that there may be an ergogenic effect associated with the use of ________ supplementation.

A) glutamine

B) tryptophan

C) glycine

D) creatine

21) Which of the following foods is the best source of both carbohydrate and protein?

A) Black bean soup

B) Baked potato

C) Grilled chicken

D) Apple

22) A high quality protein is best described as one that ________.

A) contains 10 grams of protein per 100 grams of food

B) contains all of the essential amino acids in the proper amounts and ratio

C) contains all of the nonessential amino acids

D) contains the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine

23) The major source of energy for high intensity aerobic endurance activities is ________.

A) carbohydrate

B) fat

C) protein

D) water

24) Which of the following statements involving the interaction of protein and exercise training is false?

A) Small amounts of protein may be used as an energy source during endurance exercise, but usually account for less than 5 percent of the energy cost of the exercise

B) Small amounts of protein may be lost in the urine and sweat during exercise

C) Resistance weight training programs usually result in the development of a positive nitrogen balance in most athletes who are attempting to gain body weight in the form of muscle mass

D) Although weight lifters and endurance athletes may need slightly more protein than accounted for by the RDA, such increased protein may be obtained readily and more economically through a planned diet

E) Research has shown conclusively that amino acid supplements and other protein supplements will enhance performance in sports

25) All of the following are branched-chain amino acids except ________.

A) tyrosine

B) leucine

C) isoleucine

D) valine

26) Which of the following statements relative to protein and exercise is FALSE?

A) Protein may be catabolized during exercise and used as an energy source, but the contribution generally is about 5–6 percent or less

B) Carbohydrate intake may exert a protein-sparing effect during exercise

C) Very low levels of protein intake during training may lead to the development of a condition known as sports anemia

D) Research has shown that individuals who are training to gain weight need about 6 to 8 grams of protein per kilogram body weight

E) In general, research has shown that protein supplementation above the RDA will not improve physiological performance capacity during exercise

27) Mateo consumes approximately 2,500 kcal daily. Based on the AMDR for protein, Mateo should consume ________ percent of his total daily kcal from protein.

A) 10–35

B) less than 30

C) 20–40

D) 35–60

28) The process involving the formation of glucose from protein in the body is known as ________.

A) glycolysis

B) glucolysis

C) glycogenolysis

D) gluconeogenesis

29) Which of the following statements relative to protein metabolism is false?

A) Excess protein may be converted to glucose in the body.

B) The liver is a critical center for the control of amino acid metabolism.

C) Essential amino acids can be formed in the liver from carbohydrate and nitrogen from non-essential amino acids.

D) Excess protein may be converted to fat in the body.

E) Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism.

30) Benjamin is consuming a low-kcal diet and wants to ensure he is meeting his protein needs. Which of the following foods is most likely to be a complete protein?

A) Scrambled egg whites

B) Peanut butter

C) Almonds

D) Baked potato

31) Supplementation with some amino acids has been theorized to decrease the formation of serotonin in the brain and possibly help delay the onset of central nervous system fatigue in prolonged aerobic endurance exercise. Which amino acids are theorized to do this?

A) Leucine, isoleucine, and valine

B) Arginine, ornithine, and inosine

C) Tryptophan, arginine, and creatine

D) Inosine, creatine, and alanine

E) Asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamine

32) Which of the following is not an example of complementary proteins?

A) Corn tortilla and wheat bread

B) Whole wheat bread and beans

C) Spanish rice and refried beans

D) Peanut butter and whole wheat bread

33) HMB supplementation appears to offer the greatest benefit to ________.

A) resistance trained individuals

B) endurance trained individuals

C) untrained individuals

D) elderly individuals

34) Which hormone is released from the pancreas and generally increases the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver?

A) Glucagon

B) Cortisol

C) Epinephrine

D) Human growth hormone

35) Research suggests that creatine supplementation is MOST likely to enhance performance in which of the following types of physical performance tasks?

A) An all-out power lift in one second

B) High intensity exercise lasting 6–30 seconds

C) 10 kilometer race lasting about 30 minutes

D) Marathon running (26.2 miles)

E) Ultramarathons, such as Ironman-type triathlons

36) During exercise, the intake of which of the following nutrients will provide the most significant protein sparing effect, i.e., decrease the use of protein as an energy source?

A) Carbohydrate

B) Medium chain triglycerides

C) Carnitine

D) Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin

E) Caffeine

37) Which of the following dietary supplements are theorized to help promote healthy joints in the body, and have received some research support as a means to reduce joint pain and improve mobility?

A) Branched-chain amino acids

B) Creatine and carnitine

C) Glutamine and glycine

D) Tryptophan and inosine

E) Glucosamine and chondroitin

38) Which of the following statements regarding protein and health is FALSE?

A) Consuming a high-protein diet will protect against heart disease

B) Consuming a diet high in animal protein may aggravate symptoms in those with gout

C) Consuming charred meat may increase one's risk of colon cancer

D) Consuming large amounts of protein may contribute to osteoporosis

39) Frankie does high-intensity intermittent training five days per week. To optimize exercise recovery, Frankie should consume ________.

A) 20 to 25 g of high-quality within 30 minutes of exercise

B) a mixed meal of fat, carbohydrate, and protein within one hour of exercise

C) at least 5 g protein per kg body weight within two hours of exercise

D) a keto-shake that provides a mix of protein and fat, but no carbohydrate, immediately after exercise

40) Which of the following statements about delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) is FALSE?

A) Consuming a protein supplement containing at least 40 g protein before exercise can prevent DOMS

B) DOMS occurs as a result of microtears in muscle fibers

C) Running downhill rapidly can lead to DOMS

D) DOMS usually occurs about 1–2 days after exercise

41) If even one of the twenty amino acids necessary for protein synthesis is in short supply, protein construction may be blocked.

42) A nonessential amino acid that is in short supply in a particular food is called a limiting amino acid.

43) The protein needs of a teenage athlete are approximately 10 percent more than that of a young or middle-aged adult athlete. 

44) Plants provide good sources of protein and may supply all the essential amino acids necessary for human nutrition when certain foods, such as grains and legumes, are eaten together.

45) The thermic effect of food (TEF) is lower for protein compared to carbohydrate and fat.

46) The body can store excess amino acids for later use during physical activity.

47) A glucogenic amino acid is one that can be converted into glucose in the liver. As such, glucogenic amino acids can ultimately help to restore blood glucose levels.

48) An athlete must consume adequate kcal from carbohydrates in order for protein-sparing to occur.

49) The protein-sparing effect spares the utilization of protein as an energy source and allows it to be used for more important metabolic functions.

50) Proteinuria has been observed in a variety of sports, and research suggests that the greater the intensity of the exercise, the greater the loss of protein.

51) Recent recommendations suggest that resistance-trained athletes should consume a minimum of 2.5 g protein per kg body weight for optimal gains and performance.

52) Endurance training appears to increase the capacity of the muscle to derive energy from protein.

53) Sports anemia may occur in athletes when the body uses dietary protein to support metabolic activities, such as synthesizing oxidative enzymes and mitochondria, rather than for hemoglobin formation. 

54) Available research supports the ability of protein supplements to improve physical performance above and beyond the effects of the training program.

55) Infusing amino acids, such as arginine and lysine, has been shown to increase the secretion of human growth hormone and enhance muscular development and strength.

56) According to recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, endurance-trained athletes should consume 1.6–2.0 g of protein per kg body weight daily.

57) Many experts recommend consuming about 20 to 25 grams of high-quality protein within 30 minutes immediately postexercise to optimize protein synthesis and recovery.

58) Research suggests that some athletes, such as power lifters, may benefit from creatine supplementation as supplementation may improve total and maximal force in repetitive isometric muscle contractions.

59) Sarah is a collegiate softball player who started taking a creatine supplement to enhance her power when striking the softball. While she has noticed slight improvements in her power, she has also noticed she has started gaining unwanted weight.  Weight gain is a possible side-effect of creatine supplementation. 

60) Compared to younger adults, adults over the age of 65 years are more likely to experience protein undernutrition as a result of consuming inadequate protein and less efficient use of protein in the body.

61) Some studies investigating the impact of chondroitin and/or glucosamine supplementation on symptoms of arthritic pain have shown that they do relieve pain and improve mobility.

62) Creatine supplementation increases the risk for muscle cramps.

63) There is a great deal of scientific evidence to support the use of HMB supplementation as an anabolic agent for strength-trained individuals.

64) Short-term protein deficiency is not likely to cause any serious health problems.

65) Most athletes cannot consume adequate protein through dietary sources and, therefore, should take a protein supplement. 

66) Theoretically, a high-protein diet may increase one's risk for osteoporosis as excess protein increases urine acidity. Calcium from the bones may buffer this acidity, which would result in less mineralization of the bone and subsequent osteoporosis.

67) Nonessential amino acids can be produced inside our body once the essential amino acids are provided in the diet.

68) Unlike complete proteins, incomplete proteins contain all essential amino acids and result in a positive nitrogen balance.

69) Deamination is the a chemical process that removes ________.

A) the amino group from the amino acid

B) the carboxyl group from the amino acid

C) the first carbon from the amino acid

D) both the amino group and the carboxyl group from the amino acid to form the acetyl CoA

70) Following deamination of an amino acid, toxic ammonia is converted into urea in the ________.

A) liver

B) kidneys

C) muscles

D) pancreas

71) Which of the following amino acids is associated with the increase in BCAA oxidation during prolonged exercise?

A) Leucine

B) Proline

C) Methionine

D) Lysine

72) Which of the following amino acids is the most important means of transporting the amino group to the liver for excretion as urea?

A) Alanine

B) Leucine

C) Threonine

D) Valine