Water, Electrolytes, And Temperature | Exam Prep – Chapter 9

Nutrition for Health, Fitness & Sport, 12e (Williams)

Chapter 9 Water, Electrolytes, and Temperature Regulation

1) According to the Adequate Intake (AI), a healthy adult female should consume ________ liters of water daily.

A) 2.7

B) 1.5

C) 3.7

D) 2

2) Vince is a 35-year-old healthy male. Based on the Adequate Intake (AI) for water, Vince should consume ________ liters of water daily.

A) 3.7

B) 4.5

C) 2.3

D) 1.8

3) Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding water in the human body?

A) It contains some food energy and enables the utilization of most of the other nutrients essential to life

B) It provides the medium within which other nutrients function and regulates body temperature

C) It constitutes the majority of body weight, thus, rapid losses through dehydration may prove fatal in a relatively short time

D) The combination of environmental heat and increased heat from exercise metabolism may disturb body-water supplies, electrolyte status, and temperature regulations

4) Insensible perspiration accounts for about ________ percent of body-water losses.

A) 30

B) 5

C) 20

D) 50

5) For the average healthy adult, which of the following accounts for the greatest amount of water output?

A) Urine

B) Lungs

C) Skin/sweat

D) Feces

6) Intravascular water ________.

A) is the water found within blood vessels

B) is a type of intracellular water

C) makes up about 50 percent of total body water

D) is the same thing as interstitial fluid

7) Sodium is a mineral element and is one of the principle positive ions. Sodium ________.

A) serves primarily to help maintain normal body-fluid balance and osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluids

B) is solely responsible for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

C) is found in rather small amounts in most natural foods, thus, deficiency states due to inadequate dietary intake are common

D) concentration may decrease in the blood; if this occurs, ADH, produced in the adrenal gland, will stimulate the kidney to return additional sodium

8) Which of the following statements about antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is false?

A) Secreted in response to a decrease in blood osmolality

B) Secreted from the pituitary gland

C) Stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys

D) Also known as arginine vasopressin

9) Which of the following is NOT a major function of water in the body?

A) Coenzyme in energy metabolism

B) Protects key body tissues

C) Regulates body temperature

D) Main component of blood

10) The term used to describe the process where heat is transferred by movement of air or water over the body is called ________.

A) conduction

B) convection

C) radiation

D) evaporation

11) According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, healthy adults should consume less than ________ of sodium daily.

A) 2,300 mg

B) 1,000 mg

C) 3,000 mg

D) 1,800 mg

12) Intestinal absorption of water is ________.

A) enhanced when glucose and sodium are also present

B) enhanced when only a single form of carbohydrate is present

C) enhanced when accompanied by high intensity exercise

D) regulated by the body at a constant rate of 80–90 percent in 15–20 minutes

13) Sarah was recently diagnosed with prehypertension and is trying to limit her dietary intake of sodium. Which of the following foods should Sarah limit in her diet because of the high sodium content?

A) Luncheon meats

B) Frozen green beans

C) Whole wheat bread

D) Grilled chicken

14) Arthur is following a low-sodium diet and has been reading nutrition facts labels more carefully to know how much sodium is in the foods he eats. A label that reads "Low Sodium" indicates that the food product contains ________.

A) 140 mg or less of sodium per serving

B) at least 25 percent less sodium than the regular product

C) less than 5 mg of sodium per serving

D) 35 mg or less of sodium per serving

15) Which of the following statements about aldosterone is false?

A) Aldosterone is secreted when blood levels of sodium are elevated

B) Aldosterone is a hormone

C) Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal gland

D) Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain more sodium

16) Chloride is the primary negatively charged ion in extracellular fluid.

17) Which of the following is not a major function of chloride?

A) Bone mineralization

B) Regulation of body-water balance

C) Conduction of nerve impulses

D) Necessary for certain digestive processes as part of HCl

18) Which of the following foods is the best source of potassium?

A) Banana

B) Cheddar cheese

C) Apple

D) Broccoli

19) Which of the following describes the importance of potassium in maintaining body fluids and acid-base balance?

A) Potassium is the primary positive ion in intracellular fluid.

B) Potassium is the primary negative ion in extracellular fluid.

C) Potassium is the primary positive ion in extracellular fluid.

D) Potassium is the primary negative ion in intracellular fluid.

20) A deficiency of potassium can lead to hypokalemia, low blood potassium levels. Such a deficiency can cause cardiac arrest and, therefore, a potassium deficiency could potentially lead to death.

21) Which of the following statements about core body temperature is false?

A) Core body temperature varies considerably depending upon the surrounding environmental temperatures.

B) Core body temperature refers to internal temperature and not the external shell temperature.

C) In humans, normal body temperature is approximately 98.6oF.

D) Core body temperature can be measured either orally or rectally, with rectal temperatures being slightly higher than oral measurements of temperature.

22) Marcel generally goes for a 30-minute run on his lunch break. Today the temperature is projected to be above 90oF and Marcel is slightly concerned about heat stress on his run. To avoid heat stress, you might recommend that Marcel not take his regular outdoor run when ________.

A) All of the choices are correct.

B) the air temperature is above 80oF

C) there is very little air movement (i.e., wind)

D) the relative humidity exceeds 50–60 percent

E) the sun is bright and there are few clouds

23) Which of the following statements is true for glycerol supplementation?

A) Glycerol-induced hyperhydration will increase osmotic pressure in the body fluids and thus, decrease plasma volume

B) For each kilogram of body weight, athletes should consume 2 grams of glycerol combined with 10–15 milliliters of water

C) Some studies indicate that glycerol-induced hyperhydration results in a lower heart rate and rectal temperature due to an increased blood volume, while others indicate no significant improvement over water-induced hyperhydration

D) Glycerol supplementation is equally as effective for both cyclists and runners since it serves as a substrate for gluconeogenesis

24) Which of the following is the key factor(s) or predictor(s) associated with exertional heat illness?

A) Gender and age of the individual

B) Previous history of heat injury

C) Body composition and degree of obesity

D) Physical fitness of the individual

25) All of the following are typical physiological effects of dehydration except ________.

A) increased cardiac output

B) decreased sweat rate

C) increased blood osmolality

D) decreased plasma volume

26) When a person becomes dehydrated while exercising, there is likely a decrease in blood osmolality and increase in cardiac output. 

27) Acclimatization to the heat will increase performance in warm environments. Which of the following statements is true concerning this technique?

A) Cutback on the intensity or duration of your normal activity and then increase it gradually

B) The process usually takes from one to two weeks to complete, but is lost in about seven to ten days in a cool environment

C) The changes associated with acclimatization increase the ability of the body to dissipate heat with less stress on the cardiovascular system

D) All of the choices are correct.

28) The three main ingredients in sports drinks, such as Gatorade®, are ________.

A) water, carbohydrates, and electrolytes

B) protein, water, and electrolytes

C) electrolytes, omega-3 fatty acids, and carbohydrates

D) water, protein, and carbohydrates

29) When exercising in the heat, which of the following hydration strategies is best for temperature regulation during an event (e.g., 10K race)?

A) Plain water

B) 5–7 percent glucose solution

C) Glucose polymer solution of 6–8 percent

D) There appears to be no difference among these different forms of hydration techniques relative to temperature regulation.

30) A high relative humidity and sunshine hinder heat loss from the body by their adverse effects on the body, respectively, as ________.

A) increased condensation and radiation

B) increased convection and radiation

C) decreased evaporation and increased radiation

D) decreased condensation and decreased radiation

31) Headache, disorientation, and a rectal temperature above 105–106oF are clinical findings of ________.

A) heat cramps

B) heat syncope

C) heat exhaustion

D) heat stroke

32) All of the following are symptoms of hyponatremia except ________.

A) thirst

B) bloating

C) nausea

D) headache

33) Hyponatremia can occur when an individual consumes too much water, resulting in abnormally elevated levels of sodium in the blood.

34) Which of the following athletes is at the greatest risk for hyponatremia?

A) Female participating in her first marathon

B) Male participating in his tenth triathlon

C) Male with a high body weight and running a 10K race

D) Female runner who will likely finish in the top 3 of a half-marathon

35) The most potentially dangerous heat illness is ________.

A) heat cramps

B) heat syncope

C) heat exhaustion

D) heat stroke

36) The recommended means to replenish lost electrolytes through sweat on a day-to-day basis is via ________.

A) salt tablets

B) potassium supplements

C) GES such as Gatorade®

D) a balanced diet and adequate fluids

37) Which of the following statements about potassium supplements is true?

A) Potassium supplements are not recommended for athletes as potassium deficiency is rare.

B) Potassium supplements are recommended for athletes to replenish electrolytes.

C) Potassium supplements should be consumed on an empty stomach to maximize absorption of the mineral.

D) Potassium supplements are the most commonly used ergogenic aid by endurance athletes.

38) Body sodium levels are largely regulated through ________.

A) changes in intestinal absorption, depending on need

B) changes in fecal excretion

C) storage of excess sodium in the liver

D) excretion or absorption by the kidney

39) In susceptible persons, high blood pressure may be associated with prolonged excessive intake of ________.

A) potassium

B) magnesium

C) iron

D) sodium

40) The average healthy human body is about ________ percent water.

A) 50–60

B) 20–30

C) 30–40

D) 40–50

41) Nancy has been playing in an outdoor tennis tournament on a hot summer day. Despite hydrating during her matches and throughout the day, Nancy has still lost 2 kg of body weight today. How much fluid should she rehydrate with following exercise?

A) 2.5 to 3 liters

B) 1 to 2 liters

C) 2 liters

D) 3 to 4 liters

42) Which of the following statements is FALSE relative to exercise in attempts to prevent heat illnesses?

A) Exercise in the cool of the morning or evening

B) Hyperhydrate before and rehydrate during exercise

C) Consume high protein foods to hold more body water

D) Slow your pace and decrease the duration under hot environmental conditions

43) Excessive loss of sweat during exercise in the heat will lead to a body condition known as ________.

A) hyperhydration

B) hypohydration

C) normohydration

D) hyponatremia

44) Zane will be participating in a 100K bike ride tomorrow. To prevent dehydration during the bike ride, the day before the long ride Zane should ________.

A) consume enough water to optimize hydration status

B) consume a protein shake with at least 25 grams of high-quality protein

C) focus on intake of sports drinks, rather than just plain water

D) drink at least 6 liters of fluid

45) Which hormone helps in the conservation of body water?

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

B) Insulin

C) Epinephrine

D) Testosterone

46) For adults, a diastolic blood pressure of 95 mmg Hg is considered ________.

A) stage 2 hypertension

B) normal

C) elevated

D) stage 1 hypertension

47) For adults, a systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg is considered ________.

A) elevated

B) normal

C) stage 1 hypertension

D) stage 2 hypertension

48) Which of the following is one of the general recommendations of the DASH diet plan to help prevent or treat hypertension?

A) Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight with diet and aerobic exercise

B) Reduce or moderate sodium intake

C) Consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables

D) Do not consume alcohol in excess

E) All are recommended to help prevent or treat hypertension

49) Shirlena was recently diagnosed with stage 1 hypertension. You might recommend all of the following to Shirlena to manage her blood pressure except ________.

A) limit intake of potassium-rich foods

B) consume a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables

C) reduce intake of foods high in saturated fats

D) reduce or moderate intake of sodium

50) Exercise programs that involve 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity have been found to be beneficial in preventing and treating high blood pressure.

51) Oral rehydration therapy was developed by medical scientists to decrease mortality from diarrhea, but as yet has produced no application for sports activities.

52) Insensible perspiration is the major source of sodium chloride loss in the body and accounts for approximately 30 percent of body water loss.

53) All homeostatic mechanisms work by a series of feedback devices.

54) An electrolyte is a substance that, in solution, conducts an electric current and usually dissociates into ions, particles carrying either a negative or a positive electric charge.

55) Chloride is the major negative ion in the extracellular fluids and works with sodium in the regulation of body-water balance and electrical potentials across cell membranes.

56) Body temperature refers to the internal, or core temperature, and not the external shell temperature.

57) Dehydration may be voluntary or involuntary.

58) The apocrine sweat glands are primarily involved in temperature regulation.

59) During acute, moderate duration bouts of exercise, such as a 5-kilometer run, electrolyte deficiency is a concern.

60) Laney is out for 60-minute jog on a hot and humid summer day. About 30 minutes into the jog, Laney begins to experience heat cramps. The heat cramps are most likely a result of excessive loss of electrolytes in sweat.

61) Inadequate heat acclimatization and inadequate training are two key risk factors for heat stroke in athletes.

62) Individuals who have experienced previous heat injury may have lost the ability for the circulatory system to adjust to the heat stress, possibly because temperature-regulating centers in the brain have been irreversibly damaged.

63) If one has been following a schedule of physical training, there should be no deterioration of exercise performance when hot temperatures arrive, even by an unacclimatized individual.

64) Two important determinants of blood pressure are the volume of blood in circulation and the resistance to blood flow.

65) Individuals who are sodium-sensitive experience an increase in blood pressure, possibly because of a defect in sodium excretion by the kidney. Sodium accumulates in the body and holds fluids, particularly in the blood, thereby raising blood pressure.

66) Glycerol supplementation is considered safe for athletes with diabetes.

67) Young children are at a greater risk of developing a heat injury than adults.

68) Magnesium supplementation has been shown to lower blood pressure.

69) Eating a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables and low in saturated and total fat may reduce a person's risk for hypertension.