nan Ch.6 Test Questions & Answers Primate Mating Systems

a.

social organization.

c.

mating system.

b.

social system.

d.

reproductive strategy.

a.

the period of most intensive competition among females for access to potential male mates

b.

the sum of male and female parental investment

c.

the period of time during which a female is receptive to mating

d.

the length of time between births, or the “interbirth interval”

a.

metabolism

c.

mating systems

b.

diet

d.

physiology

a.

Patterns of courtship, mate choice, and parental care vary greatly within the primate order.

b.

The reproductive strategies of living primates are not influenced by their phylogenetic heritage as mammals.

c.

Studies of primate reproductive behavior cannot help us understand how evolutionary forces shaped the reproductive strategies of our hominin ancestors.

d.

The same factors limit male and female reproductive success.

a.

Most birds are pair-bonded, while most mammals are not.

b.

Most mammals are pair-bonded, while most birds are not.

c.

Birds tend to reproduce randomly from season to season, while mammals form longer-term bonds.

d.

Most birds produce a single offspring each time they reproduce, while mammals tend to produce one offspring at a time.

a.

In birds, both males and females can provide a great deal of parental investment for the young, because both can incubate the egg(s) and both can bring food to the chick(s).

b.

Birds are not as highly evolved as primates, so they have simple undifferentiated mating systems mostly involving male songs and calls.

c.

With their larger brains, mammals can form a wider range of relationships than can birds and therefore can form more productive mating systems.

d.

Because they can fly, birds do not experience limitations on food availability and therefore undergo mainly sexual selection and almost no natural selection.

a.

a mechanism that leads to particular behaviors in particular contexts

b.

a conscious decision to make adaptive behavioral choices

c.

a conscious decision to make adaptive or nonadaptive behavioral choices

d.

a behavior of higher animals, such as mammals

a.

overall health.

c.

foraging success.

b.

genetic fitness.

d.

social relationships.

a.

genetic fitness.

c.

adaptations.

b.

the cost-to-benefit ratio.

d.

trade-offs.

a.

Primates are mammals, and in mammals, females lactate and males do not.

b.

Primate males have other responsibilities, including defending territories, so females must always provide most parental investment.

c.

Primates require a great deal of parental investment, and females are genetically better at providing parental investment.

d.

Sexual selection is unable to operate on female mammals.

a.

Male variance can be much greater than female variance, so males are potentially under very strong sexual selection.

b.

Female variance can be much greater than female variance, so females are potentially under very strong sexual selection.

c.

The level of variance determines the amount of resources shunted into parental investment; the sex with the highest variance produces the most food for offspring.

d.

The sex with the lowest variance, usually mammals, has the highest average number of offspring.

a.

both sexes will care for offspring equally.

b.

neither sex will care for offspring.

c.

males will provide more care for offspring than will females.

d.

females will provide more care for offspring than will males.

a.

It can affect all aspects of social behavior and some aspects of morphology.

b.

It is virtually the same across the primate order.

c.

It does not influence reproductive strategies.

d.

Dominance hierarchy directly determines it.

a.

In baboons, females compete with other females for mating opportunities with prime males, whereas males rarely compete with each other.

b.

Male preference can influence female reproductive success in groups where there are multiple males.

c.

In most pair-bonded species, both males and females care for offspring.

d.

In polyandrous species, both males and females have equal opportunities to mate.

a.

Resource competition forces pair-bonding.

b.

Alpha males sire almost all of the offspring.

c.

Males assist in rearing offspring in most cases.

d.

Females are obligated to invest heavily in their offspring through pregnancy and lactation.

a.

resource competition is high for females.

b.

the cost of acquiring additional mates is low for males.

c.

the cost of acquiring additional mates is high for males.

d.

the fitness of offspring raised by two parents is much higher than the fitness of offspring raised by one parent.

a.

primate males do not have the appropriate neurological foundation.

b.

they are committed to parental investment by their physiology.

c.

they produce large, nutrient-rich gametes.

d.

parenting effort is equal to mating effort.

a.

produce smaller offspring, relative to body size, than other mammals.

b.

have larger brains, relative to body size, than other mammals.

c.

have access to more nutritive resources than other mammals.

d.

do not possess the morphology for external gestation.

a.

the energetic costs of pregnancy and lactation.

b.

the availability of males.

c.

a female’s genetic makeup.

d.

a female’s ability to attract mates.

a.

group size and composition.

b.

her ability to acquire nutritive resources.

c.

her ability to coerce males into investing in offspring.

d.

male protection.

a.

They reproduce at faster rates than multiparous females.

b.

They give birth to only one infant in their lifetimes.

c.

They experience greater infant mortality than multiparous females.

d.

They have shorter interbirth intervals than multiparous females.

a.

young females.

c.

older females.

b.

middle-age females.

d.

primiparous females.

a.

Dominance rank is not a good predictor of female reproductive success.

b.

Young females tend to reproduce more often than older females because they are in better physical condition.

c.

Variation in longevity is a major contributor to variation in lifetime fitness among females.

d.

Females in multimale groups have more offspring than females in one-male units.

a.

unlikely to produce sexual selection.

b.

unstable.

c.

transitive.

d.

explained by intersexual competition.

a.

obtain larger quantities of food.

b.

spend less energy to reproduce.

c.

travel farther to feed.

d.

spend more energy in courtship rituals.

a.

they compete with one another over access to mates.

b.

societies run more smoothly with dominance hierarchies.

c.

some females do not need as many resources as others.

d.

they compete with one another over access to food.

a.

females are unrelated.

c.

food is particularly abundant.

b.

groups are small.

d.

food is clumped and defensible.

a.

Low-ranking howler females stay in their natal groups when dispersal is difficult.

b.

There is no survival difference between the offspring of high- and low-ranking female long-tailed macaques.

c.

When subordinate marmoset or tamarin females become pregnant, their infants may be killed by dominant females that have infants of their own.

d.

high-ranking females maintain low levels of body fat.

a.

interbirth interval variation.

c.

predation pressure.

b.

group composition and size.

d.

the number and quality of offspring.

a.

number of births per year.

c.

infant mortality.

b.

length of interbirth interval.

d.

rank of associates.

a.

when offspring can give alarm calls.

b.

with the mother’s need to conserve resources.

c.

after they conceive the next offspring.

d.

depending on their mating system.

a.

can achieve high fertility and low infant mortality equivalent to middle-age and older females.

b.

will have shorter interbirth intervals than fully grown females.

c.

will have lower fertility than middle-age females.

d.

will not achieve full adult size in their lifetimes.

a.

forage at the center of the group where she can spend less time avoiding predators and more time eating

b.

provide the dominant females with a portion of her food so they will allow her to eat in peace

c.

forage on the periphery of the group, but with a cost: she will be more vulnerable to predators

d.

living longer

a.

the number of sex cells a male produces.

b.

parental investment and infant care.

c.

the number of fertile females.

d.

food availability.

a.

It favors phenotypes that help survival.

b.

It produces the same characteristics in both sexes.

c.

It enhances offspring survival.

d.

It favors traits that increase the ability to compete for mates.

a.

It favors traits that enhance direct competition among individuals.

b.

It favors traits that are attractive to the opposite sex.

c.

It is a direct result of the environment.

d.

It produces variation in survival between the sexes.

a.

enhance direct competition among individuals of the same sex.

b.

are attractive to the opposite sex.

c.

increase survival.

d.

are easily adapted to change.

a.

well-camouflaged or dull-colored coat

b.

female body size larger than male body size

c.

larger canine teeth in females than in males

d.

larger canine teeth in males than in females

a.

Pair-bonded groups have the least amount of sexual dimorphism in body size.

b.

One-male, multifemale groups have less dimorphism in body size than do pair-bonded species.

c.

Multimale, multifemale groups are not dimorphic in body size.

d.

Multimale, multifemale groups tend to have greater sexual dimorphism than one-male, multifemale groups.

a.

pair bonded

c.

multimale, multifemale

b.

one-male, multifemale

d.

one female, multimale

a.

pair bonded

c.

multimale, multifemale

b.

one-male, multifemale

d.

one female, multimale

a.

sexual selection is stronger than natural selection.

b.

natural selection is stronger than sexual selection.

c.

male reproductive success varies less than female reproductive success.

d.

intersexual selection is strong in primates.

a.

Females groom males more frequently.

b.

Males have little parental investment.

c.

Extrapair copulations result in a percentage of offspring.

d.

Genetic testing has shown it is effective against extrapair copulation.

a.

those groups usually have the best females with which to mate.

b.

male primates prefer not to travel long distances alone.

c.

the cost of dispersal is high due to predation risk and poor access to resources.

d.

they know the neighboring groups, so they do not have to compete as fiercely for access.

a.

lower reproductive success than low-ranking or alien males.

b.

higher reproductive success than low-ranking or alien males.

c.

reproductive success equal to that of low-ranking and alien males.

d.

limited reproductive success because of the stress of high rank.

a.

with peers or joining all-male groups.

b.

alone but staying close to their original groups.

c.

at night close to other groups.

d.

far from their natal groups.

a.

pair-bonded

c.

multimale, multifemale

b.

one-male, multifemale

d.

bachelor

a.

They reproduce more successfully, independent of rank.

b.

They are found in groups with small numbers of females.

c.

They do not increase the tenure of “leader” males.

d.

They sire approximately 17% of offspring in the group.

a.

low-ranking males mate guarded females more often and sired more offspring.

b.

high-ranking males sired more offspring than low-ranking males.

c.

low-ranking males were outcompeted during female cycles and did not sire any offspring.

d.

high-ranking males mate guarded females but only during cycles when they did not conceive.

a.

give low-ranking males a chance to compete.

b.

let females know which males to mate with.

c.

mediate male–male competition.

d.

prevent infanticide.

a.

it enhances male attractiveness to females.

b.

females without nursing infants resume sexual receptivity.

c.

females do not want infants sired by a nonalpha male.

d.

they want to limit the number of males in their group.

a.

Infanticide has never been controversial.

b.

There have been no cases of infanticide among primates observed in the wild, though some have been observed in the lab.

c.

The hypothesis uses the observation of infanticide among lions to infer that it happens among primates, with no additional proof.

d.

At first, the phenomenon was only rarely observed; some thought that since infanticide occurred in nature, this would justify it among humans.