Exam Questions Chapter 7 The Evolution Of Cooperation nan

a.

They incur a cost to the recipient.

b.

They incur a cost to the actor.

c.

They result in a benefit to the actor.

d.

They are beneficial to the recipient and the actor.

a.

be more common in nature because it increases the fitness of recipients.

b.

be more common in nature because it increases the fitness of species.

c.

not be common in nature because it decreases the fitness of actors.

d.

not be common in nature because it decreases the fitness of species.

a.

Altruism is a strategy favored by sexual selection.

b.

Altruism can evolve only if the benefit to the group is very high compared with the cost to the actor.

c.

Altruism cannot simultaneously increase the fitness of all members of the group.

d.

Altruism cannot evolve unless there is no cost to the actor.

a.

mutualism.

c.

reciprocal altruism.

b.

altruism.

d.

kin selection.

a.

They are common in nature when animals work together.

b.

They are rare because “slacking” is often profitable for individuals, not groups.

c.

They involve only kin and never unrelated individuals.

d.

They are profitable for the actor but not the recipient.

a.

They allow middle-ranking, cooperative males a chance to gain access to receptive females.

b.

They are an example of mutualistic behavior, as all males get equal mating opportunities.

c.

They do not allow lower-ranking males to outcompete higher-ranking males.

d.

They can predict male grooming relationships.

a.

It is likely to occur in primates because they live in well-established social groups.

b.

It is likely to occur in primates because certain behaviors benefit the whole group.

c.

It is unlikely to occur in primates because certain behaviors may benefit the group to the detriment of the actor.

d.

It is unlikely to occur in primates because they lack sufficient levels of group interaction for a group-oriented behavior to evolve.

a.

callers make themselves conspicuous to the predators, but calling costs little in terms of individual fitness.

b.

calling reduces the risk of mortality for everyone who hears the call, changing the frequency of callers and noncallers in the population, because everyone benefits.

c.

noncallers benefit from the alarm call and will have higher fitness than the callers, so selection will suppress alarm calling.

d.

callers and noncallers have the same relative fitness.

a.

Group selection prevails if groups are large and there is little migration.

b.

Individual selection prevails.

c.

Group selection usually prevails because the conditions for individual selection are too stringent.

d.

Group selection never prevails.

a.

recipients must be more likely to carry the altruistic allele than nonrecipients.

b.

actors must be more likely to carry the altruistic allele than nonactors.

c.

recipients must be unrelated to the actors.

d.

nonrecipients must be more likely to carry the altruistic allele than recipients.

a.

more likely among kin than among nonkin.

b.

more likely among nonkin than among kin.

c.

equally likely among kin or nonkin.

d.

rare between parent and offspring but common between siblings.

a.

altruism is more likely among nonrelatives.

b.

altruism is more likely among relatives.

c.

altruism should occur only in higher animals.

d.

only 50% of related individuals are altruistic.

a.

altruism evolves only among nonkin.

b.

selfish genes swamp altruistic genes.

c.

altruistic behavior is favored if the cost to the actor is less than the benefit to the recipient, devalued by the degree of relatedness.

d.

altruistic behavior is favored if the benefits to the actor are greater than the costs to the recipients, devalued by their degree of relatedness.

a.

each individual’s fitness benefits.

b.

the probability that two individuals acquire the same allele through descent from a common ancestor.

c.

the probability that two randomly chosen individuals share the same genetic trait.

d.

parental investment.

a.

It measures the maximum degree of relatedness between the actor and the recipients.

b.

It measures the average degree of relatedness between the actor and the recipients.

c.

It indicates the probability that two randomly chosen individuals share the same genetic trait.

d.

It is a measure of likelihood that two individuals are members of the same species.

a.

0.25.

c.

0.75.

b.

0.5.

d.

1.00.

a.

0.25.

c.

0.75.

b.

0.5.

d.

1.00.

a.

exactly one, to replace its own genes in the gene pool

b.

two, because this equals its own genes plus additional genes to make it worth it

c.

three or more, because Hamilton’s rule is an inequality

d.

exactly three, to replace its own genes in the gene pool most efficiently

a.

Yes, this behavior will be favored by kin selection in groups where all of the siblings are full siblings.

b.

Yes, this behavior will be favored by kin selection in groups where all the siblings are half siblings.

c.

No, this behavior is not likely to evolve in any group unless there are explicit kinship systems available, such as in humans.

d.

No, there are no group structures of primates that would favor this behavior.

a.

in groups where all the siblings are full siblings

b.

in groups where all the siblings are half siblings

c.

in groups where there are explicit language-based kin terms, such as sister and mother

d.

in groups where females always leave before reproducing

a.

can evolve if c  b.

b.

can evolve if c  b.

c.

cannot evolve via kin selection.

d.

will sometimes evolve regardless of the values of c and b.

a.

can evolve if c  2b.

b.

can evolve if c  2b.

c.

cannot evolve via kin selection.

d.

will sometimes evolve regardless of the values of c and b.

a.

r  0

b.

r  0.0

c.

r  0.0

d.

r is greater than the degree of relatedness

a.

grooming conspecifics

c.

autogrooming

b.

sibling rivalry

d.

sharing home ranges

a.

It is context dependent.

b.

It is common among apes but not monkeys.

c.

It is the ability to recognize kin by a feature such as their smell.

d.

It favors maternal kin over paternal kin.

a.

monogamous species.

b.

species where one male dominates mating activity in a group.

c.

groups with polygynous mating strategies.

d.

polyandrous groups.

a.

genotype mapping.

b.

patterns of male and female associations.

c.

contact with their mothers.

d.

age estimation of adult males in the group.

a.

females had weak affinities for their maternal half sisters.

b.

facial resemblance could be a cue females use to distinguish paternal half sisters.

c.

females preferred agemates to maternal and paternal half sisters.

d.

females preferred maternal half sisters to unrelated agemates.

a.

gender.

c.

age similarity.

b.

genotype.

d.

phenotype.

a.

They have strong affinities for both maternal and paternal half sisters.

b.

They are not able to distinguish maternal and paternal half sisters from unrelated females.

c.

They prefer maternal half sisters over paternal half sisters.

d.

They prefer paternal half sisters over maternal half sisters.

a.

mutualistic behavior.

b.

asymmetrical behavior.

c.

the transmission of rank laterally from sister to sister.

d.

the transmission of rank from mothers to offspring.

a.

abundant food supply.

c.

sexual selection.

b.

kin selection.

d.

habitat seasonality.

a.

aggression

c.

alarm calling

b.

foraging

d.

coalition formation

a.

Maternal rank is transferred to offspring, particularly daughters.

b.

Maternal kin occupy dissimilar ranks in the dominance hierarchy.

c.

Ranking within matrilineages is usually laterally transferred.

d.

Female dominance relationships are unstable over time.

a.

Maternal rank is not a good predictor of a daughter’s rank.

b.

All members of one maternal kin group rank above or below all members of other matrilineages.

c.

The stability of female dominance relationships is not a result of kin-based alliances.

d.

Females inherit paternal rank.

a.

fathers and daughters form enduring bonds that are the basis for social groups.

b.

related males are more likely to experience rank reversals.

c.

unrelated males last four times as long as coalitions of unrelated males.

d.

fathers and their maturing sons are necessary to repel incursions into their group by alien males.

a.

chimerism, which increases fraternal twins’ inclusive fitness when they help raise one another’s offspring.

b.

helpers who care for the offspring of the breeding pair, although the helpers are usually not related to them.

c.

the fact that mothers sometimes allow their daughters to breed.

d.

mutualism between the nonbreeding helpers.

a.

because parents and offspring share all of their genes.

b.

because siblings are more closely related to each other than individuals are to themselves.

c.

only when siblings are not full siblings.

d.

during weaning.

a.

Weaning is an example of parent–offspring conflict because offspring can rely on the fact that they are more closely related to each other than they are to their mother.

b.

A mother is equally related to each of her offspring; in contrast, an offspring is at most 25% related to its siblings but is 100% related to itself.

c.

A mother is motivated to wean her current infant so she can begin investment in her next infant, but the infant will resist its mother’s attempts at weaning because it is not in its genetic best interest.

d.

Parent–offspring conflict only occurs in primates because reproductive costs are higher than for other mammals.

a.

huddling

c.

coalition formation

b.

reconciliation

d.

altruism

a.

A

c.

C

b.

B

d.

D

a.

phenotypic matching based on cues that expose underlying genetic similarity

b.

similarity in age, suggesting that individuals are litter mates

c.

proximity and context that signal possible parent–offspring relationships

d.

reconciliation, indicating some sort of closeness between individuals

a.

altruism.

c.

grooming relationships.

b.

a kin recognition mechanism.

d.

dominance relationships.

a.

kin selection.

c.

grooming.

b.

altruism.

d.

reconciliation.

a.

0%

c.

50%

b.

25%

d.

100%

a.

many interactions between kin.

b.

the ability to count.

c.

that there are no slackers or cheaters.

d.

sufficient memory to keep track of altruistic and nonaltruistic acts.

a.

It is absent among primates because they cannot recognize kin.

b.

It is absent among primates because they do not have long-term memories.

c.

It exists among primates because they often live in stable social groups.

d.

It exists among primates because of their diverse diet.

a.

genetic relatedness is necessary for contingent reciprocity to occur.

b.

they ignore recruitment calls from other monkeys after receiving grooming bouts from them.

c.

contingent reciprocity can evolve as confederates react appropriately to the presence and absence of reciprocity.

d.

agemates were more likely to be reciprocal.

a.

possessors of food were less likely to share their food with individuals who had recently groomed them.

b.

grooming is not reciprocal.

c.

grooming is sometimes a precursor for food sharing.

d.

grooming is exchanged for mating opportunities.

a.

rates of self-scratching drop back to baseline, regardless of stress level.

b.

rates of self-scratching remain above baseline, indicating high stress levels.

c.

only one opponent experiences high stress levels.

d.

the opponents will have high rates of aggression between them in the future.