Ch.5 Early Positivism Biological Test Questions & Answers 3e - Essentials of Anatomy Physiology Nursing Practice Set by Pamela J. Schram. DOCX document preview.
Test Bank
Chapter 5: Early Positivism: Biological Theories of Crime
Multiple Choice
1. Scientists and academics became aware that the Classical School of criminology and deterrence framework did not explain ______.
a. what could stop individuals from committing crime
b. where most crimes were occurring
c. why individuals committed crime
d. the distribution of crime
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. The emphasis on science in criminology started in the ______ and provided a basis for what continues today.
a. mid-1700s
b. mid-1800s
c. mid-1900s
d. beginning of the 21st century
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. ______ is the perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior.
a. Classical School
b. Positive School
c. Evolutionary theory
d. Neoclassical School
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Later studies of craniometry revealed ______ between size of the skull/brain and certain behaviors or personality traits.
a. a small correlation
b. a large correlation
c. no correlation
d. an unknown correlation
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Craniometry
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. ______ is the science of determining human disposition based on distinctions (bumps) in the skull.
a. Craniometry
b. Phrenology
c. Atavism
d. Physiognomy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Phrenology
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Darwin’s theory laid the groundwork for what major scientific theory of crime?
a. rational choice
b. craniometry
c. routine activities
d. born criminals
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Physiognomy
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Sheldon’s theoretical approach, which was based on body typing, was largely known as ______.
a. endotyping
b. cromotyping
c. somatotyping
d. phrenology
Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. According to Sheldon, all embryos must develop ______ distinct tissue layers, which are still acknowledged by perinatal medical researchers.
a. four
b. five
c. three
d. six
Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. The lowest group on the ranked order of low IQ individuals according to Goddard was the ______.
a. morons
b. idiots
c. imbeciles
d. fools
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. When Goddard determined that his IQ measurement was flawed, he lowered the criteria for mental age from 12 to ______.
a. 4
b. 5
c. 8
d. 10
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. According to Goddard, the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the genetic pool was the ______.
a. moron
b. idiot
c. imbecile
d. fool
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Which researcher first developed the measurement we know today as IQ?
a. Goddard
b. Darwin
c. Lombroso
d. Binet
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: After Lombroso: The IQ-Testing Era
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Lombroso’s model of stigmata as predictors of antisocial problems is more accepted by ______ than they are by ______.
a. criminologists; political science
b. modern medical science; criminologists
c. criminologists; modern medical science
d. political science; criminologists
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Several perspectives were created in the mid-1800s that were focused on determining which individuals or groups were most likely to commit crime. These perspectives were likely developed in relation to ______.
a. women’s rights
b. class relationships
c. slavery
d. prisoner rights
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is the ______.
a. occipital lobe
b. right temporal lobe
c. left temporal lobe
d. frontal lobe
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Phrenology
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Stigmata not only consisted of deviant facial and bodily features that a person could be born with but also some extra physiological features that were not congenital, such as ______.
a. tattoos
b. simian crease
c. malformed ears
d. head circumference
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. Which individual is known for labeling low IQ as feeble-mindedness?
a. Goddard
b. Binet
c. Sheldon
d. Lombroso
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. Which individual is known for saying people were born criminal?
a. Goddard
b. Binet
c. Sheldon
d. Lombroso
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. All of the following are policy implications derived from the theories and findings discussed in Chapter 5 EXCEPT ______.
a. medical screening at birth for MPAs
b. mandatory co-ed classes at all grade levels
c. mandatory health insurance for pregnant mothers and children
d. youth screening for abnormal levels of hormones, neurotransmitters, and toxins
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Medium
Questions 20–40 written by Bastien.
20. MPAs are red flags signaling problems, especially in ______ ability, that are likely to significantly impact criminal behavior.
a. cognitive
b. athletic
c. economic
d. tactile
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. Certain school districts have implemented same-sex classes in response to the influence of Lombroso’s theories. What is the likely reason why?
a. So teachers can screen for MPAs, such as malformed ears and the simian crease.
b. Because research has shown that males and females are predisposed to excel and/or fail in different academic areas.
c. To test hypotheses of Social Darwinism, such as “survival of the fittest” and natural selection.
d. To start administering surveys about future criminality as soon as possible.
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Hard
22. What do we call the study of and policies related to improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction?
a. atavism
b. phrenology
c. eugenics
d. physiognomy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. What is the belief that the size of the brain or skull represents the superiority or inferiority of certain individuals or ethnic/racial groups?
a. etymology
b. phrenology
c. craniometry
d. physiognomy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Craniometry
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Which tenet of phrenology turned out to be correct?
a. The shape of the skull conforms to the shape of the brain.
b. Certain parts of the brain are responsible for specific tasks.
c. Human dispositions can be predicted by bumps on the skull.
d. A bump on an individual’s skull indicates a brain abnormality.
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Phrenology
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is in the area ______.
a. above the left ear
b. above the right ear
c. at the base of the skull
d. at the top of the skull
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Phrenology
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. What is the study of facial and other bodily aspects to identify developmental problems, such as criminality?
a. phrenology
b. physiognomy
c. entomology
d. epistemology
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Physiognomy
Difficulty Level: Easy
27. Who is considered the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School for his contributions to the field in the late 19th century?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Robert D. Hare
c. Enrico Ferri
d. Cesare Lombroso
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. Which statement below is consistent with Lombroso’s Theory of Crime?
a. Environmental factors, such as pollution and climate, are the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior.
b. People who are serious criminals are manifestations of lower forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.
c. Governments should create alternative ways of punishing criminals, such as community service or restorative justice.
d. Individuals under the age of 18 should not face penalties for engaging in criminal behavior.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. According to Lombroso, what is the best way for societies to prevent crime?
a. by identifying born criminals through stigmata
b. by treating future criminals through psychotherapy
c. by offering service to parents of targeted children
d. by paying criminals not to reproduce
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. Physical manifestations of the atavism of an individual that indicate features of a prior evolutionary stage of development are called ______.
a. adaptism
b. stigmata
c. etiology
d. attribution
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. The manifestation of more than ______ stigmata indicates that an individual is atavistic and thus a born criminal.
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 9
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. The statement, “Human behavior and the choices we make are not purely the result of free will and choice,” is best supported by the idea of ______.
a. deterrence
b. rationalism
c. determinism
d. classicalism
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School.
Difficulty Level: Easy
33. Malformed ears, a furrowed tongue, and a simian crease are all examples of ______.
a. MPAs
b. encoding
c. habituation
d. craniography
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. The quantified measure of IQ was originated by ______.
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Charles Darwin
c. H.H. Goddard
d. Alfred Binet
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Medium
35. Who believed IQ was static and could not be changed.
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Charles Darwin
c. H.H. Goddard
d. Alfred Binet
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. What term did Goddard use to call people with below-average intelligence?
a. savants
b. feeble-mindedness
c. sapere
d. prodigy-mindedness
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
37. An important study conducted in the 1970s by Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang found that even among youths in the same race and social class the IQs of delinquents or criminals were ______.
a. about 10 points lower than those of noncriminals
b. no different than those of noncriminals
c. about 10 points higher than those of noncriminals
d. unable to be tested due to question bias
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reexamining Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Medium
38. Scoring low on ______ intelligence has been found to be a predictor of future criminality.
a. mathematical
b. spatial
c. verbal
d. kinesthetic
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reexamining Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. The ranking of body type and linking it to the risk of criminal behavior is called ______.
a. phrenology
b. somatotyping
c. physiotyping
d. body-mapping
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Easy
40. Sheldon claimed that obese people were endomorphic and had this type of jolly and lazy personality.
a. viscerotonic
b. somatotonic
c. cerebrotonic
d. entemotonic
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False
1. Eugenics is the study of and policies related to improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction.
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Atavism is the belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Lombroso’s documentation of some of the tattoos he saw on known criminal offenders included many tattoos that featured female names or some motto such as “born under an unlucky star” or “man of misfortune.” ______
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. The front portion of the brain is called the splenium.
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Craniometry
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Lombroso examined the bodies of captured war criminals in his research concerning the born criminal.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. According to modern-day criminologists, Darwin’s theory is very relevant to today’s society.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. If people are born criminals, we can prevent them by medicating them at birth.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. The Positive School is a perspective that assumes individuals have free will to control their behavior.
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. According to Lombroso, people who are serious criminals are manifestations of higher forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Lombroso was called as an expert witness in criminal trials to determine the guilt or innocence of the suspects.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. According to modern science and the creator of the measure, IQ cannot be changed. Whatever IQ individuals are born with stays with them the rest of their lives.
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: After Lombroso: The IQ-Testing Era
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. The various bumps in the skull used to determine human dispositions were believed to conform to the shape of the brain.
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Phrenology
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Most entering freshmen in Ivy League schools, especially Harvard, were asked to pose in three positions for photos in Sheldon’s studies. Many politicians who have been in the news in the past few years were participants in his studies.
Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. Sheldon tested his theory using poor methodology, and his validity was weak.
Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Lombroso claimed that his list of stigmata could identify a born criminal by his or her facial features.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Lombroso’s theories were published a decade before any of Darwin’s writings.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. Lombroso is considered the Father of the Positive School of criminology because he was the first to gain prominence in identifying factors beyond free will as the reason for criminal behavior.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School.
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. Studies show that more than 90% of the world’s population have chosen the same religious affiliation as their parents or caretakers.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School.
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Lombroso’s ideas had little influence or impact during his lifetime.
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. No modern scientific studies support the idea that MPAs indicate future behavioral problems.
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. Alfred Binet believed that a person's IQ could change over one’s lifetime.
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: After Lombroso: The IQ-Testing Period
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. Goddard believed men were better than women at detecting feeble-mindedness.
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. Goddard called the least intelligent group in the feeble-mindedness category “idiots”.
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. There were two groups of people in Goddard’s feeble-mindedness category.
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. In the 1920s, the Supreme Court banned the practice of sterilizing feeble-minded individuals.
Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sterilization
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. Explain Lombroso’s idea of the born criminal and atavism. What did the concept of the born criminal mean for the criminal justice system? Can they be reformed or rehabilitated? Why or why not.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Explain what positivism and determinism are. How is Lombroso associated with this school of thought? Give two (2) examples of real-life situations in which determinism has affected individual decisions and explain.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. Explain determinism.
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Explain the three (3) different body types according to William Sheldon and how they relate to individual personality traits and temperament. What group had the highest propensity for criminality, and why?
Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Lombroso’s theory was largely based on certain groups being atavistic. What did this mean?
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. What is craniometry? What did craniometry studies find concerning ethnic groups and portions of the brain?
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Craniometry
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. How did Goddard use the concept of IQ testing? How was his concept of the IQ different than the original premise of the measure? How could these ideas and assumptions affect policies and practices of the criminal justice system?
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. Should an individual’s IQ be taken into account when they have committed a crime? Make sure your argument ties in Goddard’s theories.
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. How does examining the tattoos of criminals not coincide with Lombroso’s born criminal theory?
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata
Difficulty Level: Hard
10. How can identifying young children on the basis of observed stigmata be detrimental to the child?
Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Hard
11. How was Sheldon’s research on body types and temperament flawed?
Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Can you think of any modern-day examples that are similar to Sheldon’s research on body types, often referred to as somatotyping?
Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. What two (2) political movements of the early 1900s did Lombroso’s theory coincide with?
Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. How important is timing in relation to social acceptance of a theory or proposition?
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School
Difficulty Level: Hard
15. According to Darwin, what is natural selection?
Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Physiognomy
Difficulty Level: Medium
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