The Classical School Of + Test Bank + Answers Ch.3 - Essentials of Anatomy Physiology Nursing Practice Set by Pamela J. Schram. DOCX document preview.
Test Bank
Chapter 3: The Classical School of Criminological Thought
Multiple Choice
1. When was the concept of human decision-making and natural culpability acknowledged?
a. Renaissance
b. Age of Enlightenment
c. Reformatory movement
d. Classical School
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. A government, according to Cesare Beccaria, should strive for the greatest amount of happiness shared by the greatest number of people. This concept is termed ______.
a. free will
b. utilitarianism
c. culpability
d. authoritarianism
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Influences on Beccaria and His Writings
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. The first rational choice theory that arose during the Age of Enlightenment period was ______.
a. social control theory
b. general behavior
c. deterrence theory
d. none of these
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. A period of the late-17th century to 18th century in which philosophers and scholars began to emphasize the rights of individuals in society is known as ______.
a. Post-classical period of time
b. Age of Deterrence
c. Age of Enlightenment
d. Pre-Classical time period
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. According to Beccaria, perfecting ______ is the “surest but most difficult way to prevent crimes.”
a. punishment
b. taxes
c. family structures
d. education
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Classical School theories emphasize individual decision-making regardless of ______.
a. extraneous influences
b. free will
c. culpability
d. deterrence
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. This is an agreement of citizens promising to abide by the rules or laws set forth by a given society in return for protection.
a. utilitarian perspective
b. social contract
c. hedonistic calculus
d. conflict principle
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Thomas Hobbes wrote ______.
a. On Crimes and Punishments
b. The Hedonistic Calculus
c. Leviathan
d. The Principles of the Constitution
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Beccaria was behind all of the following modern-day criminal justice beliefs EXCEPT ______.
a. cross-examination of witnesses
b. offender should be tried by a panel of his or her peers or fellow citizens
c. court proceedings should remain private
d. laws should be understandable by the public
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. ______ is used as the basis for U.S. policies on punishment for criminal activity because it focuses on individual responsibility.
a. Evolutionary theories
b. Classical School
c. Metaphysical theories
d. Neoclassical perspective
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. Beccaria set the standard for most modern systems of justice in guaranteeing rights to defendants when he reformed certain practices by doing away with ______.
a. secret accusations
b. public processing
c. formal trials
d. cross-examination of witnesses
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. In many ancient societies, what was the common response if an individual committed a criminal act?
a. public shaming
b. imprisonment
c. perform an exorcism or surgery
d. restitution
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. One of the unintended outcomes of public trials and punishment was ______.
a. deterrence
b. public backlash
c. involvement in the justice system
d. increases in crime
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. What book, written by Thomas Hobbes, proposed one of the first rational theories as to why people committed crime?
a. Leviathan
b. On Crimes and Punishments
c. Criminals in the Making
d. The Criminal Man
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. The treatment of Jean Valjean in Les Miserables (Valjean receives a lengthy prison sentence after stealing a loaf of bread for his starving loved ones) is an example of what type of government?
a. utilitarian
b. free will
c. authoritarian
d. culpability
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. U.S. citizens sometimes take for granted the right to a trial by their peers. During Lenin’s rule, the bench-trials of the old system in Russia produced a conviction rate of almost ______.
a. 100%
b. 75%
c. 50%
d. 25%
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. According to Hobbes, ______ motivates individuals to cooperate in the formation of government and inspires them to obey the laws the government creates.
a. compassion
b. fear
c. anger
d. cheerfulness
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. Cesare Beccaria is known as all of the following EXCEPT ______.
a. Father of Criminal Justice
b. Father of the Classical School of Criminology
c. Father of Deterrence Theory
d. Father of Policing
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Classical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. All of the following are explanations given by Beccaria against the death penalty EXCEPT ______.
a. violation of social contract
b. inhumane punishment
c. negative example for society
d. ineffective deterrent
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Ideas of the Death Penalty
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. ______ was a form of punishment in which the limbs of a convicted criminal were tied to four horses and ripped from his torso as the horses were made to run in opposite directions.
a. Beheading
b. Flogging
c. Quartering
d. Bleeding
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. The vital deterrent characteristics of punishment postulated by Beccaria are all of the following EXCEPT ______.
a. conforming
b. celerity
c. severity
d. certainty
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Concept of Deterrence and the Three Key Elements of Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. The characteristic of punishment postulated by Beccaria that he believed to be the most important was ______.
a. conforming
b. celerity
c. severity
d. certainty
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Certainty of Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. The modern example of the Three Strikes Rule is given in relation to what characteristic of punishment?
a. conforming
b. celerity
c. severity
d. certainty
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Severity of Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Punishment given to an individual meant to prevent or deter other potential offenders from engaging in such criminal activity in the future is called ______ deterrence.
a. general
b. prevention
c. individual
d. specific
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Conceptualization of Specific and General Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. The book The Origin of Species, written by ______, cast doubt on Classical and Neoclassical theories. This book introduced the concept that other influences of human behavior beyond free will and choice were at play.
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Thomas Hobbes
d. Charles Darwin
Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Decline of Classical/Neoclassical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. When an individual has ______, they are thought to be oblivious to many of the risks that may result from their behavior.
a. unconscious decision-making
b. bounded rationality
c. ignorant prudence
d. reasonableness
Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Easy
27. The ______ is the predicted tendency of homicides to increase after an execution, particularly after high-profile executions.
a. excitatory effect
b. barbarity effect
c. brutalization effect
d. deterrent effect
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Ideas of the Death Penalty
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. Other than free will and rational choice, what other influences on human behavior would Darwin use to explain criminal behavior?
a. genetics, psychological defects
b. evil spirits, demonic possession
c. lack of discipline and self-control
d. lack of faith and/or religion
Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Decline of Classical/Neoclassical Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. Which one of the following punishments is NOT an example of the deterrence framework?
a. the death penalty
b. three-strikes laws
c. scared straight programs
d. neighborhood watch programs
Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. The Neoclassical perspective ______.
a. does not take free will into account
b. ignores mitigating and aggravating factors
c. is the current model for most Western criminal justice systems
d. rejects all Classical perspective ideals
Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Medium
31. The deterrence theory of crime proposes that ______.
a. individuals are not in control of their impulses
b. individuals will make rational decisions regarding their behavior
c. genetics dictate criminality
d. faith in a higher power will reduce criminal urges
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. The Panopticon prison design consists of ______.
a. a rectangular structure with four floors and an external observation point
b. a large square structure with one floor and an internal observation point
c. a wagon-wheel design, including a 360-degree central observation point
d. a triangular design with an observation point at the point of the triangle
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Impact of Beccaria’s Work on Other Theorists Difficulty Level: Medium
33. Select the aggravating factor below.
a. The offender used extreme cruelty and violence when committing a robbery.
b. The offender suffered from a severe psychological condition when committing a robbery.
c. The offender was only 15 years old when he committed a robbery.
d. The offender did not have a weapon and caused no injury when he committed a robbery.
Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy
34. Which statement would a Neoclassical School proponent agree with regarding mitigating and aggravating factors?
a. They should never be taken into account.
b. They should be taken into account.
c. They should only be taken into account for adult offenders.
d. These factors do not exist.
Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy
35. Currently, when law enforcement wants to reduce gang activity and drugs in a specific neighborhood, they will usually use ______.
a. neighborhood watch groups
b. restorative justice
c. reduced patrols
d. enhanced punishments
Learning Objective: 3.6: Summarize the impact that the Classical/Neoclassical perspective had on modern criminal justice systems, and identify some of the policy implications that have been implemented based on this theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Easy
36. The deterrence model assumes that individuals ______.
a. are rational and think carefully before committing crimes
b. are not in control of their emotions or actions
c. are incapable of making a cost–benefit analysis
d. are driven by spiritual forces to act a certain way
Learning Objective: 3.6: Summarize the impact that the Classical/Neoclassical perspective had on modern criminal justice systems, and identify some of the policy implications that have been implemented based on this theoretical framework.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Easy
37. Which government applied Beccaria’s ideas most strictly?
a. the United States
b. Germany
c. France
d. Russia
Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy
38. Which one of Beccaria’s ideas was rejected by the French?
a. the concept of deterrence
b. ignoring the intent of offenders
c. punishment should be swift
d. public knowledge of punishments
Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. Which two crimes did Beccaria consider the most heinous?
a. treason and espionage
b. murder and rape
c. robbery and assault
d. kidnapping and arson
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Summary of Beccaria’s Ideas and Influence on Policy
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. Which selection is NOT one of Beccari’s reasons for advocating public punishments?
a. It serves as a form of checks and balances on government.
b. Citizens are entitled to know these punishments.
c. They can serve as entertainment for the public.
d. They can have a deterrent effect.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False
1. The death penalty serves as a very effective deterrent against murder crimes.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Of any other perspective to date, deterrence theory has had the most profound impact on justice systems in our nation.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. The most important distinction of the Classical School theories is that they emphasize individual decision-making regardless of any extraneous influences on a person’s free will, such as the economy or bonding with society.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. The emphasis on individual responsibility is why the Classical School theories are used as the basis for U.S. policies on punishment for criminal activity.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. For the vast majority of human civilization’s history, people believed that criminal activity was caused by either supernatural or religious factors.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Utilitarianism is the ideal of the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Influences on Beccaria and His Writings
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Beccaria supported capital punishment.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Ideas of the Death Penalty
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Beccaria claimed that torture should not be used against defendants.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Ideas of the Death Penalty
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Paradigms before the Enlightenment and contemporary times tended to focus on the human ability to choose one’s own behavior and destiny.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Exorcisms are still used today by some religious institutions, including the Catholic Church.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. All the Enlightenment philosophers had one common belief: punishment.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. One of the most common supernatural beliefs of primitive cultures was that the moon, in its fullest state, was a trigger for criminal activity.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Beccaria claimed torture should not be used against defendants. Although some countries still use torture, the former U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzalez wrote a memo stating that torture of terrorist suspects by the U.S. military was not to be condoned.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Beccaria claimed to know the most certain way to reduce crime: “The surest but most difficult way to prevent crimes is by perfecting education.”
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. The legal term for intent is known as actus reus.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Some of the primitive theories of crime and delinquency accurately predicted who would commit offenses.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. Celerity of sentencing is related to the deterrence aspect of punishment, according to Beccaria.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Concept of Deterrence and the Three Key Elements of Punishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. The idea of hedonistic calculus was proposed by Beccaria and was an idea from the Classical School of thought.
Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Impact of Beccaria’s Work on Other Theorists
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. Most of the Western world still uses the Classical/Neoclassical frameworks for their criminal justice systems.
Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Decline of Classical/Neoclassical Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. The Classical/Neoclassical perspective fell out of favor with researchers and academics in the field of criminology more than a century ago.
Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham were both proponents of pre-classical theories of criminal behavior.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Classical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. States with the death penalty have lower murder rates than states with the death penalty.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. The majority of Americans polled were in favor of the death penalty for those convicted of murder.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. All primitive forms of punishment, such as stoning and flogging, have been eradicated worldwide.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. Utilitarianism is a philosophical concept that relates to the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
1. What was considered the first rational theory of criminal activity? Provide an example.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. What is hedonistic calculus?
Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Impact of Beccaria’s Work on Other Theorists Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Explain the idea of a social contract. Give an example of a liberty we give up in order to maintain acceptance of the social contract.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. All Classical School theories share what important common theme?
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Cesare Beccaria believed that the social contract should be fair for all (a fair deal). Discuss what this means.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Influences on Beccaria and His Writings
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Although the Pre-Classical perspective is that a full moon causes primitive and violent behavior, the Classical School and modern studies contend that the moon affects crime in a different way. How?
Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. The idea that laws should be more understandable for the public is related to what Enlightenment ideal?
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. “The impression of pain may become so great that, filling the entire sensory capacity of the tortured person, it leaves him free only to choose what for the moment is the shortest way of escape from pain.” Explain what Beccaria was saying in this quote.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Describe how you think Beccaria would react to our current criminal justice system’s high incarceration, use of the death penalty, incarceration of mentally ill, and racial and social class disparities.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Classical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Beccaria states, “Of two men, equally innocent or equally guilty, the strong and courageous will be acquitted, the weak and timid condemned.” Is this true of the U.S. modern criminal justice system?
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. How is Classical theory different from Neoclassical theory?
Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. According to Hobbes, if a government does not punish those individuals that break their laws, what can happen?
Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. According to Beccaria, how can too much or too little severity in punishment lead to more crime? Explain both.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Severity of Punishment
Difficulty Level: Hard
14. How has deterrence theory shaped our criminal justice system? Explain what deterrence theory is and give examples of how it has shaped the way we have responded to crime as a nation.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Cesare Beccaria states that, “The true measure of crimes is namely the harm done to society.” Explain how this statement relates to his ideas concerning free will, the social contract, individual choice, utilitarianism, and Enlightenment ideals overall.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice
Difficulty Level: Medium
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