Ch6 Exam Questions Modern Biosocial Perspectives Of Criminal

Test Bank

Chapter 6: Modern Biosocial Perspectives of Criminal Behavior

Multiple Choice

1. ______ studied a family, the Kallikaks, to determine if there is a link between heredity and criminality.

a. H. H. Goddard

b. Richard L. Dugdale

c. Sarnoff Mednick

d. Patricia A. Jacobs

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Children who were studied in the adoption studies were given up for adoption prior to ______ of age, which is important when understanding the parental impact.

a. 6 months

b. 1 year

c. 5 years

d. 10 years

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adoption Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Although adoption studies have been criticized concerning selective placement, the ultimate findings of these studies are still ______.

a. completely valid

b. somewhat valid

c. completely invalid

d. unknown

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adoption Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The environments in which the “twins separated at birth” individuals were raised in were often ______.

a. extremely similar

b. similar

c. unknown

d. extremely different

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Twins Separated at Birth

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The findings of “twins separated at birth” studies have shown that ______ have/has a significant impact on human behavior, especially regarding criminal behavior.

a. genetics

b. environment

c. social bonds

d. stigmata

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Twins Separated at Birth

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Individuals with this type of chromosomal abnormality are often very tall but slow in terms of social and intelligence skills.

a. XYY

b. XXY

c. XXX

d. XO

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. In one study, the more the chromosomal mutation produced ______ hormones, the less likely individuals were to commit criminal acts.

a. feminine

b. masculine

c. both A and B are correct

d. stress

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. After the twin studies of the mid-1900s were heavily criticized, researchers moved on to which other methodological approach to examine the nature versus nurture debate?

a. twin studies

b. family studies

c. adoption studies

d. twins separated at birth studies

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adoption Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Adoption studies have found that the adopted children for whom ______ were the least likely to become criminal.

a. both sets of parents were criminal

b. their biological parents were not criminal while the adoptive parents were criminal

c. their biological parents were criminal while the adoptive parents were not criminal

d. neither set of parents were criminal

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adoption Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found that the genetic mutation of XYY occurs in about 1 of every ______ males.

a. 100

b. 1000

c. 100,000

d. 1,000,000

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. ______ examined male children born in Copenhagen and adopted early in life to determine the influence of nature versus nurture.

a. H. H. Goddard

b. Richard L. Dugdale

c. Sarnoff Mednick

d. Patricia A. Jacobs

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adoption Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Virtually all individuals perform better on ______ tasks in the afternoon or evening, when they have relatively high levels of estrogen or other female hormones in their system, which can be important for policy development.

a. spatial

b. verbal

c. mathematical

d. analytical

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The process of differential levels of hormones begins early in life, specifically in about the ______ week after conception.

a. first

b. second

c. fifth

d. ninth

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Most illicit drug use brings forth pleasurable sensations through enhancing the levels of ______ in an individual’s system.

a. serotonin

b. estrogen

c. testosterone

d. dopamine

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Most of the executive functions of the brain, such as problem solving, take place in the ______.

a. occipital lobe

b. frontal lobe

c. temporal lobe

d. parietal lobe

Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Injuries

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Typically, the chromosomal mutations that occur in individuals are largely due to ______.

a. environmental factors

b. random mutations

c. heredity

d. toxins

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic and dizygotic twins are ______.

a. twin studies

b. adoption studies

c. twins separated at birth studies

d. cytogenetic studies

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Twin Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. All of the following are possible consequences of high levels of testosterone EXCEPT ______.

a. increased sensitivity to pain

b. enhanced seeking of sensory stimulation

c. higher levels of spatial aptitude

d. lower levels of verbal reasoning and empathy

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Studies of behavioral genetics regarding criminality or antisocial behaviors consistently show that heritability/genetic factors explain about ______ of the variance in antisocial behavior.

a. 25%

b. 50%

c. 75%

d. 100%

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. ______ studies of crime focus on the genetic makeup of individuals, with a specific focus on abnormalities in their chromosomal makeup.

a. Family

b. Twin

c. Cytogenetic

d. Stigmata

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Chromosomal mutations that have been studied (such as XYY) are ______.

a. always the result of genetics

b. due to random mutations in chromosomal formation

c. usually the result of a fetus ingesting toxins in utero

d. have only occurred in the past 10 years

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The normal chromosomal makeup for women is ______.

a. XY

b. XXY

c. XYY

d. XX

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. One cytogenetic study examined the relative criminality and deviance of a group of individuals in each category of chromosomal mutations and discovered that ______.

a. the more the chromosomal mutation produced male hormones, the more likely the individuals were to commit crimes

b. any chromosomal mutation resulted in an increased likelihood that the individuals would commit crimes

c. all chromosomal mutations resulted in a decreased chance that the individual would commit a crime

d. chromosomal mutations make no difference regarding the risk of future criminal behavior

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Damage to the frontal lobe or the ______ has the highest correlation with future criminal activity.

a. cerebellum

b. brain stem

c. temporal lobe

d. occipital lobe

Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Injuries

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. ______ twins are also called fraternal twins; they share the same amount of DNA as any other type of siblings.

a. Monozygotic

b. Dizygotic

c. Superfecundation

d. Superfetation

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Twin Studies

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. ______ would most likely be more active in an individual’s brain when making moral decision, compared to ______, which would be more active when making logical decisions.

a. medial frontal gyrus, prefrontal cortex

b. corpus callosum, brain stem

c. parietal lobe, putamen

d. occipital lobe, amygdala

Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Injuries

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Which chromosomal mutation represents Turner Syndrome?

a. XXX

b. XY

c. XYY

d. XO

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: the XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Otherwise known as Klinefelter’s syndrome, this mutation results in a higher likelihood for homosexuality and other behaviors but is not typically linked to criminality.

a. XXX

b. XXY

c. XYY

d. XO

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: the XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Studies have shown that a high percentage of women committed crimes during their premenstrual cycle, a time when they had low levels of ______ compared with progesterone.

a. cortisol

b. estrogen

c. prolactin

d. serotonin

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Nervous system chemicals in the brain and body that help transmit electric signals from one neuron to another are called ______.

a. neurotransmitters

b. thyroxines

c. medullas

d. adrenaline

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. High levels of ______ and other androgens tend to “masculinize” the brain toward risk-taking behavior.

a. serotonin

b. progesterone

c. estrogen

d. testosterone

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Studies have shown that individuals given shots of androgens before ______ tests tend to do significantly better on spatial and mathematics tests than they would otherwise.

a. verbal

b. science

c. math

d. writing

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. ______ is a feel good chemical in the brain that is increased by illicit drugs, such as cocaine.

a. Serotonin

b. Dopamine

c. Testosterone

d. Cortisol

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. The interaction of maternal ______ and a father’s absence in the household, especially early in life, is associated with criminal behavior.

a. cigarette smoking

b. fast food consumption

c. excessive dieting

d. obesity

Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Which toxin is most associated with future criminal behavior after exposure?

a. tetanus

b. dioxin

c. lead

d. diphtheria

Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Toxins

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. ______ iron and other minerals are significantly related to criminality.

a. Dietary deficiencies in

b. Food high in

c. Nutritional supplements containing

d. Baby formula containing

Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Diet/Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. The behavioral genetics approach estimates both the environmental and genetic influences on a given ______, such as criminal behavior.

a. genotype

b. phenotype

c. prototype

d. zenotype

Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. An observed manifestation of the interaction of genotypical traits with the environment, such as height is ______.

a. genotype

b. prototype

c. phenotype

d. zenotype

Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. What do proponents of biosocial explanations of criminal behavior blame for deviant behavior?

a. genetics and environment

b. chromosomal disorders only

c. mainly child abuse and neglect

d. moral defects in the criminal

Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Proponents of the biosocial explanations of criminality contend that ______ is the most effective way to reduce future criminality in society.

a. mandatory enrollment in kindergarten

b. maternal/infant health care

c. screening for CNS disorders in early childhood

d. testing for cytogenetic disorders in adolescence

Learning Objective: 6.8. Evaluate how modern biosocial perspectives have informed policies to reduce the likelihood of individuals in becoming criminal offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Criminality tends to cluster in certain families; however, this tendency is not solely the result of genetics.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The family studies showed that criminality in the mother (or head female caretaker) had a much stronger influence on future criminality of the children than did the father’s criminality.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Concordance is a count based on whether two people (or a twin pair) share a certain trait (or lack of a certain trait); for our purposes, the trait is criminal offending.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Twin Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The highest predictability for future criminality was for adopted youths whose biological parents and adoptive parents were not convicted criminals.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adoption Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Selective placement is when adoptees are placed with their biological families so they are taken out of the home.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adoption Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The Kallikak and Jukes family studies did not have similar findings concerning criminality and heredity.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Investigations into Goddard’s research found that he altered many photographs to make the family members appear more evil and fit into the definition of stigmata.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Although the Kallikak family study provides proof that criminality is more common in some families, subsequent studies have proven otherwise.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter largely responsible for good feelings in the brain.

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Otherwise known as Klinefelter’s syndrome, the XYY mutation results in higher likelihood for homosexuality and other behaviors but is not typically linked to criminality.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. A high proportion of females in prison for committing violent crimes did so while on their premenstrual cycle when they experience an influx of testosterone.

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Doctors typically prescribe individuals diagnosed with ADHD a stimulant because these individuals have significantly low levels of ANS arousal.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Some children do not feel anxiety when being physically punished (e.g., spanked) and are likely to have lower-than-average levels of ANS functioning and are also likely to become chronic offenders if this disorder is not addressed.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Research has consistently found both genetics and environment influence behavior, particularly the interaction between the two.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. For every dollar spent on maternal/infant health care, studies show that not only will many dollars in criminal justice processing and prison time be saved, but also many lives, due to the reduction in violence.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. A study of male Scottish mental patients showed that they had fewer XYY chromosomes than the general population.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: the XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Triple X syndrome has not been linked with criminality.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: the XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Damage to the right side of the temporal lobe, as opposed to the left side of the temporal lobe, is highly associated with criminal offending.

Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Injuries

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Criminal acts an individual finds morally offensive will likely be governed by the medial frontal gyrus, whereas the crimes he or she finds less morally offensive will be governed by the prefrontal cortex.

Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Injuries

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. The central nervous system is mainly made up of the brain and spinal cord.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The central nervous system is responsible for only our involuntary physical activities.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Psychopaths have faster brain waves than “normal” individuals.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Biosocial theories of explaining criminal behavior look to both genetics and environment as causes.

Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Most experts in the field of criminology contend that maternal and infant health care during the first years of life is the most effective way to deter future criminal behavior.

Learning Objective: 6.8: Evaluate how modern biosocial perspectives have informed policies to reduce the likelihood of individuals in becoming criminal offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Women in the United States who do not receive any prenatal care have the same risk of birth and delivery complications of women who do receive such care.

Learning Objective: 6.8: Evaluate how modern biosocial perspectives have informed policies to reduce the likelihood of individuals in becoming criminal offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. What are neurotransmitters and what do they do? How are neurotransmitters different from hormones? How can the neurotransmitter serotonin be related to criminality?

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain the nature versus nurture debate. Design a hypothetical study to test these competing ideas.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nature vs. Nurture: Studies Examining the Influence of Genetics and Environment

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Explain findings on diet and nutrition connections to criminality.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diet/Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain findings on toxins and connections to criminality.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Toxins

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Of the parents, who is more likely to be a stronger influence concerning the criminality of the children? Explain the two (2) reasons presented in the text. Make a case for or against this finding.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Family Studies

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. What were the overall findings of the twin studies conducted in the mid-1900s? Why were these findings strongly criticized?

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Twin Studies

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What were the findings of the “twins separated at birth” studies? How was the phenomenon found in these studies explained by researchers? What are the criticisms presented in relation to these studies?

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Twins Separated at Birth

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Cytogenetic studies focus specifically on what?

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The effect of the XYY chromosome abnormality on criminality is more linked with what type of crime?

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. If genetics play a major role in determining the criminality of individuals, then what will twin studies find?

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Twin Studies

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Explain the first major study that examined the influence of XYY factor.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. What is the primary job of dopamine on the brain?

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. What do hormones do in the body?

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. How could the findings of cytogenetic studies be applied to criminal justice policies?

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Name the four (4) waves of research developed from the testing of the nature versus nurture debate.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nature vs. Nurture: Studies Examining the Influence of Genetics and Environment

Difficulty Level: Medium