Ch26 Test Bank Answers The Skeletal And Muscular Systems

Biology: The Essentials, 3e (Hoefnagels)

Chapter 26 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

1) The two closely allied organ systems that allow for running, swimming, and flying under the direction of the nervous system are the

A) skeletal and endocrine systems.

B) muscular and endocrine systems.

C) muscular and skeletal systems.

D) circulatory and muscular systems.

E) circulatory and skeletal systems.

2) The type of skeleton that consists of fluid constrained within a layer of flexible tissue is a(n)

A) vascular canal.

B) endoskeleton.

C) gastrovascular cavity.

D) exoskeleton.

E) hydrostatic skeleton.

3) The type of skeleton that is an internal support structure is a(n)

A) endoskeleton.

B) hydrostatic skeleton.

C) gastrovascular cavity.

D) exoskeleton.

E) vascular canal.

4) The type of skeleton that is usually composed of either a calcium-containing shell or chitin is a(n)

A) endoskeleton.

B) exoskeleton.

C) hydrostatic skeleton.

D) gastrovascular cavity.

E) vascular canal.

5) The type of skeleton composed of calcium rich-spines, cartilage or bone is a(n)

A) exoskeleton.

B) hydrostatic skeleton.

C) gastrovascular cavity.

D) endoskeleton.

E) vascular canal.

6) Which is not a part of the axial skeleton?

A) pelvic girdle

B) ribs

C) skull

D) sternum

E) vertebral column

7) Which is not a part of the appendicular skeleton?

A) pelvic girdle

B) sternum

C) pectoral girdle

D) femur

E) humerus

8) Which is not a bone of the lower limbs?

A) patella

B) femur

C) tibia

D) fibula

E) ulna

9) Which bone, if examined, would show that you were working with something other than an upper limb?

A) radius

B) ulna

C) patella

D) humerus

E) clavicle

10) The vertebrae in descending order from the skull are

A) cervical, thoracic, lumbar.

B) lumbar, thoracic, cervical.

C) cervical, lumbar, thoracic.

D) thoracic, lumbar, cervical.

E) lumbar, cervical, thoracic.

11) A disorder of the axial skeleton in which the vertebral column curves to the side is known as

A) Graves disease.

B) a ruptured cartilage.

C) scleroderma.

D) scoliosis.

E) All answers are correct.

12) Connective tissue of the musculoskeletal system includes

A) ligaments.

B) bone.

C) cartilage.

D) tendons.

E) All answers are correct.

13) The endoskeleton functions in

A) production of blood cells.

B) supporting the body.

C) protecting the body.

D) movement.

E) All answers are correct.

14) Functions of the vertebrate endoskeleton include

A) production of blood cells only.

B) both production of nerve cells and storage of calcium.

C) storage of calcium only.

D) both production of blood cells and storage of calcium.

E) production of nerve cells only.

15) Where are blood cells produced?

A) in red marrow inside of bones

B) in yellow marrow inside of bones

C) in joints by creatine phosphate

D) in the liver

E) in the spleen

16) Which is not an important function of calcium in vertebrates?

A) blood clotting

B) muscle contraction

C) transport of oxygen to the body's cells

D) homeostasis

E) strengthening of bone

17) A condition in which bones become less dense is called

A) gigantism.

B) acromegaly.

C) osteoarthritis.

D) rheumatism.

E) osteoporosis.

18) An area where two bones meet is called a(n)

A) synapse.

B) joint.

C) synaptic cleft.

D) vascular cavity.

E) olfactory bulb.

19) Ligaments are connective tissues that connect ________ to ________.

A) muscle; muscle

B) muscle; bone

C) tendons; bone

D) bone; bone

E) cartilage; bone

20) While in medical school working on a cadaver, you are instructed to find a damaged tendon. You might first look for what two things joined together?

A) muscle; bone

B) ligaments; bone

C) muscle; muscle

D) bone; bone

E) cartilage; bone

21) The precursor of bone is cartilage.

22) The high water content of cartilage allows it to cushion blows.

23) If you see a limb move, first in one direction, then in the opposite, you can be sure that there are two opposing muscles responsible.

24) If you were examining a biopsy sample of a leg bone, and the structure of the bone was spongy, you would know that the sample came from the end of the bone.

25) If an older patient came in complaining of joint pain, and a scan showed the bones in the patient's hands rubbing one another, you would diagnose 

A) acromegaly.

B) rheumatoid arthritis.

C) scoliosis.

D) osteoporosis.

E) osteoarthritis.

26) An autoimmune disorder in which there is chronic inflammation of the joint membrane is

A) osteoarthritis.

B) scoliosis.

C) rheumatoid arthritis.

D) osteoporosis.

E) acromegaly.

27) A sprain is a stretched or torn

A) ligament.

B) tendon.

C) muscle.

D) neuron.

E) vein.

28) A thin filament in a muscle cell is composed primarily of the protein

A) hemoglobin.

B) myosin.

C) myoglobin.

D) actin.

E) pectin.

29) A thick filament in a muscle cell is composed primarily of the protein

A) pectin.

B) myoglobin.

C) hemoglobin.

D) actin.

E) myosin.

30) A neuromuscular junction is a ________ between a ________ and a ________.

A) membrane; muscle; neuron

B) synovial joint; muscle; neuron

C) synapse; muscle; neuron

D) synovial joint; bone; muscle

E) synapse; bone; muscle

31) The molecule that rapidly replenishes ATP at the beginning of muscle activity is

A) actin.

B) creatine phosphate.

C) myoglobin.

D) oxygen debt.

E) myosin.

32) In muscle tissue, if there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to occur, the muscle cell

A) can produce ATP by fermentation.

B) cannot make ATP.

C) uses creatine phosphate instead of ATP for energy.

D) can produce ATP from fats.

E) depletes its reserves of lactic acid.

A person who is bedridden for several weeks will see a decrease in bone and muscle mass. Blood vessels to muscles will shrink, and mitochondrial enzyme levels will decrease.

33) A bedridden person is at risk of what problem?

A) rheumatoid arthritis

B) osteoarthritis

C) osteoporosis

D) a sprain

E) anemia

34) Which will be true of the muscles of a bedridden person?

A) Only calcium levels will be lower than normal.

B) Mitochondrial enzyme activity will be lower than normal.

C) Only ATP production will be lower than normal.

D) Calcium levels and ATP production will be lower than normal.

E) ATP production and mitochondrial enzyme activity will be lower than normal.

35) Osteoarthritis is caused when bones in a joint rub against each other directly. What happens in osteoarthritis?

A) New bone is made in the joint.

B) Cartilage is destroyed.

C) Ligaments are torn.

D) The synovial membrane is destroyed.

E) Tendons are torn.

36) What causes a muscle cell to contract?

A) Actin and myosin break down.

B) Actin heads attached to myosin bend.

C) Calcium ions form a bridge binding actin to myosin.

D) ATP forms a bridge binding actin to myosin.

E) Myosin heads attached to actin bend.

37) After a muscle cell contracts, calcium ions must

A) be pumped back into the endoplasmic reticulum.

B) be pumped out of the muscle cell.

C) flow out of the endoplasmic reticulum.

D) flow into the muscle cell.

E) flow out of the muscle cell.

38) After death, muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours. This stiff position is called

A) osteoarthritis.

B) rheumatoid arthritis.

C) rigor mortis.

D) osteoporosis.

E) flaccid paralysis.

39) After death, muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours because ATP is required

A) to break the bond between actin and myosin.

B) for actin to bind to myosin.

C) for the motor neuron to signal a muscle to relax.

D) for calcium ions to be pumped into the muscle cell.

E) to produce creatine phosphate.

40) If you placed an electrode on a person's triceps and stimulated the muscle, they would not be able to

A) straighten their leg.

B) straighten their arm.

C) bend their leg.

D) bend their arm.

E) No answer is correct.

41) The breast muscle of a wild duck is dark, while that of a domesticated chicken is white. The breast muscles in a wild duck are

A) fast-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria.

B) slow-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria.

C) slow-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria.

D) fast-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria.

E) a mix of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles.

42) The breast muscles of a wild duck are dark, while that of a domesticated chicken are white. The breast muscles in a domesticated chicken are

A) fast-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria.

B) slow-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria.

C) slow-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria.

D) fast-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria.

E) a mix of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles.

43) Why is myosin important for contraction?

A) ATP forms a bridge binding actin to myosin.

B) Actin heads bend when attached to myosin.

C) Calcium ions form a bridge moving actin along myosin.

D) Myosin heads bend when attached to actin.

E) Myosin synthesizes new strands of actin, lengthening the muscle.

44) How did the inactivation of a gene that now encodes a nonfunctional myosin protein affect human chewing muscles?

A) No effect because humans have over 40 closely related myosin genes.

B) No effect because myosin is not essential for life.

C) The loss of this myosin led to smaller and weaker chewing muscles in humans.

D) No effect because other proteins in the body can do the same thing as myosin.

E) The loss of this myosin led to greater flexibility of chewing muscles in humans.

The DNA sequences for a portion of the myosin gene are shown for humans and several non-human primates. The fragments start at nucleotide #26 in the gene, and shaded boxes highlight differences between the two sets of sequences.

45) What does the high level of similarity between the myosin gene sequences in human and non-human primates suggest?

A) Humans and non-human primates had a common ancestor at some time in the past.

B) Humans and non-human primates are not related.

C) The myosin gene arose independently in humans and non-human primates.

D) Genes can transfer readily between humans and non-human primates.

E) Natural selection did not occur in humans.

The attachment area for one of the main muscles involved in chewing is shown in red for three types of primates.

46) How is the temporalis muscle attached to the skull and jaw?

A) myosin

B) ligaments

C) neurons

D) tendons

E) actin

47) The temporalis and masseter muscles close the jaw while the platysma opens the jaw. To clench your teeth, you

A) contract the temporalis and masseter and relax the platysma.

B) relax the temporalis and masseter and contract the platysma.

C) contract the temporalis, masseter, and platysma.

D) relax the temporalis, masseter, and platysma.

E) contract the temporalis and relax the platysma and masseter.

48) The interaction of both the muscular system and the skeletal system is necessary for animals to run, fly, and swim.

49) The process by which an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton in order to grow is called molting.

50) Bones play a role in calcium homeostasis.

51) A new drug that mimics ATP but that cannot be broken down as ATP is in muscle would still allow muscular contraction to occur.

52) Muscle rich in slow-twitch fibers is darker than muscle rich in fast-twitch fibers.

53) Muscle rich in fast-twitch fibers is darker than muscle rich in slow-twitch fibers.

54) Athletes who do more short bursts of intense activity will develop more fast-twitch muscle.

55) Athletes who compete in distance/endurance events develop more fast-twitch muscle.

56) A myofibril is packed with two types of protein filaments, thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments.

57) Skeletal muscle contraction is important in maintaining body temperature homeostasis.

58) Fermentation does not require oxygen to generate ATP and is almost as efficient as aerobic respiration in generating ATP in muscle cells.

59) Without muscles, bones ________ and without bones, muscles ________.

A) would remain in one location; would move soft tissue layers

B) would remain in one location; would remain in one location

C) would provide movement; would remain in one location

D) would be useless; would remain under control of the nervous system

E) would remain under control of the nervous system; would be useless

60) What letter in the figure of a long bone corresponds to the location where red blood cells and platelets are made?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

61) What letter in the figure of a long bone corresponds to the location of hard, dense connective tissue with canals that house blood vessels and nervous tissue but that lacks enough space to store red bone marrow?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

62) What connective tissue provides a mold that bone replaces until bone growth is complete?

A) cartilage

B) red bone marrow

C) yellow bone marrow

D) compact bone

E) spongy bone

63) If a growth plate is damaged before bone growth is complete, what may result?

A) Additional cartilage will be added to the growth plate.

B) The bone will not grow to its full length.

C) The bone will continue to grow unchecked.

D) The cartilage will continue to grow unchecked.

E) Red bone marrow will not form because of a reduced marrow cavity.

64) What keeps your head held up and not drooped forward toward your chest when you are awake?

A) nervous tissue

B) skeletal muscle

C) cartilage

D) bone

E) tendons

65) Which is not a function of skeletal muscles?

A) produce heat to keep the body warm

B) yell a command

C) blink

D) kick a ball

E) pump blood through the heart

66) ________ are used to lift a cup to your mouth, and ________ are used to lower the cup back onto the table.

A) The biceps; the triceps

B) The muscles; the bones

C) The tendons; the ligaments

D) The ligaments; the tendons

E) The biceps; the tendons